Contaminated water contains particles of different sizes which can be classified as dissolved 0.08 µm , colloidal 0.08 1 µm , supracolloidal 100 100 mm and settleable 100 µm . The type of treatment selected depends on the size of particles present in the wastewater. In practice, treatment efficiency also depends on particle size. Solids of the size that are visible to the naked eye can be separated either by settling under the influence of gravity or by flotation, depending on the relative densities of solids and water. They may also be easily separated by filtration. However, very fine particles of a colloidal nature called colloids, size 1 µm which have high stability are significant pollutants. The reason for this stability is that these particles have electrostatic surface charges of the same sign usually negative . This means that repulsive forces are created between them, preventing their aggregation and subsequent settling. It has therefore proved impossible to separate them by settling or flotation. It is not possible to separate these solids by filtration because they pass through any filter. However, separation by physico chemical treatments is possible. Physico chemical treatment of wastewater focuses primarily on the separation of colloidal particles. This is achieved through the addition of chemicals called coagulants and flocculants . These change the physical state of the colloids allowing them to remain in an indefinitely stable form and therefore form into particles or flocs with settling properties. Dr. Bhoopendra Singh "Wastewater Treatment Process by Physico-Chemical Methods" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51862.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/51862/wastewater-treatment-process-by-physicochemical-methods/dr-bhoopendra-singh
Physico chemical Analysis of Groundwater near Dumping Site of Gorakhpur Cityijtsrd
Groundwater is the water present beneath Earths surface in rock and soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. About 30 percent of all readily available freshwater in the world is groundwater. 1 A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from the surface it may discharge from the surface naturally at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.Typically, groundwater is thought of as water flowing through shallow aquifers, but, in the technical sense, it can also contain soil moisture, permafrost frozen soil , immobile water in very low permeability bedrock, and deep geothermal or oil formation water. Groundwater is hypothesized to provide lubrication that can possibly influence the movement of faults. It is likely that much of Earths subsurface contains some water, which may be mixed with other fluids in some instances. Groundwater is often cheaper, more convenient and less vulnerable to pollution than surface water. Therefore, it is commonly used for public water supplies. For example, groundwater provides the largest source of usable water storage in the United States, and California annually withdraws the largest amount of groundwater of all the states. Underground reservoirs contain far more water than the capacity of all surface reservoirs and lakes ,, including the Lakes. Many municipal water supplies are derived solely from groundwater. Over 2 billion people rely on it as their primary water source worldwide. Use of groundwater has related environmental issues. For example, polluted groundwater is less visible and more difficult to clean up than pollution in rivers and lakes. Groundwater pollution most often results from improper disposal of wastes on land. Major sources include industrial and household chemicals and garbage landfills, excessive fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture, industrial waste lagoons, tailings and process wastewater from mines, industrial fracking, oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks and pipelines, sewage sludge and septic systems. Additionally, groundwater is susceptible to saltwater intrusion in coastal areas and can cause land subsidence when extracted unsustainably, leading to sinking cities and loss in elevation. These issues are made more complicated by sea level rise and other changes caused by climate changes which will affect the water cycle. Kavita Tripathi | Anil Kumar Dwivedi "Physico-chemical Analysis of Groundwater near Dumping Site of Gorakhpur City" Published in International Journal of
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
Physico chemical Analysis of Groundwater near Dumping Site of Gorakhpur Cityijtsrd
Groundwater is the water present beneath Earths surface in rock and soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. About 30 percent of all readily available freshwater in the world is groundwater. 1 A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is recharged from the surface it may discharge from the surface naturally at springs and seeps, and can form oases or wetlands. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal, and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.Typically, groundwater is thought of as water flowing through shallow aquifers, but, in the technical sense, it can also contain soil moisture, permafrost frozen soil , immobile water in very low permeability bedrock, and deep geothermal or oil formation water. Groundwater is hypothesized to provide lubrication that can possibly influence the movement of faults. It is likely that much of Earths subsurface contains some water, which may be mixed with other fluids in some instances. Groundwater is often cheaper, more convenient and less vulnerable to pollution than surface water. Therefore, it is commonly used for public water supplies. For example, groundwater provides the largest source of usable water storage in the United States, and California annually withdraws the largest amount of groundwater of all the states. Underground reservoirs contain far more water than the capacity of all surface reservoirs and lakes ,, including the Lakes. Many municipal water supplies are derived solely from groundwater. Over 2 billion people rely on it as their primary water source worldwide. Use of groundwater has related environmental issues. For example, polluted groundwater is less visible and more difficult to clean up than pollution in rivers and lakes. Groundwater pollution most often results from improper disposal of wastes on land. Major sources include industrial and household chemicals and garbage landfills, excessive fertilizers and pesticides used in agriculture, industrial waste lagoons, tailings and process wastewater from mines, industrial fracking, oil field brine pits, leaking underground oil storage tanks and pipelines, sewage sludge and septic systems. Additionally, groundwater is susceptible to saltwater intrusion in coastal areas and can cause land subsidence when extracted unsustainably, leading to sinking cities and loss in elevation. These issues are made more complicated by sea level rise and other changes caused by climate changes which will affect the water cycle. Kavita Tripathi | Anil Kumar Dwivedi "Physico-chemical Analysis of Groundwater near Dumping Site of Gorakhpur City" Published in International Journal of
Parametric Studies on Detergent Using Low Cost SorbentIOSR Journals
: Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Indian rivers are
polluted due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents. Management of the quality of this
precious resource is, therefore, of special importance. In these study industrial effluents samples from the
various detergent factories were collected and analyzed for physicochemical and bacteriological evaluation of
pollution. The use and effectiveness of granular and powder activated carbon made from agricultural waste i.e.
