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Segregation in Concrete
The main explanation of this report of Segregation in concrete in terms of
concrete and self-compacting. The aim was to find an analytical relation to
estimating the risk of sedimentation, using the characteristics of the particles
and those of the mortars. The prediction of surface effect segregation (i.e.
transportation of different particle size fractions during heap formation) has
been the subject of a significant level of study.
Explanation of the type of segregation in term size, dry, wet, and water separate
and effect segregation in concrete in term strength and cracks, and
Prevention of Segregation in Concrete.
I brought up an example that supports segregation in concrete which is used
in Kurdistan Region, and explaining the example in term caused segregation
the effect in concrete.
Segregation in Concrete
The main explanation of this report of Segregation in concrete in terms of
concrete and self-compacting. The aim was to find an analytical relation to
estimating the risk of sedimentation, using the characteristics of the particles
and those of the mortars. The prediction of surface effect segregation (i.e.
transportation of different particle size fractions during heap formation) has
been the subject of a significant level of study.
Explanation of the type of segregation in term size, dry, wet, and water separate
and effect segregation in concrete in term strength and cracks, and
Prevention of Segregation in Concrete.
I brought up an example that supports segregation in concrete which is used
in Kurdistan Region, and explaining the example in term caused segregation
the effect in concrete.
Predicting the Workability of Fresh Concrete Using Simple Pull-out TestIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Workability is one of the physical parameters of concrete which affect strength and durability as well as cost of labour and appearance of the finished product. It is a vital property of concrete that must be measured correctly to ensure good quality concrete. This research study is directed towards exploring the pullout test as an alternative test for workability of fresh concrete. The study measured the slump, compacting factor and pull-out strength for fresh concrete with water/cement ratios of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 representing very low, medium and high workability. Result showed that a pull-out strength of 72 – 94N/mm2 is required for concrete of very low degree of workability while pull-out strength of 62 – 65N/mm2 is required for concrete of high degree of workability in accordance with the requirement of Road Note No. 4. The result was validated by comparing measured and calculated compacting factor and the average ratio of calculated and measured compactive factor was found to be 1.01. The calibration of calculated and measured compacting factor resulted in coefficient of determination R2 of 0.998. These results indicate that pull-out strength is a good predictor of compacting factor and by extension workability of fresh concrete. The simple pull-out test was recommended as an alternative test to compacting factor, slump and V-B consistometer tests in measuring workability of fresh concrete.
Experimental study on critical closing pressure of mudstone fractured reservoirsIJRES Journal
In the process of oil and gas exploitation of mudstone-fractured reservoir in Daqing oilfield, the
permeability of fracture is easily affected by the influence of stress change, which is shown by the sensitivity of
the permeability to the stress. With the extension of time mining in the fractured mudstone reservoir, fracture
stress sensitivity is obvious in vast decline of production and great influence on reduced yields. In order to
reasonably determine the way of developing method, working system and the exploitation rate of the reservoir,
correspondingly protecting reservoir productivity, improve ultimate recovery. On the basis of the previous
research on the stress sensitivity of fractured mudstone, this essay studied the critical closing pressure of the
simulated underground fractured mudstone under the laboratory condition.
Evaluation of the Superplasticizer Effect on the Concrete Compressive Strengt...civej
Concrete is the most important material in the civil engineering. The concrete compressive strength is a
non-linear function of the concrete age and some constituents. These constituents include cement, blast
furnace slag, fly ash, superplasticizer, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. The superplasticizers are
among elements which are important in increasing the concrete compressive strength and we are going to
analyze here using the tree-classification decision algorithm. The decision trees, usually, are used in
classification of a bunch of data. J48 is one of the most favoured ones. The decision trees are developed
using information entropy on a collection of training data. J48 is a recursive algorithm that combines the
remaining of the following data sets and continues normalizing the output data using the separation
process until a uniform classification result obtains. This article evaluates the superplasticizer effect on the
concrete compressive strength using the tree-classification decision algorithm.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
MEANING OF MIX DESIGN
GRADE OF CONCRETE.
FACTORS INFLUCING THE CHOICE OF MIX DESIGN.
MATHODS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
MIX DESIGN BY INDIAN STANDARD METHOD.
