1) An experimental study was conducted to compare the compression behavior of normal strength concrete (NSC) and self-compacting concrete (SCC) intermediate columns.
2) Six column specimens with a cross-section of 125x125mm and a height of 1.5m were tested under axial loading. The columns varied in concrete type (NSC and SCC) and longitudinal reinforcement ratio (2.09%, 2.89%, 5.15%).
3) The results showed that as the reinforcement ratio increased, the ultimate load capacity increased and axial deformation decreased for both NSC and SCC columns. However, SCC columns exhibited higher ultimate loads and deformations than NSC columns for the same reinforcement ratio.
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study
Experimental Evaluation of Fatigue Performance of Steel Grid Composite Deck J...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- The steel grid composite deck is a composite structure made of a concrete slab disposed over a steel grid. The joints of the deck segments precast with regular width can be designed by means of lap-spliced rebar or mechanical connection composed of concrete shear key and bolts. This study intends to evaluate comparatively the fatigue performance with respect to the type of joint based upon the results of fatigue tests conducted on deck specimens equipped with such joints. The evaluation reveals that there is practically no change in the stiffness regardless of the type of joint even after 2 million loading cycles and that the safety and serviceability are secured under cyclic loading since the maximum crack widths remained below the allowable values.
Retrofitting Of Reinforced Concrete Column by Steel JacketingIJERA Editor
Reinforced concrete structures often require strengthening to increase their capacity to sustain additional loads,
due to change in use that resulted in additional live loads, deterioration of the load carrying elements, design
errors, construction problems during erection, aging of structure itself or upgrading to confirm to current code
requirements. These situations may require additional concrete elements or the entire concrete structure to be
strengthened, repaired or retrofitted. Common methods for strengthening columns include concrete jacketing,
fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jacketing and steel jacketing. All these methods have been shown to effectively
increase the axial load capacity of columns.
The experimental study was carried out on RC column on designed and detailed using IS 456:2000 provisions.
The concrete mix design being performed after conducting numerous material test and cube test to validate
expected strength as per specified grade of concrete. The trial testing conducted to estimate load at 1st crack and
failure load for normal RC column with capturing displacement using dial gauges at regular load increment in
UTM. The loading conditions are decided based on failure load to induce cracks in column under 85% loading
of the failure one. In all fifteen specimen casted and tested with three samples for failure load estimation, three
samples each for plate jacketing & angle battening system and three samples each for plate jacketing & angle
battening with column preloaded to 85% of its failure load. The angle batten system proves to be better
compared to full plate retrofitting in terms of load carrying capacity and enhancing confinement effect.
Assessment of Methods for Development of Confinement Model of Low Strength Re...IJERA Editor
Reinforced Concrete is composed of concrete and steel, where compressive strength of concrete and tensile strength of steel are utilized to achieve the required member strength. The high tensile property of steel is thus used to confine and increase compressive strength and ductility of RC columns. Confined concrete is defined as concrete that is restrained laterally by any internal or external means i.e. reinforcement consisting of steel stirrups or spirals, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP), Circular Concrete Filled Steel Tube, RC shell jacketing etc. An appropriate amount of confinement increases the strength, ductility and energy dissipation capacity of RC members. This paper focuses on finding out strength and ductility enhancement of low strength RC columns by reinforcement using existing confinement models. Confinement models are stress-strain curves developed for concrete compression member under uniaxial or dynamic loading, confined with transverse reinforcement. Different models along with their experimental validations are discussed in this paper to get state of the art knowledge of confinement studies possible for low strength concrete. The models recommended from this study are used to evaluate existing structures made with low strength concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study
Experimental Evaluation of Fatigue Performance of Steel Grid Composite Deck J...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- The steel grid composite deck is a composite structure made of a concrete slab disposed over a steel grid. The joints of the deck segments precast with regular width can be designed by means of lap-spliced rebar or mechanical connection composed of concrete shear key and bolts. This study intends to evaluate comparatively the fatigue performance with respect to the type of joint based upon the results of fatigue tests conducted on deck specimens equipped with such joints. The evaluation reveals that there is practically no change in the stiffness regardless of the type of joint even after 2 million loading cycles and that the safety and serviceability are secured under cyclic loading since the maximum crack widths remained below the allowable values.