coconut husk and that coconut husk is a suitable adsorbent for such an effluent. Maximum adsorption capacity
is a derived from Langmuir isotherm. A series of fixed bed experiments was carried out and the results were
applied to a bed-depth/service time model for column adsorption. The validity of such a model is discussed. In
the removal of organic matter in wastewater effluents from a industry waste water were investigated. The effect
of process variables such as carbonization temperature, carbonization duration and activation temperature on
the production and quality of activated carbon was studied as well as adsorption capacity was studied
Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticlesijtsrd
In todays world, nanotechnology is becoming increasingly popular for water treatment. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the development of typical metal oxide materials TiO2, Fe3O4 Fe2O3, MnO2, CeO2, MgO and Al2O3 and the related processes for the treatment of various water resources which have been contaminated by organic solutes, inorganic anions, radionuclides, bacteria and viruses. Gajendra Kumar Tardia "Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50327.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/50327/purification-of-wastewater-by-metal-oxide-nanoparticles/gajendra-kumar-tardia
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Copy optimizing industrial wastewater treatment and management- november 2012...Helalley Helalley
Advanced treatment processes are normally applied to industrial wastewater only, for removal of specific contaminants. Advanced treatment is commonly preceded by physicochemical coagulation and flocculation. Where a high quality effluent may be required for protection of public sewerage system containing sensitive biological treatment plants, wastewater reuse options and sludge used as fertilizer where the occurrence of toxic materials should not be present
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Plasma-chemical treatment of industrial wastewaters from brewery “Brasseries ...IJERA Editor
This work focuses on the study of the chemical reactivity of an advanced oxidation process (AOP), called the
plasma technique, in order to prevent industrial effluent from pollution and better cope to several damage of
environment. The oxidizing and acidifying properties of an electric discharge of the gliding arc plasma and its
application to a target which is a real effluent (wastewater from Brasseries du Cameroun -Bafoussam plant)
fascinated this study. Samples were collected from the central collecting point (CCP) of the effluent. The
collected effluent samples were analyzed by volumetric and instrumental methods, and then exposed to the
gliding discharge during specific time periods of 3-60 min to exhibit the desired decontamination effects. At the
end of 60 min of exposure time to the discharge, 52.22% and 50.19% obtained respectively to abatement of
turbidity and rate of fall in absorbance. This reduction can be explained by the fact that the coloured compounds
were degraded and this degradation gave rise to the transparent appearance observed. After stopping the
discharge process, the abatement percentage of BOD5, COD and TOC, were obtained at the same time (60min)
with values of 52.05%, 68.63% and 69.37% respectively. These results reflect the considerable reduction of the
pollution load of the wastewaters collected from CCP of the brewery. These results showed that the
effectiveness of the gliding arc plasma depends not only on the physico-chemical parameters of the target, but
also on the exposure time and concluded that the non-thermal plasma process alone provides good reduction of
organic pollutants in wastewater. Moreover, the phenomenon of post- discharge, even though not studied in
details demonstrated that, after switching the discharge, the evolution of parameters such as pH, electrical
conductivity and TDS increase.