Experimental Investigation of High – Strength Characteristics of Self Curing ...IJMTST Journal
In concrete structures exposed to the ambient air at early ages, the moisture content in concrete
decreases due to moisture diffusion. In addition, self-desiccation due to hydration of cement causes an
additional decrease of moisture content in concrete at early ages, especially for high-strength concrete. In this
study, the internal relative humidity in drying concrete specimens was measured at early ages. Furthermore,
the variation of relative humidity due to self-desiccation in sealed specimen was measured. The moisture
distribution in low-strength concrete with high water/cement ratio was mostly influenced by moisture
diffusion due to drying rather than self-desiccation. In high-strength concrete with low water/cement ratio,
however, self-desiccation had a considerable influence on moisture distribution. The results obtained from
the moisture diffusion theory were in good agreement with experimental results.
ER Publication,
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Predicting the Workability of Fresh Concrete Using Simple Pull-out TestIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Workability is one of the physical parameters of concrete which affect strength and durability as well as cost of labour and appearance of the finished product. It is a vital property of concrete that must be measured correctly to ensure good quality concrete. This research study is directed towards exploring the pullout test as an alternative test for workability of fresh concrete. The study measured the slump, compacting factor and pull-out strength for fresh concrete with water/cement ratios of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 representing very low, medium and high workability. Result showed that a pull-out strength of 72 – 94N/mm2 is required for concrete of very low degree of workability while pull-out strength of 62 – 65N/mm2 is required for concrete of high degree of workability in accordance with the requirement of Road Note No. 4. The result was validated by comparing measured and calculated compacting factor and the average ratio of calculated and measured compactive factor was found to be 1.01. The calibration of calculated and measured compacting factor resulted in coefficient of determination R2 of 0.998. These results indicate that pull-out strength is a good predictor of compacting factor and by extension workability of fresh concrete. The simple pull-out test was recommended as an alternative test to compacting factor, slump and V-B consistometer tests in measuring workability of fresh concrete.
Experimental study on critical closing pressure of mudstone fractured reservoirsIJRES Journal
In the process of oil and gas exploitation of mudstone-fractured reservoir in Daqing oilfield, the
permeability of fracture is easily affected by the influence of stress change, which is shown by the sensitivity of
the permeability to the stress. With the extension of time mining in the fractured mudstone reservoir, fracture
stress sensitivity is obvious in vast decline of production and great influence on reduced yields. In order to
reasonably determine the way of developing method, working system and the exploitation rate of the reservoir,
correspondingly protecting reservoir productivity, improve ultimate recovery. On the basis of the previous
research on the stress sensitivity of fractured mudstone, this essay studied the critical closing pressure of the
simulated underground fractured mudstone under the laboratory condition.
Evaluation of the Superplasticizer Effect on the Concrete Compressive Strengt...civej
Concrete is the most important material in the civil engineering. The concrete compressive strength is a
non-linear function of the concrete age and some constituents. These constituents include cement, blast
furnace slag, fly ash, superplasticizer, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. The superplasticizers are
among elements which are important in increasing the concrete compressive strength and we are going to
analyze here using the tree-classification decision algorithm. The decision trees, usually, are used in
classification of a bunch of data. J48 is one of the most favoured ones. The decision trees are developed
using information entropy on a collection of training data. J48 is a recursive algorithm that combines the
remaining of the following data sets and continues normalizing the output data using the separation
process until a uniform classification result obtains. This article evaluates the superplasticizer effect on the
concrete compressive strength using the tree-classification decision algorithm.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
We follow "Rigorous Publication" model - means that all articles appear on IJERD after full appraisal, effectiveness, legitimacy and reliability of research content. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development publishes papers online as well as provide hard copy of Journal to authors after publication of paper. It is intended to serve as a forum for researchers, practitioners and developers to exchange ideas and results for the advancement of Engineering & Technology.
MEANING OF MIX DESIGN
GRADE OF CONCRETE.
FACTORS INFLUCING THE CHOICE OF MIX DESIGN.
MATHODS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
MIX DESIGN BY INDIAN STANDARD METHOD.
Experimental Investigation of High – Strength Characteristics of Self Curing ...IJMTST Journal
In concrete structures exposed to the ambient air at early ages, the moisture content in concrete
decreases due to moisture diffusion. In addition, self-desiccation due to hydration of cement causes an
additional decrease of moisture content in concrete at early ages, especially for high-strength concrete. In this
study, the internal relative humidity in drying concrete specimens was measured at early ages. Furthermore,
the variation of relative humidity due to self-desiccation in sealed specimen was measured. The moisture
distribution in low-strength concrete with high water/cement ratio was mostly influenced by moisture
diffusion due to drying rather than self-desiccation. In high-strength concrete with low water/cement ratio,
however, self-desiccation had a considerable influence on moisture distribution. The results obtained from
the moisture diffusion theory were in good agreement with experimental results.