Retrofitting Of Reinforced Concrete Column by Steel JacketingIJERA Editor
Reinforced concrete structures often require strengthening to increase their capacity to sustain additional loads,
due to change in use that resulted in additional live loads, deterioration of the load carrying elements, design
errors, construction problems during erection, aging of structure itself or upgrading to confirm to current code
requirements. These situations may require additional concrete elements or the entire concrete structure to be
strengthened, repaired or retrofitted. Common methods for strengthening columns include concrete jacketing,
fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jacketing and steel jacketing. All these methods have been shown to effectively
increase the axial load capacity of columns.
The experimental study was carried out on RC column on designed and detailed using IS 456:2000 provisions.
The concrete mix design being performed after conducting numerous material test and cube test to validate
expected strength as per specified grade of concrete. The trial testing conducted to estimate load at 1st crack and
failure load for normal RC column with capturing displacement using dial gauges at regular load increment in
UTM. The loading conditions are decided based on failure load to induce cracks in column under 85% loading
of the failure one. In all fifteen specimen casted and tested with three samples for failure load estimation, three
samples each for plate jacketing & angle battening system and three samples each for plate jacketing & angle
battening with column preloaded to 85% of its failure load. The angle batten system proves to be better
compared to full plate retrofitting in terms of load carrying capacity and enhancing confinement effect.
Assessment of Methods for Development of Confinement Model of Low Strength Re...IJERA Editor
Reinforced Concrete is composed of concrete and steel, where compressive strength of concrete and tensile strength of steel are utilized to achieve the required member strength. The high tensile property of steel is thus used to confine and increase compressive strength and ductility of RC columns. Confined concrete is defined as concrete that is restrained laterally by any internal or external means i.e. reinforcement consisting of steel stirrups or spirals, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP), Circular Concrete Filled Steel Tube, RC shell jacketing etc. An appropriate amount of confinement increases the strength, ductility and energy dissipation capacity of RC members. This paper focuses on finding out strength and ductility enhancement of low strength RC columns by reinforcement using existing confinement models. Confinement models are stress-strain curves developed for concrete compression member under uniaxial or dynamic loading, confined with transverse reinforcement. Different models along with their experimental validations are discussed in this paper to get state of the art knowledge of confinement studies possible for low strength concrete. The models recommended from this study are used to evaluate existing structures made with low strength concrete.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal,
Behavior Of Castellated Composite Beam Subjected To Cyclic Loadsirjes
The purpose of this study is to determine the behavior of beam-column sub-assemblages castella
due to cyclic loading. Knowing these behaviors can if be analyzed the effectiveness of the concrete filler to
reduce the damage and improve capacity of beam castella. Test beam consists of beam castella fabricated from
normal beam (CB), castella beams with concrete filler between the flange (CCB) and normal beam (NB) as a
comparison. Results showed castella beam (CB) has the advantage to increase the flexural capacity and energy
absorption respectively 100.5% and 74.3%. Besides advantages, castella beam has the disadvantage that
lowering partial ductility and full ductility respectively 12.6 % and 18.1%, decrease resistance ratio 29.5 %
and accelerate the degradation rate of stiffness ratio 31.4%. By the concrete filler between the beam flange to
improve the ability of castella beam, then the beam castella have the ability to increase the flexural capacity of
184.78 %, 217.1% increase energy absorption, increase ductility partial and full ductility respectively 27.9 %
and 26 %, increases resistance ratio 52.5 % and slow the rate of degradation of the stiffness ratio 55.1 %..