Plasma-chemical treatment of industrial wastewaters from brewery “Brasseries ...IJERA Editor
This work focuses on the study of the chemical reactivity of an advanced oxidation process (AOP), called the
plasma technique, in order to prevent industrial effluent from pollution and better cope to several damage of
environment. The oxidizing and acidifying properties of an electric discharge of the gliding arc plasma and its
application to a target which is a real effluent (wastewater from Brasseries du Cameroun -Bafoussam plant)
fascinated this study. Samples were collected from the central collecting point (CCP) of the effluent. The
collected effluent samples were analyzed by volumetric and instrumental methods, and then exposed to the
gliding discharge during specific time periods of 3-60 min to exhibit the desired decontamination effects. At the
end of 60 min of exposure time to the discharge, 52.22% and 50.19% obtained respectively to abatement of
turbidity and rate of fall in absorbance. This reduction can be explained by the fact that the coloured compounds
were degraded and this degradation gave rise to the transparent appearance observed. After stopping the
discharge process, the abatement percentage of BOD5, COD and TOC, were obtained at the same time (60min)
with values of 52.05%, 68.63% and 69.37% respectively. These results reflect the considerable reduction of the
pollution load of the wastewaters collected from CCP of the brewery. These results showed that the
effectiveness of the gliding arc plasma depends not only on the physico-chemical parameters of the target, but
also on the exposure time and concluded that the non-thermal plasma process alone provides good reduction of
organic pollutants in wastewater. Moreover, the phenomenon of post- discharge, even though not studied in
details demonstrated that, after switching the discharge, the evolution of parameters such as pH, electrical
conductivity and TDS increase.
Evaluation of leachate turbidity reduction in sanitary landfills following a ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study evaluates the reduction of leachate turbidity in landfills after applying a mixture of banana starch and thermal water. Principal component analysis was applied to study the combined effect with four variables: pH, concentration of starch and thermal water mixture, rapid mixing speed and slow mixing speed. The experimental design involved 16 experiments with repetition in the jar test to obtain the optimum dose while measuring turbidity as a response variable. The results showed that after the oxidation process of organic matter, under optimal conditions determined in the experiment, the mixture of starch and thermal water contributed to the reduction of leachate turbidity by 29.1%.
Review of research on bio reactors used in wastewater ijsit 2.4.6IJSIT Editor
The review presented in this paper focuses on reactors used in wastewater treatment for bio
hydrogen production (e.g. batch reactors, complete mix reactors, plug flow reactors, bio-film reactors,
suspended reactors, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, anaerobic baffled reactors, upflow packed-bed
attached growth reactors, attached growth fluidized bed reactors, anaerobic sequencing batch reactor, hybrid
/ high rate reactors and membrane separation reactors. It is clear from the review that development of these
reactors can be considered a grown up research for which good design and scale-up guidelines are available
Envirometal project and waste water treatment in pharmacuetcalteklay godefa
waste water treatment in pharmcuetical industry and envirometal impact with soluttion and preventive methods.it is actually linked with practicall and theortical and the problem that cause during waste water treatment with its solutio.it is mainly in pharmacutical industry found in adigrat town .
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticlesijtsrd
In todays world, nanotechnology is becoming increasingly popular for water treatment. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the development of typical metal oxide materials TiO2, Fe3O4 Fe2O3, MnO2, CeO2, MgO and Al2O3 and the related processes for the treatment of various water resources which have been contaminated by organic solutes, inorganic anions, radionuclides, bacteria and viruses. Gajendra Kumar Tardia "Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50327.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/50327/purification-of-wastewater-by-metal-oxide-nanoparticles/gajendra-kumar-tardia
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Copy optimizing industrial wastewater treatment and management- november 2012...Helalley Helalley
Advanced treatment processes are normally applied to industrial wastewater only, for removal of specific contaminants. Advanced treatment is commonly preceded by physicochemical coagulation and flocculation. Where a high quality effluent may be required for protection of public sewerage system containing sensitive biological treatment plants, wastewater reuse options and sludge used as fertilizer where the occurrence of toxic materials should not be present
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Plasma-chemical treatment of industrial wastewaters from brewery “Brasseries ...IJERA Editor
This work focuses on the study of the chemical reactivity of an advanced oxidation process (AOP), called the
plasma technique, in order to prevent industrial effluent from pollution and better cope to several damage of
environment. The oxidizing and acidifying properties of an electric discharge of the gliding arc plasma and its
application to a target which is a real effluent (wastewater from Brasseries du Cameroun -Bafoussam plant)
fascinated this study. Samples were collected from the central collecting point (CCP) of the effluent. The
collected effluent samples were analyzed by volumetric and instrumental methods, and then exposed to the
gliding discharge during specific time periods of 3-60 min to exhibit the desired decontamination effects. At the
end of 60 min of exposure time to the discharge, 52.22% and 50.19% obtained respectively to abatement of
turbidity and rate of fall in absorbance. This reduction can be explained by the fact that the coloured compounds
were degraded and this degradation gave rise to the transparent appearance observed. After stopping the
discharge process, the abatement percentage of BOD5, COD and TOC, were obtained at the same time (60min)
with values of 52.05%, 68.63% and 69.37% respectively. These results reflect the considerable reduction of the
pollution load of the wastewaters collected from CCP of the brewery. These results showed that the
effectiveness of the gliding arc plasma depends not only on the physico-chemical parameters of the target, but
also on the exposure time and concluded that the non-thermal plasma process alone provides good reduction of
organic pollutants in wastewater. Moreover, the phenomenon of post- discharge, even though not studied in
details demonstrated that, after switching the discharge, the evolution of parameters such as pH, electrical
conductivity and TDS increase.