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Study of Boundary Value Analysis in Structural Engineering and Fluid Mechanic...ijtsrd
This paper presents a focused study on properties of porous concrete to widen its application to structural engineering. Mechanical properties like compressive strength, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength and physical properties like density, permeability and porosity are studied. To determine those parameters, twenty seven cubes, cylinders and prisms were tested. Also, three polymer impregnated porous concrete slabs were tested under pure bending moment to study the efficiency of selected resin to integrate particle of concrete to achieve a new generation in using porous concrete in structural engineering. Three different cement content specimens of porous concrete were considered, studied cement contents are 200 kg m3, 300 kg m3 and 400 kg m3. The results show that, increasing the cement content can increase the compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and flexural strength. Density of porous concrete is less than conventional concrete by 21 but permeability factor recorded higher value compared to conventional concrete by sixteen times. Increasing the cement content has no significant effect on either ultimate load or maximum deflection of polymer impregnated porous concrete slabs but the results recorded an achievement to use this concrete in structural engineering applications and give an easy way to cast special concrete like polymer concrete without special tools. Rambha Kumari "Study of Boundary Value Analysis in Structural Engineering and Fluid Mechanics using Homotopy Perturbation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30516.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30516/study-of-boundary-value-analysis-in-structural-engineering-and-fluid-mechanics-using-homotopy-perturbation/rambha-kumari
Influence of Water Cement Ratio and The Size of Aggregate on The Properties O...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: Pervious concrete is a tailored-property concrete with high water permeability which allow the passage of water to flow easily through the existing interconnected large pore structure which is obtained by eliminating the sand from the normal concrete mix. This study investigates the effect of water cement ratio and size of aggregate on the property of pervious concrete. Concrete mixes with five different water cement ratio (0.28, 0.30, 0.32, 0.33, 0.34) and two different single sized aggregate (10mm and 12.5mm) were prepared to find an optimum mix yielding the highest strength but the strength of no-fine concrete is lower that of normal concrete. It was found that the compressive strength increases with increase in water/cement ratio where the permeability decreases. Both the permeability and compressive strength increases as the size of aggregate increases.
At present, domestic and overseas researches on concrete cracks mainly focus on the formation of cracks from external factors, such as cracks caused by temperature, external loads and uneven settlement of foundation. Based on other scholars’ study on the reason and settlement of cracks, this paper starts from the defect of concrete structure, and proposes three factors affecting concrete cracks: internal and external stratification during the process of concrete placement, the presence of the transition zone of concrete and multiphase porous system of the cement. In addition, the author has summarized the prevention and repairing measures of cracks.
On causes, prevention and repairing measures of concrete cracksIJERA Editor
At present, domestic and overseas researches on concrete cracks mainly focus on the formation of cracks from external factors, such as cracks caused by temperature, external loads and uneven settlement of foundation. Based on other scholars’ study on the reason and settlement of cracks, this paper starts from the defect of concrete structure, and proposes three factors affecting concrete cracks: internal and external stratification during the process of concrete placement, the presence of the transition zone of concrete and multiphase porous system of the cement. In addition, the author has summarized the prevention and repairing measures of cracks.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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Ijetr011836
1. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-1, Issue-8, October 2013
62 www.erpublication.org
Abstract— For self-compacting concrete, the arrival of new
admixtures, but also of the colloidal agent and of various
cementitious additions have remarkably changed rheology
compared with standard concrete.
In order to exploit the potentials of concretes characterized
by a superior performance in the fresh state, such as
Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), procedures for predicting its
flow behavior are needed in order to properly design casting, in
particular pumping.
This paper presents a study based on pumping parameters
proposed in the literature to quantify the plastic viscosity and
yield stress of fresh concrete. The experimental data reported in
this article were used to evaluate the possibility of predicting
these parameters in order to choose the most appropriate
formulation for any particular site and subsequently to develop
pumping pressure prediction equations suitable for any given
pumping circuit geometry and any given concrete from our
experimental results.
Index Terms—plastic viscosity, pumping, rheology,
self-compacting concrete, yield stress.
I. INTRODUCTION
Rheology is the science that studies the deformation and
flow of matter. It is generally accepted (Tattersall and Banfill,
1983) [1] that fresh concrete has a binghamian behavior. The
behavior law of a binghamian fluid writes: = 0 + μ ý
Fig. 1: Physical interpretation of the Bingham model.