This paper involves an experimental investigation on the flexural behaviour of curved beams and comparison of its results with conventional beams. Curved beams of size 1200 x 150 x 100 mm with varying initial curvature as 4000mm, 2000mm and the concrete strength as M40 is considered. Various reinforcement are provided in the curved beams to predict which reinforcement detail would give more resistant over maximum loading. The material properties of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and the compressive strength of concrete cube were found out. A total of 12 specimens of curved beams were casted with various combination of reinforcement along with three control specimens. The beams are tested under two point loading both horizontally and vertically. The deflection and maximum moment carrying capacity are investigated to understand its strength. Also analytical modelling is done to determine the ultimate moment carrying capacity using Finite Element Software ABAQUS to compare with the experimental model.
The current paper is a report on the preparation and testing of 10 reinforced concrete column specimens of (120x120) mm2 cross section and 1000 mm height, for the experimental clarification of the behavior of columns under the influence of pure axial loads. The research addresses the influences of some parameters and conditions on the mentioned behavior, including concrete type (normal strength, high strength or modified reactive powder concrete), the amount of reinforcement and the percentage of steel fibers. The effects of the above variables on the ultimate capacity, failure mode, stiffness, ductility and axial load-lateral displacement behavior were studied. It has been found that increasing the compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio lead to increasing the ultimate capacity and stiffness of the tested columns. The effectiveness of increasing the steel fibers ratio is manifest in increasing the ultimate strength, ductility, and decreasing the stiffness and the ductility of the tested columns.
Castellated beam optimization by using Finite Element Analysis: A Review.theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This paper presents the effect of construction joints on the performance of
reinforced self-compacting concrete slender beams. The experimental program
included casting and testing four beams with dimensions of 125×150×1000 mm. The
first beam is without construction joint as a reference specimen, the second beam is of
horizontal construction joint at mid-depth of the beam, the third beam is of vertical
construction joint at mid-span (maximum bending moment point) and the fourth beam
is of vertical construction joint on fourth-span (maximum shear region). The test
results showed that the effect of construction joint on the ultimate load was more
significant than that on the first crack load, also, the results showed that the beam of
horizontal construction joint gave better structural performance as compared with the
other cases of the construction joint, in which the first crack load decreased 6.7% and
the ultimate load decreased 26.7%as compared with the reference beam. Also the
results showed that the beam with vertical construction joint on the fourth-span
represented the less efficiency case, in which the first crack load decreased 16.7% and
ultimate load decreased 56.2% as compared with the reference beam. Furthermore
the load-deflection becomes less stiff with presence construction joint especially
beyond the first crack load.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Proposed Equation for Elastic Modulus of High-Strength Concrete Using Local...IJERA Editor
There several of equations to determine the modulus of elasticity by codes of practice and researchers. They
differ in the form of the equations and their parameter functions. Many codes and researches advise engineers of
the dependence of the modulus of elasticity on the aggregate type, size and shape; and, hence, it is wise to
determine the concrete properties for the specified mix from the trial batches. This paper considers the Iraqi
aggregates used in producing the HSC to develop and equation for prediction the modulus of elasticity for HSC.
Modulus of elasticity of high strength concrete using Iraqi aggregate with a wide range of 41 to 83.3 MPa has
been studied and by analyzing 69 tests from the available literature. An empirical equation has been proposed
for prediction of modulus elasticity presents the local aggregate in Iraq. The predicted values are compared with
the predictions by codes of practice like ACI 318-02, EC2-02 and a practical equation by Noguchi et al. It has
been found that there are differences in the predictions between them and the proposed equation. The ACI
overestimates the modulus of elasticity for these tests and 80% of the tests are below it, while EC2 values are
over conservative as they are below 78% of test values. The proposed equation is lie between the two codes. The
prediction by Noguchi et al. showed better results as they are very close to the proposed equation.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT WIRE ELECTRODES ON THE MRR OF MS WORKPIECE USING WEDM...IAEME Publication
Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is a specialized thermal machining process which is capable of accurate machining of parts which have varying hardness, complex shapes and sharp edges that are hard to be machined by the traditional machining processes. . Predictions on the
Material Removal Rate of workpieces in WEDM have been reported in the past. In the present study an analysis has been done to evaluate the Material Removal Rate of MS workpiece using WEDM process with different types of wire electrodes.