Plasma-chemical treatment of industrial wastewaters from brewery “Brasseries ...IJERA Editor
This work focuses on the study of the chemical reactivity of an advanced oxidation process (AOP), called the
plasma technique, in order to prevent industrial effluent from pollution and better cope to several damage of
environment. The oxidizing and acidifying properties of an electric discharge of the gliding arc plasma and its
application to a target which is a real effluent (wastewater from Brasseries du Cameroun -Bafoussam plant)
fascinated this study. Samples were collected from the central collecting point (CCP) of the effluent. The
collected effluent samples were analyzed by volumetric and instrumental methods, and then exposed to the
gliding discharge during specific time periods of 3-60 min to exhibit the desired decontamination effects. At the
end of 60 min of exposure time to the discharge, 52.22% and 50.19% obtained respectively to abatement of
turbidity and rate of fall in absorbance. This reduction can be explained by the fact that the coloured compounds
were degraded and this degradation gave rise to the transparent appearance observed. After stopping the
discharge process, the abatement percentage of BOD5, COD and TOC, were obtained at the same time (60min)
with values of 52.05%, 68.63% and 69.37% respectively. These results reflect the considerable reduction of the
pollution load of the wastewaters collected from CCP of the brewery. These results showed that the
effectiveness of the gliding arc plasma depends not only on the physico-chemical parameters of the target, but
also on the exposure time and concluded that the non-thermal plasma process alone provides good reduction of
organic pollutants in wastewater. Moreover, the phenomenon of post- discharge, even though not studied in
details demonstrated that, after switching the discharge, the evolution of parameters such as pH, electrical
conductivity and TDS increase.
Evaluation of leachate turbidity reduction in sanitary landfills following a ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study evaluates the reduction of leachate turbidity in landfills after applying a mixture of banana starch and thermal water. Principal component analysis was applied to study the combined effect with four variables: pH, concentration of starch and thermal water mixture, rapid mixing speed and slow mixing speed. The experimental design involved 16 experiments with repetition in the jar test to obtain the optimum dose while measuring turbidity as a response variable. The results showed that after the oxidation process of organic matter, under optimal conditions determined in the experiment, the mixture of starch and thermal water contributed to the reduction of leachate turbidity by 29.1%.
Review of research on bio reactors used in wastewater ijsit 2.4.6IJSIT Editor
The review presented in this paper focuses on reactors used in wastewater treatment for bio
hydrogen production (e.g. batch reactors, complete mix reactors, plug flow reactors, bio-film reactors,
suspended reactors, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor, anaerobic baffled reactors, upflow packed-bed
attached growth reactors, attached growth fluidized bed reactors, anaerobic sequencing batch reactor, hybrid
/ high rate reactors and membrane separation reactors. It is clear from the review that development of these
reactors can be considered a grown up research for which good design and scale-up guidelines are available
Envirometal project and waste water treatment in pharmacuetcalteklay godefa
waste water treatment in pharmcuetical industry and envirometal impact with soluttion and preventive methods.it is actually linked with practicall and theortical and the problem that cause during waste water treatment with its solutio.it is mainly in pharmacutical industry found in adigrat town .
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‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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sodium aluminate mixtures of organic and inorganic
compounds, lime and the more recently studied
application of iron polychloride.[1,2]
Flocculation (or slow mixing)
This is derived from Latin floculare, referring to the
formation of flocs and bridges. In this stage,
previously formed flocs group together, increasing in
volume and density, allowing them to be sedimented.
This is achieved by applying a gradient (10 to 100 s-
1) and a contact time varying between 15 min and 3 h
By the movement of particles themselves
(Brownian motion). In this case flocculation is
referred to as perikinetic or natural convection
By the movement of the fluid containing the
particles, inducing their movement. This is
achieved by agitating the mixture. This
mechanism is referred to as orthokinetic or forced
convection flocculation[3,4]
During the flocculation stage, chemicals referred to as
flocculants are applied (assisted flocculation). These
products allow flocs to come together and adhere,
increasing their size and density. Flocculants can be
classified by their nature (mineral or organic), their
origin (synthetic or natural) or their electric charge
(anionic, cationic or non-ionic).