Manuscript received October 14, 2013
M. BENAICHA, Département Génie Civil, laboratoire IUSTI, Polytech’
Marseille – France, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil, FST de Tanger
– Maroc
O. JALBAUD, Département Génie Civil, laboratoire IUSTI, Polytech’
Marseille – France
A. HAFIDI ALAOUI, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil, FST de
Tanger – Maroc
Y. BURTSCHELL, Département Génie Civil, laboratoire IUSTI,
Polytech’ Marseille – France
From a physical point of view, the two parameters of
Bingham, yield stress τ0 and plastic viscosity μ was
interpreted [2] as follows (fig.1): the shear threshold is
explained as the macroscopic sum of all solid grain internal
frictioning it depends directly on the number and the nature
of contacts between the grains and therefore on the
compactness of the granular skeleton. Beyond the threshold,
the stress applied to the mixture causes the flow which
translates into relative motions between solid grains
(friction), and the circulation of the liquid phase between the
grains, due to inter-grain porosity.
It the latter that would cause the viscous dissipation in the
fluid flow and explain the second term μ y in the law of
Bingham. The more circulation is difficult, the more the
parameter μ is important.
Viscosity characterizes a fluid's resistance to sliding or
deformation. It is due to the fact that the layers of a fluid in
motion cannot slide freely and independently from one
another, giving rise to frictional forces that directly oppose
the flow. Viscosity is thus the inverse property of fluidity.
The most adopted approach to quantify the rheological
properties of fresh concrete is to experimentally measure the
shear stress relatively to the shear rate using a rheometer.
Other researchers have attempted to quantify the plastic
viscosity of fresh concrete from its composition, in particular
the works of Roshavelov [3], Ferrari and deLarrard [4] and
Kasami [5].
Initially, we decided not to take into account this
correlation between viscosity and rheological parameters,
and to concentrate on understanding the influence of a
concrete's composition on its pumping and later predict the
required pumping pressure depending on the characteristics
of the building site-essentially the geometry of the pumping
circuit. These results were eventually to be compared with
the rheological parameters, for validation.
II. SETTING THE CONTEXT
The flow of fresh concrete in a formwork is a
three-dimensional free surface flow generated by the gravity
of a threshold fluid within a network of obstacles consisting
of steel bars. An implementation flaw may have many causes.
It can be caused by the coarsest aggregates blocking the flow
along the frames or by behavior of the concrete itself when
the gravity- generated stress is not sufficient to keep the
concrete flowing and filling the formwork completely. In
Correlation between the pumping and the rheological
properties of self-compacting concrete: a practical
study
M. BENAICHA, O. JALBAUD, A. HAFIDI ALAOUI and Y. BURTSCHELL
Dissipation by
friction between
grains
Viscous
dissipation
in the liquid
2. Correlation between the pumping and the rheological properties of self-compacting concrete: a practical study
63 www.erpublication.org
order to exploit the potentials of concretes characterized by a
superior performance in the fresh state, such as
Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), procedures for predicting
its flow behavior are needed in order to properly design
casting, in particular pumping.
For several years, pumping has been the most used
technique to cast fresh concrete [6, 7]. The concrete is placed
in a pump that delivers it to the desired location through
flexible or rigid hoses, made of rubber or steel.
But this technique requires a so-called "pumpable"
concrete, i.e. a concrete that can more under pressure in a
confined space while keeping its initial properties (Beaupré,
1994 [8], Gray, 1962 [9]). To try and avoid blocking
problems, new admixtures, colloidal agent and various
cementitious products have been thus added that have
remarkably changed the rheology of fresh concrete.
More recently, Kaplan, 2000 [10] has shown that it is
necessary, in addition to rheological measurement, to use the
tribological measure to establish a prediction model of the
pumping pressure.
Tribology is the science that studies the phenomena that
may occur between two material systems in contact be they
immobile or animated by relative movements. In the case of
fresh concrete and more specifically in the case of fresh
concrete pumping, tribology is the study of the interface
between the fresh concrete and the wall of the hose (or one
other mobile used to make a tribological test [11]). See figure
2.