Behavior Of Castellated Composite Beam Subjected To Cyclic Loadsirjes
The purpose of this study is to determine the behavior of beam-column sub-assemblages castella
due to cyclic loading. Knowing these behaviors can if be analyzed the effectiveness of the concrete filler to
reduce the damage and improve capacity of beam castella. Test beam consists of beam castella fabricated from
normal beam (CB), castella beams with concrete filler between the flange (CCB) and normal beam (NB) as a
comparison. Results showed castella beam (CB) has the advantage to increase the flexural capacity and energy
absorption respectively 100.5% and 74.3%. Besides advantages, castella beam has the disadvantage that
lowering partial ductility and full ductility respectively 12.6 % and 18.1%, decrease resistance ratio 29.5 %
and accelerate the degradation rate of stiffness ratio 31.4%. By the concrete filler between the beam flange to
improve the ability of castella beam, then the beam castella have the ability to increase the flexural capacity of
184.78 %, 217.1% increase energy absorption, increase ductility partial and full ductility respectively 27.9 %
and 26 %, increases resistance ratio 52.5 % and slow the rate of degradation of the stiffness ratio 55.1 %..
This paper involves an experimental investigation on the flexural behaviour of curved beams and comparison of its results with conventional beams. Curved beams of size 1200 x 150 x 100 mm with varying initial curvature as 4000mm, 2000mm and the concrete strength as M40 is considered. Various reinforcement are provided in the curved beams to predict which reinforcement detail would give more resistant over maximum loading. The material properties of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and the compressive strength of concrete cube were found out. A total of 12 specimens of curved beams were casted with various combination of reinforcement along with three control specimens. The beams are tested under two point loading both horizontally and vertically. The deflection and maximum moment carrying capacity are investigated to understand its strength. Also analytical modelling is done to determine the ultimate moment carrying capacity using Finite Element Software ABAQUS to compare with the experimental model.
The current paper is a report on the preparation and testing of 10 reinforced concrete column specimens of (120x120) mm2 cross section and 1000 mm height, for the experimental clarification of the behavior of columns under the influence of pure axial loads. The research addresses the influences of some parameters and conditions on the mentioned behavior, including concrete type (normal strength, high strength or modified reactive powder concrete), the amount of reinforcement and the percentage of steel fibers. The effects of the above variables on the ultimate capacity, failure mode, stiffness, ductility and axial load-lateral displacement behavior were studied. It has been found that increasing the compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio lead to increasing the ultimate capacity and stiffness of the tested columns. The effectiveness of increasing the steel fibers ratio is manifest in increasing the ultimate strength, ductility, and decreasing the stiffness and the ductility of the tested columns.
Castellated beam optimization by using Finite Element Analysis: A Review.theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This paper presents the effect of construction joints on the performance of
reinforced self-compacting concrete slender beams. The experimental program
included casting and testing four beams with dimensions of 125×150×1000 mm. The
first beam is without construction joint as a reference specimen, the second beam is of
horizontal construction joint at mid-depth of the beam, the third beam is of vertical
construction joint at mid-span (maximum bending moment point) and the fourth beam
is of vertical construction joint on fourth-span (maximum shear region). The test
results showed that the effect of construction joint on the ultimate load was more
significant than that on the first crack load, also, the results showed that the beam of
horizontal construction joint gave better structural performance as compared with the
other cases of the construction joint, in which the first crack load decreased 6.7% and
the ultimate load decreased 26.7%as compared with the reference beam. Also the
results showed that the beam with vertical construction joint on the fourth-span
represented the less efficiency case, in which the first crack load decreased 16.7% and
ultimate load decreased 56.2% as compared with the reference beam. Furthermore
the load-deflection becomes less stiff with presence construction joint especially
beyond the first crack load.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Proposed Equation for Elastic Modulus of High-Strength Concrete Using Local...IJERA Editor
There several of equations to determine the modulus of elasticity by codes of practice and researchers. They
differ in the form of the equations and their parameter functions. Many codes and researches advise engineers of
the dependence of the modulus of elasticity on the aggregate type, size and shape; and, hence, it is wise to
determine the concrete properties for the specified mix from the trial batches. This paper considers the Iraqi
aggregates used in producing the HSC to develop and equation for prediction the modulus of elasticity for HSC.