Organic flocculants of natural origin are derived from
natural products such as alginates (seaweed extract),
starches (plant grain extracts) and cellulose
derivatives. Their effectiveness is relatively low.
Those of synthetic origin are long chain
macromolecules, soluble in water, formed by the
association of simple synthetic monomers, some of
which have electric charges or ionisable groups. For
these reasons they are referred to as polyelectrolytes.
These products are highly efficient and recommended
concentrations are 0.05% -0.1% for solid products,
0.1% - 0.2% for liquid dispersion and 0.5% - 1.0% for
liquids in solution. Applied in excess they may harm
the flocculation process[5,6]
Sedimentation
This is the stage of floc removal by solid - liquid
separation. For this, low, medium and high rate
settlers are commonly used. The rate is determined by
the speed at which water and sludge are produced by
the system.
Determination of Design and Operating
Conditions Using "Jar Tests"
There are many aspects (physico-chemical properties
of the wastewater of interest) that affect the
performance of physico-chemical treatment. These
can be determined by traditional laboratory jar tests or
by RoboJar systems .The system consists of six jars
of the same size to which varying doses of coagulant
are added at the same time. The system implements a
rapid mixing sequence for a predetermined time
followed by slow mixing for a set time and finally a
settling sequence. After this, the supernatant is
drained. Jar tests give a good approximation of the
actual treatment process and the rapid mixing, slow
mixing and sedimentation conditions of a real plant.
At the beginning, middle and end of the treatment
tests, it is necessary to evaluate the efficiency of the
process. This is achieved by measuring traditional
parameters such as TSS, COD, pH, conductivity,
turbidity, alkalinity, BOD, nutrients (N and P), thus
establishing the efficiency of the system. Other
parameters of greater accuracy such as particle size
distribution, zeta potential and/or electrophoretic
mobility may also be used.[7,8]
Physico-chemical treatment may constitute a single
stage in the wastewater treatment process or be added
as an additional treatment process during pre-
treatment (to improve the biodegradation of
wastewater in the biological process and secondary
treatment (such as polishing).
Physico-chemical processes have been implemented
for over 100 years. However in 1930, these processes
were replaced by biological processes due to the high
costs incurred by the treatment of large quantities of
sludge. Recently, they have been reintroduced for
various purposes: the elimination of phosphorus. for
effluent being discharged to the sea, obtaining
average quality effluent at lower cost than
conventional treatments and for water used for
agricultural irrigation, for potabilization. industrial
water treatment, conditioning of sludge (primary
and/or secondary) ,The resurgence of these processes
is also due to increased recognition that the cost of
treatment should be consistent with the desired
efficiency, as progress in the synthesis of flocculation
polymers with high efficiencies has been achieved at
a lower cost .
Using this type of process it is feasible to remove 80
to 90% of total suspended solids (TSS), 40 to 70% of
BOD5, 30 to 40% of COD and 17 to 100% of
nutrients (N and P), depending on the dose and type
of coagulant used .Heavy metals may also be
removed by these processes, but the removal
efficiency depends on the metal type and
concentration. Recently, these processes have been
used to remove pathogens such as helminth eggs and
have proven to be capable of removing up to 2 log
concentration. In addition they are very efficient
when used to remove bacteria (0-1 log unit), viruses
and protozoa (1-3 log units in each case). Current
studies are focusing on their use for the removal of
emerging contaminants .[9,10]
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Discussion
In detailed forms of physical and chemical treatment
of wastewater:-
Depending on the composition of the wastewater, the
chemical and physical treatments often take place in
individual steps. DAS Environmental Expert
effectively combines these process steps with the
right wastewater technology as an efficient and cost-
effective solution for the treatment of the client’s
wastewater.
After selecting the ideal combination of procedures,
our experts in project management will accompany
you during the planning and construction of your
plant.
Wastewaters containing water insoluble substances or
colloids are effectively treated through processes such
as sedimentation, filtration and centrifugal separation.
Flotation, where substance particles stick to fine air
bubbles due to adhesive forces is another process that,
depending on the wastewater’s composition,
Environmental Expert often uses as part of the
physical treatment stage. Reliable, mechanical
preliminary cleaning is particularly important for the
treatment of sanitary wastewaters in order to prevent
damage in the subsequent treatment stages. [10,11]
Chemical wastewater treatment forces contaminants
that are dissolved in wastewater to separate more
easily through the targeted addition of specific
substances. During precipitation, a previously
dissolved substance is turned into a dissoluble
substance that can be filtered from the liquid. Other
methods of pollutant removal are ion exchange,
flocculation, UV and ozone treatments.