Fig. 2: Schematic of the tribometer test
III. INFLUENCE OF COMPOSITION ON PUMPING
All factors in the composition of concrete affect its
pumpability [12]. All the authors having published on the
subject deal with this issue, but in different ways. Concrete is
a granular mixture having a voids volume of about 7 to 10%
at the mixer's output (before vibration). The shape and size of
the particles must therefore be taken into consideration since
these factors greatly influence the volume of inter-grains
voids (Kempster, 1969 [13]).
The friction between the particles, or between the coarse
grains and the walls of circuit pumping, increases pressure up
to sometimes create a blockage [14, 15]. Neville 1995 [16],
shows that a certain volume of cement is necessary to fill the
space between the grains otherwise the pumping is difficult
or impossible. Also, segregation problems may occur if the
amount of fine particles in the mixture is insufficient or if the
compactness of the granular skeleton is low (Browne &
Bamforth [17]). In these cases, a separation of the coarse
aggregates and the cement paste can occur and cause a
blockage. On the other hand, the problem of excessive
friction may occur in the case of concrete mixtures having a
very compact granular skeleton and a high content of binder.
In this situation, it appears that the available paste is absorbed
by the fine particles to fluidify the mixture, which causes
solid friction contacts between the grains and sometimes
blocks the concrete's flow. Therefore, the role of cement
paste is to fill the gaps left between the grains of sand and
gravel. An reduction in volume of the cement paste is
possible only by reducing the volume of the voids between
the granular particles (Goltermann et al. 1997 [18]).
The amount of water added to the concrete mix greatly
influences its rheology (decrease in plastic viscosity and
yield stress [1]) but also causes a risk of segregation. It is thus
the most important factor to control. Ede, 1957 [19] studied
the pumpability of concrete mixtures with different W / C
ratios but constant cement content. He observed that the
concrete mix should contain just enough water to saturate the
voids between the aggregates otherwise the pressure required
to pumping increased significantly [20].
Figure 3 shows the three identified areas. When the
concrete does not contain enough water and the voids
between the aggregates are not filled, there is a flow by solid
friction. The concrete behaves as a granular material and
consequently, its mobility of concrete is greatly reduced [21,
22]. Indeed, Ede (1957) explains that the flow resistance
appears to be function of pumping pressure (figure 4. b). This
corresponds to the first area on the figure 3, after which an
abrupt change in mobility occurs, referred to as the
"transition zone" where the amount of water is sufficient to
fill the voids. Finally, when the amount of water exceeds a
certain ration, we enter a third zone where the flow is of
hydraulic type. In this case, the pumping pressure is
transmitted to all constituents by water that fills all voids of
the granular skeleton. Moreover, there appears to be
formation of a lubrication layer at the periphery of the flow,
which promotes the mobility by preventing friction of solid
particles against the pipe's wall [23](figure 4. a).
Fig. 3: Effect of W / C ratio on the mobility of concrete when
pumping (Ede, 1957)
3. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-1, Issue-8, October 2013
64 www.erpublication.org
a) Flow by solid friction b) Hydraulic flow
Fig.4: Representation of the two types of flow (Loadwick,
1970) [24].
IV. APPLICATION: PUMPING
Generally, SCC is significantly less constraining to use
than vibration-implemented concrete, thanks to its ease of
casting over long distances and large heights.
The flow properties of SCC have given rise to the
establishment of new procedures to fill the formworks, as the
characteristics of SCC allow for important horizontal paths.
On a site with difficult access, it is thus now possible to
implement the concrete by pumping- with mobility as an
essential condition: the concrete must indeed oppose the least
possible resistance to its displacement in the pumping pipes
so as to develop the lowest possible pumping pressure.
P (in Pa) is the pressure applied at the level of the pump.
The concrete then flows in bulk by sliding. Its flow is slowed
by friction constraints τf(x) exerted at the interface between
the concrete and the pipe, as shown in figure 5.
τf(x)
p(x) p(x)+dp(x)
τf(x)
Fig. 5: Equilibrium of a concrete element in the pipe
By writing the equilibrium of a section unit of concrete, the
derivative of the pressure dp(x)/dx (in Pa / m) as a function of
τf (x) and R is written (2):
(x).dx2.+dp(x)].R+[p(x)=p(x).R f
(x)/R-2=dp(x)/dx f
For a given flow, dp(x)/dx is constant, therefore the
frictional stress τf does not depend on the pressure. On the
other hand dp(x)/dx evolves when the flow rate of concrete
increases, therefore τf depends on the sliding velocity
f (x) = f, constant for a given flow rate.