Modulus of elasticity of high strength concrete using Iraqi aggregate with a wide range of 41 to 83.3 MPa has
been studied and by analyzing 69 tests from the available literature. An empirical equation has been proposed
for prediction of modulus elasticity presents the local aggregate in Iraq. The predicted values are compared with
the predictions by codes of practice like ACI 318-02, EC2-02 and a practical equation by Noguchi et al. It has
been found that there are differences in the predictions between them and the proposed equation. The ACI
overestimates the modulus of elasticity for these tests and 80% of the tests are below it, while EC2 values are
over conservative as they are below 78% of test values. The proposed equation is lie between the two codes. The
prediction by Noguchi et al. showed better results as they are very close to the proposed equation.
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT WIRE ELECTRODES ON THE MRR OF MS WORKPIECE USING WEDM...IAEME Publication
Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is a specialized thermal machining process which is capable of accurate machining of parts which have varying hardness, complex shapes and sharp edges that are hard to be machined by the traditional machining processes. . Predictions on the
Material Removal Rate of workpieces in WEDM have been reported in the past. In the present study an analysis has been done to evaluate the Material Removal Rate of MS workpiece using WEDM process with different types of wire electrodes.
Using Dynamic Simulation in the Development of Construction MachineryReno Filla
As in the car industry for quite some time, dynamic simulation of complete vehicles is being practiced more and more in the development of off-road machinery. However, specific questions arise due not only to company structure and size, but especially to the type of product. Tightly coupled, non-linear subsystems of different domains make prediction and optimisation of the complete system's dynamic behaviour a challenge. Furthermore, the demand for versatile machines leads to sometimes contradictory target requirements and can turn the design process into a hunt for the least painful compromise. This can be avoided by profound system knowledge, assisted by simulation-driven product development. This paper gives an overview of joint research into this issue by Volvo Wheel Loaders and Linköping University on that matter, lists the results of a related literature review and introduces the term "operability". Rather than giving detailed answers, the problem space for ongoing and future research is examined and possible solutions are sketched.
http://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0305036
Presenting research findings at the inaugural PMI Africa Conference 2015 in Johannesburg, South Africa. Check out the abridged version of the thesis here: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/corporate-sustainability-responsibility-csr-project?trk=mp-author-card. Feel free to request the full paper by dropping me an e-mail on shaddy.phiri@hotmail.com. What are your thoughts? Should we care?
Capitalize on the CDM benefits and subsidized green tech interest (NEEREA) to reduce end user price and offer green social housing at an affordable price .
Building Models of Social Processes from the Ground Up: Two Case StudiesJane Gilgun
Social workers tilt at windmills. We want to create a just and caring society. All we have to do is read headlines of local, national, and international news to see the difficulties of the tasks we have chosen for ourselves. When we reflect upon the work we do, we have more evidence that our work may be never-ending. The bright spots, hope, and the vision of a caring world impel us onward. In this think tank, I will show how I have developed models of social processes that I hope others can use in their quests for a more just and caring society. In each of these models, I drew upon the four cornerstones of evidence-based practice: research and theory, practice wisdom, service user wants, preferences, and values, and my own personal and professional values, experiences, and reflections. The two case studies are 1) factors associated with good outcomes when children have experienced complex trauma and 2) a model of intervention with perpetrators of interpersonal violence.