Physical Wastewater Treatment Processes
Coarse-and-Fine Materials Separation Utilizing
Screens and Strainer
Screens and strainer remove solid contaminants from
wastewater. These mechanical processes separate
solid pollutants such as diapers, hair, and wet wipes
from the wastewater stream. Before the treatment of
industrial wastewaters, strainer separate textile fibers,
paper labels, plastic residuals, and production
residues such as potato peels and other scraps and
wastes.
Depending on the area of application, coarse or fine
screens are used. They clean the wastewater bymeans
of parallel rods. Strainer feature grits, screens,
perforations and meshes of varying sizes. Coarse
strainer (> 20 mm) to micro (<0.05 mm) separate
solid substances as large as human waste to as small
as sand and tiny sludge particles from the wastewater
stream.
Extremely important is the mechanical preliminary
cleaning in the treatment of sanitary wastewaters.
Fibers suspended in the wastewater pose a particular
challenge, especially the extremely tear-resistant
textile fibers of wet wipes and non-woven materials.
They tend to build up, potentially creating blockages
and enormous damage to pumps and mixers. [12,13]
Mechanical Separation of Solid Substances
through Filtration
Filtration separates solid substances from fluids. To
this end, the mixture passes through a filter made of
paper; whereas, technical applications typically utilize
filters made from textiles or metal. Sand filters, cloth
filters and drum screens are also frequently used as
filtration systems.
Filtration systems remove organic and inorganic
suspended solids, sands and dusts from wastewater.
Wastewater technology employs this mechanical
separation process to drain sludge in filter presses,
among other processes. Filtration, typically in
multistage processes, is also used for the purification
of surface water to provide domestic and potable
water.
Membrane filtration is another mechanical separation
process in which a membrane functions as the filter
medium. This method is typically used to separate
very fine particles.[14,15]
Membrane filtration separates and concentrates
dissolved and un-dissolved substances from
wastewater. This separation is performed under
pressure. Due to its specific pore size, the membrane
retains particles and molecules of a certain size.
Different methods of membrane filtration are used for
water purification, wastewater treatment, process
water recycling, and the collection of recyclables in
the recovery of valuable substances.
Microfiltration is employed to separate particles,
bacteria and yeasts. It is also used for cold
sterilization and for the separation of oil-water
emulsions.
Ultrafiltration is an important method for the
treatment of wastewater and potable water. It serves
to separate particles, microorganisms, proteins and
turbidities from the water. Ultrafiltration is used in
the Membrane Activation Reactor (MBR).
For instance, ultrafiltration is used to clean water in
swimming pools. Since the build-up of clogging
deposits on the membrane can be prevented, more
and more pre-existing wastewater treatment systems
are being complemented with ultrafiltration as a final
step. When retrofitting older wastewater treatment
plants, the ultrafiltration step can be positioned
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directly inside or as a separate stage after the
activation tank in order to replace subsequent
treatment steps or to increase the treatment capacity
of the biological wastewater treatment.
Nanofiltration retains viruses, heavy metal ions,
large molecules and very fine particles. The method is
used for water softening and the treatment of potable
water.
Reverse Osmosis is an important process to
concentrate landfill wastewaters, treat potable water
in rural areas that are not connected to a pipeline
network, desalinate seawater and decalcify boiler
water in power plants. This method concentrates
substances that are dissolved in fluids by applying
pressure through a semi-permeable membrane that
reverses the process of osmosis. When the applied
pressure is higher than the respective osmotic
pressure, the molecules of the solvent diffuse to the
side of the membrane where the dissolved substance
is already less concentrated. Reverse osmosis is also
used to produce ultrapure water.
Wastewater Treatment through Flotation
Flotation removes dispersed or suspended substances
from fluids by means of very fine gas bubbles that
transport the substances to the surface, and
subsequently, bubbles and substances are removed
with a clearing device. In wastewater treatment, the
flotation processes are used to separate oils, fats and
finely suspended solids and particles.
Solids Separation through Sedimentation
Sedimentation uses gravity to separate solid particles
in sedimentation tanks. A sedimentation tank is a flat,
nearly current-free tank specifically designed for
sedimentation processes. The solid particles settle on
the bottom of the tank.[16,17]
Wastewater treatment uses sedimentation processes in
various ways. In the preliminary cleaning tank, un-
dissolved substances settle and form primary sludge
that is subsequently concentrated in the digestion
tower where it is transformed anaerobically. The
transformation process produces digested sludge and
fermentation gas, which, in its cleaned form like
biogas, is converted into electricity to cover energy
demands. Aerobically produced sludge is also added
to the digestion tower after it has been separated from
the wastewater through sedimentation in the clarifier
tank. In addition, sand traps and sludge collectors
separate particles that are heavier than water.