Moreover, the boundary conditions are written (see figure
6) : p(L)=0 et p(0)=P
Fig. 6. Pumping circuit
Pumping pressure becomes: /R2L=P f
There is a way to evaluate in the laboratory the friction of
concrete with a pipe using a tribometer with coaxial
cylinders. The behavior of the concrete-steel interface is
described by the following model: = 0i + Vg, where τ is
the stress of the interface (in Pa), τ0i the threshold of the
interface (in Pa), η the interface viscous constant (in Pa.s/m)
and Vg the relative velocity of sliding (in m/s).
Assuming that the concrete remains motionless in the tank
during the test, the pressure at the pump P (in Pa) for a given
flow, depending on the stress of friction f and the geometry
of the circuit is (4):
)RQ/+(2L/R=)Vg+(2L/R=P 2
0i0i
where Q is the pumping flow rate (in m3
/s)
.VgR=S.Vg=Q 2
Knowing that the average concrete has a density ρ, if the
pipe is no longer horizontal but its output is at a height H (in
m) above the pump, the expression of the pressure becomes
(5):
.g.H)RQ/+(2L/RP 2
0i
where g is the gravity (in m/s²) and is the density of
concrete.
During pumping, and when the velocity of sliding between
the pipe and the concrete becomes important, the frictional
stress τf becomes large enough that a shear spreads in
concrete.
Beyond this velocity, the total flow rate (described by the
Buckingam-Reiner equation) is the sum of a flow rate by
sliding and a flow rate by shear:
where
τ0 yield stress (in Pa)
µ plastic viscosity (in Pa.s)
dp/dx pressure gradient (Pa/m)
From (3) we have :
Direction of flow
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Rxdp
dx
dx
xdpR
R
V
Q g 0
4
2
2
)(3
4
1
)(
8
(6)
4
34
3
2
0
3
0
3
R
R
RR
Q
V
i
g
4. Correlation between the pumping and the rheological properties of self-compacting concrete: a practical study
65 www.erpublication.org
The pressure at the pump for a given flow becomes (7):
V. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
We created a building site for which the implementation of
concrete was done by pumping. The pumping circuit was as
following: pipe diameter 130 mm, height of pumping 200 m,
horizontal distance 100 m.
Our laboratory has in its catalogue four formulations of
self-compacting concrete. Table 1 presents the figures
concerning the rheological properties for all mixtures
manufactured during this research project.
Table 1: Properties of self-compacting concretes available
Formulations SCC 1 SCC 2 SCC3 SCC 4
Constituents (Kg/m3
)
Cement 30.5.5 350 350 283.8
Total water 167.4 177.4 179.7 192.2
Superplasticizer 5.88 6.5 6.38 5.00
Limestone filler 164.5 170 100 116.1
Gravel 5/10 900 830 790 900
Sand 0/2 870 830 990 900
Mechanical and
rheological
characteristics
Mass density (Kg/m3
) 2446 2440 2428 2429
Compressive strength
(MPa) at 28d
49.8 56.0 53.0 49.5
Air content
(%)
1.2 2.8 2.4 1.8
Slump flow (mm) 650 720 725 670
Flow threshold (Pa) 24.8 19.4 12.4 30.5
Plastic viscosity (Pa.s) 290.3 92.6 109.5 115.3
Tribology data
Threshold of the
interface 0i (Pa) 50 60 70 50
Viscous interface
constant (Pa.s/m) 900 1400 1700 980
This table indicates that the most fluid mixtures (high
slump flow) have the lostest shear thresholds. The air content
is another parameter that influences the plastic viscosity of
concrete. The more a mixture contains a large air volume, the
less it is viscous because the volume of available paste to
fluidify a mixture is also a function of the air content [6].
For example, the concrete SCC2 that contains 2.8% of air is
very viscous compared to other mixtures.
Finally, the concrete selected for our building site was
SCC2, because of its lower plastic viscosity that allowed it to
rub less and thus require a lower pumping pressure.
Regarding the mechanical characteristics, the SCC2 has a
compressive strength of about 56 MPa.
After a few days of casting without problem, the concrete
suddenly become more difficult to pump. To understand what
was happening, the pump operator then made measurements
of pressure for two pumping rates. These are given in table 2.
The pump used on the building site was a piston pump with a
volume of 60 litres.
Figure 7 below shows an example with two pistons working
by filling one while emptying the other via a valve shifting
opening towards the feeder and shutting towards the pipe.
Fig. 7: Piston pump with valve letting concrete in from hopper to
one piston and out to tube from the other piston alternating with the
strokes of the two pistons (Putzmeister make)
A pump operator can follow the pumping rate by counting
the number of piston strokes per minute. He can also read the
pressure on a pressure gauge in the hydraulic circuit of the
pump. This hydraulic pressure is equal to 1.8 times the
pressure on concrete at the outlet of the pump.
Table 2: pumping data
Measure N° 1 2
Pumping rate (Strock /min) 6.0 8
Hydraulic pressure-Pressure gauge(bars) 225 270
From (5) we have:
.g.H)R/Q+(2L/RP 2
10i1
.g.H)R/Q+(2L/RP 2
20i2
4
34
2 3
2
0
3
0
3
0
R
R
RR
Q
R
L
P
i
i
5. International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-1, Issue-8, October 2013
66 www.erpublication.org
Therefore 3
12
12
)(2
)(
R
QQL
PP
2
1
10 )..(
2 R
Q
HgP
L
R
i
Numerical applications:
R=0.065 m
P1=225/1,8 105= 125.105 Pa
P2=270/1,8 105= 150.105 Pa
Q1=6*60/60/1000=0.006 m3
/s
Q2=8*60/60/1000=0.008 m3
/s
We find: = 1796 Pa.s/m and 0i = 74.29 Pa
The cheking of formulation by tribometer tests provides an
estimate of the value of the interface viscous constant (η) and
threshold (τ0i). These results are similar to the formula SCC3,
so we can say that there was a problem during transport of the
material. Otherwise there was probably confusion in
formulation at the concrete plant.
VI. CONCLUSION
This article is a practical example to confirm the choice of a
formulation based on the calculation of pumping rate and the
hydraulic pressure as the well as rheological characteristics
of the mixture.
The pumpability of concrete is basically connected to its
mixer output rheology. In addition, the stability of the
rheology must be guaranteed throughout implementation,
knowing that, in a real life situation of on-site construction,
technical and mechanical constraints related to the choice of
equipment are not 100% controllable. Therefore, the
pumpability is a feature that should depend only on the
properties of the fresh concrete and remain independent of
equipment or pumping conditions. It can be claimed that the
factors that determine the pumpability of concrete remain
linked to its composition.
It during pumping a decrease in the workability of the
concrete often occurs. It is therefore important to ensure that
the rheology after pumping is sufficient for the final
implementation.
One of the issues raised in this work was the identification
of the most appropriate parameter to validate the formulation
proposed by the laboratory. It appears that the pumping
pressure and viscous constant of the interface are best
parameters to validate the choice of this formulation.
The relationships obtained from studied analytical methods
allow to establish the degree of pumpability of concrete
mixes. Therefore, it is possible by knowing the
characteristics of a pumping circuit (length and diameter) to
calculate the maximum pressure required to achieve the
concrete pumping.
For each application, the required characteristics are
different. Finishing needs, implementation, pumpability,
segregation resistance etc.. define if a concrete has good
properties when fresh. In the light of the results obtained
during this project, it appears that the optimum rheology for
pumping is the one where the shear threshold of concrete is
low so as to obtain a minimum resistance to flow.
REFERENCES
[1] Tattersall, G.H. & Banfill, P.F.G. (1983) The Rheology of Fresh
Concrete , London, Pitman, 1983, 356 p.
[2] de Larrard F., 2000, « Structures granulaires et formulation des bétons
», Etudes et Recherches des Laboratoires des Ponts et Chaussées,
OA34, Paris.
[3] ROSHAVELOV T.T. “Concrete mixture proportioning with optimal
dry packing”. In Proceeding of the First International RILEM
Symposium of Self-Compacting Concrete. RILEM, 19.
[4] Ferraris, C., De Larrard, F. (1998), Testing and modelling of fresh
concrete rheology , National Institute of Standards and Technology,
NISTR 6094, Gaithersburg, MD, February, 61 p.
[5] Kasami H., Ikeda T. and Yamane S (1979) On Workability and
pumpability of superplasticized concrete, Proc. 1st CANMET/ACI
Conf on Superplasticizers in Concrete, Ottawa, V.M.Malhotra Ed.,
ACI SP62, 67-86.
[6] Johansson, A., Tuutti, K. (1976), Pumped concrete and pumping
concrete, CBI Research Reports, 10:76 (Swedish Cement and Concrete
Inst.).