Wastewater Treatment through Chemical Processes
Neutralization
Wastewater technology uses neutralization to adjust
the pH value. Acids or alkali are added, as required,
after processes like precipitation and flocculation, and
for the neutralization of industrial wastewaters.
Oxidation/Reduction
Redox reactions are frequently utilized in chemical
wastewater treatment and in the treatment of potable
water. Oxidation processes with ozone and hydrogen
peroxide efficiently remove chlorinated hydrocarbons
and pesticides from potable water.
In wastewater treatment, oxidation processes are used
to remove difficult biodegradable compounds.
Particularly efficient is photochemical purification,
which forms hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen
peroxide or ozone through UV-light exposure. These
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) are used to
degrade drug substances like antibiotics, cytostatic
drugs, hormones and other anthropogenic trace
substances.
In addition, ozone aids in the oxidization of iron and
manganese in well water. Reduction processes are
required to transform heavy metal ions, for instance,
into easily dissoluble sulfides.[18,19]
Adsorption and Chemisorption
Adsorption is the accumulation of substances on the
surface of a solid body, which is a physical process
where molecules stick to boundary surfaces through
the van der Waal force. If chemical bonding binds
substances to the surface of a solid body, the process
is called chemisorption. In contrast to adsorption,
chemisorption is non-reversible.
Wastewater treatment uses activated carbons to bind
soluble water contents that could not be sufficiently
removed with lower-priced methods such as
biological wastewater treatment, precipitation and
flocculation. Colorants from textile dying plants, for
instance, often can only be completely removed
through adsorption on activated carbon.
Anthropogenic trace elements such as pharmaceutical
residues and polar organic substances like adsorbable,
organically-bound halogens (AOX) also bind to
activated carbon.
Doped activated carbon can also be employed to
remove arsenic and heavy metals. Granulated iron
hydroxide is another ideal agent to remove toxic
metalloid arsenic from potable water, contaminated
ground water and industrial wastewaters. In this
process, the iron hydroxide reacts with the arsenate
ions to form iron arsenate. This method is efficient as
well as cost-effective.
Precipitation
Precipitation is a chemical process that separates a
previously soluble substance from a fluid. A common
method is to create a precipitation reaction by adding
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suitable agents. Through precipitation, heavy metals,
for instance, transform to not easily soluble metal
hydroxides. Other situations may require precipitation
to carbonates or sulfides.
Anions can often be precipitated as calcium, iron, and
aluminum salts. The separation of fluoride ions, for
instance, is achieved through precipitation with milk
of lime. During wastewater treatment in the treatment
plant, adding salts like iron(II) sulfate, iron chloride
or aluminum chloride lowers the phosphate
concentration. The phosphate precipitation can either
be integrated as simultaneous precipitation into the
biological treatment stage or added as a subsequent
separate process step. [20,21]
Flocculation
Flocculation prepares very fine particles that are
present either suspended or in the form of colloidal
solutions, for removal from water. If the surface
charge of this very fine particulate matter is the same,
the particles cannot, due to mutual electrical
repulsion, accumulate to larger agglomerates.
In this case, suitable chemicals, flocculants and
flocculation aids help achieve the agglomeration of
such particulate matter, creating macro flakes that
sediment. Flocculation is used to improve settling
properties as well as to drain sewage sludge.
Employing iron and aluminum salts for flocculation
allows the flocculating of phosphate at the same time.
Ion Exchanger
Ion exchangers are materials that can replace the ions
of one solution with other ions. The cation exchanger,
for instance, replaces calcium ions with sodium ions.
Once the ion exchange is exhausted and the calcium
ions are completely saturated, the ion exchanger
needs regeneration.
This success of this process is based on the principle
of displacement: the higher the ions’ charge, the
stronger the ion-binding to the ion exchanger. If both
types of ions are charged the same, the one with the
larger radius will be the one with the stronger ion-
binding force. During the ion exchange process, the
stronger-binding ion will displace the lesser-binding
ion.
Ion exchangers are suitable for the removal of heavy
metals and anions and are therefore often used as
‘policing filters’ after precipitation and flocculation.
In addition, they assist with water softening, changing
the water’s salt content, and water desalination;
particularly important for the semiconductor industry
that uses them to produce extremely clean,
demineralized water known as ultra-pure water.[21]
Results
Wastewater Treatment Plants as a Point of
Control
WWTPs are a significant point source for
antimicrobials. WWTPs are relatively nutrient-rich,
heavily contaminated environments that receive waste
from a variety of particle-loaded environments,
including hospitals, industrial and agricultural sites
and release both solid and liquid by-products that can
disseminate particles. Influent can be contaminated
with a variety of pollutants, including antimicrobial
agents, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and
heavy metals, which can accumulate within WWTPs.