[7] Sakuta, M., Yamane, S., Kasami, H., Sakamoto, A (1979) Pumpability
and Rheological Properties of Fresh Concrete, Proceedings of
Conference on Quality Control of Concrete Structures, vol.2, Swedish
Cement and Concrete Research Institute, Stockholm, june 17-19,
pp.125-132.
[8] Beaupré, D. (1994) Rheology of High Performance Shotcrete , Ph.D.
Thesis of the University of British Columbia, Canada, 249 p.
[9] Gray, J. (1962) Laboratory procedure for comparing pumpability of
concrete mixtures , presented at the sixty-fifth annual meeting of the
society, National Crushed Stone Assn., Washington, D.C., June 24-29,
pp. 964-971
[10] Kaplan, D. (2000) Pompage des bétons , Thèse de doctorat de l’École
Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 225 p.
[11] Chapdelaine, F. (2006). Étude fondamentale et pratique sur le pompage
du béton. Département de génie civil, Université Laval, Canada. Thèse,
200 pages.
[12] CHOPIN D., DE LARRARD F., CAZACLIU B., « Why do HPC and
SCC require a longer mixing time? », Cement and Concrete Research,
vol. 34, n°12, p. 2237-2243, 2004
[13] Kempster, E. (1969), Pumpable Concrete , Current Paper No. 29/69,
Building Research Station, Garston, aug. 1969.
[14] Murata, J. (1984) Flow and deformation of fresh concrete, Materials
and Structures, vol.17, no.98, march-apr, pp. 117-129.
[15] Kaplan D, deLarrard, F., Sedran T.(2005) Avoidance of Blockages in
Concrete Pumping Process, ACI Materials Journal, 102 (3) 183-191
[16] Neville, A.M. (1995) Properties of Concrete, Fourth Edition, Longman
Group Limited, London, 844 p.
[17] Morinaga, M. (1973), Pumpability of concrete and pumping pressure
in pipelines, Fresh. Concrete : Important Properties and heir
Measurement, Proceeding of a RILEM Seminar Held March, Leeds,
vol. 7, pp.7.3-1 à 7.3-39.
[18] Goltermann, Packing of aggregates: an alternative tool to determine the
optimal aggregate mix. ACI Materials Journal. V94, No 5, Sept/Oct
1997, pp 435–43.
[19] Ede, A.N. (1957), The resistance of concrete pumped through
pipelines , Magazine of Concrete research, vol 9, no. 27, nov, 1957, pp.
129-140
[20] Tattersall, G.H. (1973) Lubrification Layer in Concrete Pumping – A
Written Contribution to Discussion Topic Number 7, Fresh Concrete:
Important Properties and Their Measurement – Proceedings of a
RILEM Seminar Held on 22nd – 24th March 1973 in Leeds England,
vol.3, University of Leeds, Leeds, England, pp. 7.D1-1 – 7.D1-5
[21] BROWNE, R.D., BAMFORTH, P.B. (1977). Tests to Establish
Concrete Pumpability, ACI Journal, Vol. 74, No. 5, May, pp. 193-207.
[22] Weber, R. (1963) The transport of concrete by pipeline, Cement and
Concrete Association Library Translation No. 129, Cement and
Concrete Association, Londres, 1963, 85 p.
[23] Yingling, J, Mullings, G.M., Gaynor, R.D. (1992) Loss of air in
Pumped Concrete, Concrete International, vol.11, no.10, oct., pp.
57-61.
[24] Loadwick, F. (1970) Some Factors Affecting the Flow of Concrete
Through Pipelines , Proceeding of the First International Conference
on Hydraulic Transport of Solids in Pipes, British Hydromechanics
Association, Bedford, pp. D1-1 – D1-31.
6. Correlation between the pumping and the rheological properties of self-compacting concrete: a practical study
67 www.erpublication.org
Mouhcine Benaicha, PhD student and monitor at Polytech 'Marseille.
Holder of a Master's degree in Civil Engineering at the Faculty of Science
and Technology of Tangier.
Olivier Jalbaud, technical Director of Polytech’ Marseille Civil
Engineering Laboratory.
Adil Hafidi Alaoui, academic Professor and Researcher in the Department
of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technical of Tangier (FST).
Holder of a PhD in mechanics and a PhD in materials science. Director of
materials and civil engineering laboratory in Tangier.
Yves Burtschell, academic Professor and Researcher. Holder of a PhD in
mechanical fluids. Director of Polytech’ Marseille Civil Engineering
Department. Yves Burtschell .