Many microbial and chemical contaminants in
wastewater cannot be degraded by the treatment
process or inactivated through disinfection of the
effluent. For those contaminants that can be degraded,
the resulting metabolites may still have antimicrobial
or selective activity. WWTP effluent and solid waste
products not only have a high prevalence of particles
but also release selective agents into the receiving
environments
The nature of biological treatment can also encourage
the dissemination of AMRD into the environment and
within the wastewater microbiome. Microorganisms
are found in a variety of states in WWTP including in
planktonic form, flocs suspended in the wastewater,
and biofilms attached to solid surfaces .The presence
of microorganisms in flocs and in biofilms may be
significant in establishing the basis of why WWTPs
are considered both hot spots for gene transfer and
possible reservoirs for Antimicrobials.
Microbial community composition in a WWTP
affected coliforms. Additionally, different WWTPs
have different efficiencies for the removal of
microbes. Both operational conditions and design can
influence the fate of microbial removal in WWTPs.
There have been numerous studies to determine
which treatment systems and operational conditions
impact antimicrobials. For instance, it was found that
both organic loading and growth rate resulted in the
amplification of tetracycline resistance in WWTPs
using biological treatment processes. Researcher used
metagenomic approaches to compare the fate of
microbial in anaerobic, aerobic, and anaerobic-
aerobic sequence bioreactors (AASs). AASs and
aerobic reactors were superior to anaerobic reactors in
reducing microbial abundance, particularly
aminoglycoside, tetracycline, and beta-lactam
determinants. Sulfonamide and chloramphenicol anti-
microbial levels were unaffected by treatment, and a
shift from target-specific Antimicrobials associated
with multidrug resistance was seen in influents and
effluents from all WWTP. The AASs used 32% less
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energy than aerobic reactors and favorably reduced
Antimicrobials abundance. The chemical properties
of the wastewater, including chemical oxygen
demand (COD), ammonia (NH3–N), suspended solids
(SS), dissolved oxygen, and temperature, can impact
the fate of different antimicrobials. For instance, it is
found that the COD was highly correlated with the
fate of tetW, intI1, and sul1. It has been indicated that
most antimicrobials were positively related to COD
and SS of raw sewage and negatively correlated to the
corresponding variables in the effluent.[22]
Similarly, the choice of disinfection method can
impact the fate of antimicrobials in WWTPs.
Disinfection may not reduce the abundance of
antimicrobials in the effluent as it was observed when
studying the presence of tetracycline and sulfonamide
and their resistance determinants within five WWTPs
in Michigan. The use of chlorination and UV
radiation for disinfection is common, and the
effectiveness of these strategies for removing
antimicrobials varies as a result of multiple factors.
For instance, it was compared the inactivation of
antimicrobials in municipal wastewater effluent by
chlorination, UV radiation, and sequential
UV/chlorination. They found that chlorination was
more effective than UV radiation in removing
antimicrobials from WWTP effluent and that its
efficiency was affected by NH3–N concentration. The
presence of high NH3–N in wastewater corresponds
to a decline in antimicrobials removal .Free chlorine
was also more effective than combined chlorine, and
a combination treatment of UV irradiation followed
by chlorination showed higher antimicrobials removal
efficiency than UV or chlorination alone.
The methods of evaluation of antimicrobials in
WWTPs can make the comparison of studies difficult.
In some studies, a culture-dependent step is crucial
and the focus is mainly on the detection and fate of
antimicrobials, whereas others use a combination of
culture-dependent and -independent techniques and
have shifted the focus to MGE, Studies that use a
combination of culture-dependent and -independent
techniques provide more comprehensive information
than studies that use only one technique or the other.
Culture-dependent studies provide valuable
information about the expression of antimicrobials
but neglect the impact of extracellular and
unexpressed antimicrobials ,whereas culture-
independent methods may not account for the
function of those genes.
The complexity of the engineered system can obscure
the influence of antimicrobials on the spread and
prevalence of antimicrobials both within the WWTP
and in their effluent. This can make elucidating the
factors and mechanisms responsible for the increased
prevalence of antimicrobials more difficult and
determining their relative importance is a constantly
evolving area of research. The high degree of gene
transfer that can occur in WWTPs and the high
prevalence of antimicrobials in microorganisms
isolated from wastewater would suggest that WWTPs
are a point source for antimicrobials -related
environmental contamination. An engineered system,
like a WWTP, may be ideal for environmental public
health monitoring, and surveillance efforts and
management strategies could be developed that are
targeted at reducing the release of antimicrobials into
water and soil environments.[23]
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