Butterfly valves are widely used in hydro power plants to regulate and control the flow
through hydraulic turbines. That’s why it is important to design the valve in such a way that it can give
best performance so that optimum efficiency can be achieved in hydraulic power plants. Conventionally
that the models of large size valves are straight in the laboratory to determine their performance
characteristics. This is a time consuming and costly process. High computing facility along with the use
of numerical techniques can give the solution to any fluid flow problem in a lesser time. In this research
work flow analysis through butterfly valve with aspect ratio 1/3 has been performed using
computational software. For modelling the valve ICEM CFD 12 has been used. Valve characteristics
such as flow coefficient and head loss coefficient has been determined using CFX 12 for different valve
opening angle as 30°,60°,75°, and 90° (taking 90°as full opening of the valve) for incompressible fluid.
Value of head loss coefficient obtained from numerical analysis has been compared with the
experimental results.
SUGGESTING DEFLECTION EXPRESSIONS FOR RC 2-WAY SLABSIAEME Publication
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study.
Beam column joints in concrete framed structure have been identified as critical member for transferring forces and bending moments between beams and columns. The change of moments in beam and columns across the joint region, under loadings, induces high shear force and stresses as compared with other adjacent members. The shear failure caused is often brittle in nature which is not an acceptable structural performance. Retrofitting enhances the moment carrying capacity of joint. Often beam column joints need to be strengthened. Author proposes use of ferrocement for retrofitting as wrapping technique, cost effective alternative to costly FRP wrapping technique. In this present research study, modelling & comparison of Beam-Column joint with and without ferrocement jacket is carried out by finite element method using software ANSYS APDL. The comparison shows enhanced performance of the jacketed model over Non jacketed in terms of stresses, ultimate load carrying capacity.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Shear behavior of reinforced concrete slender beams using high strength concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
An experimental investigation is carried out on Nine Slender HSC beams with constant size 125mm x 130mm and effective length
900mm by varying (i) The longitudinal reinforcement ratio and (ii) the web reinforcement ratio were casted and tested to understand
the shear behavior of the beams with minimum web reinforcement as per IS CODE and ACI CODE and maximum web reinforcement.
The load-deflection behavior and the failure pattern of the beams, ultimate shear strength are studied with varying longitudinal
reinforcement and varying shear reinforcement. The experimental results obtained are compared with the theoretical values as per
code. Based on these observations, it can be concluded that, there are many parameters influencing the shear behavior of RC beams
such as shear span to depth ratio (a/d ratio>2), concrete grade, depth of the beam, the percentage of the longitudinal reinforcement
and shear reinforcement. It can be concluded that, the shear failure is brittle, sudden and very explosive. As the spacing of shear
reinforcement reduced (75mm) the load carrying capacity increased and as the spacing of shear reinforcement increased (225,
300mm) the load carrying capacity decreased. Shear failure is characterized by small deflection, lack of ductility and catastrophic
failure.
Keywords: High strength concrete, shear span to depth ratio, failure pattern, ultimate shear capacity, codal provisions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
SHEAR PERFORMANCE OF FIBER REINFORCED SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE DEEP BEAMSIAEME Publication
The self-compacting concrete (SCC) is the newest innovating category of high performance concrete. The shear behavior of Fiber Reinforced Self-Compacted Concrete (FRSCC) deep beams was investigated. The experimental program consisted of twelve simply supported beams tested up to failure under four-point load. The key parameters covered in this investigation were steel fibers ratios (0.0, 0.50, 0.75 & 1.00%) and the effective shear span to depth ratio; a/d that varied from 0.6 to 1.0. Also, the main flexure reinforcement ratio was variable (1.0, 1.60 and 2.20 percent). In addition, vertical and horizontal web reinforcement effect was investigated. The mid-span deflection, cracks, reinforcement and concrete strains of the tested beams were recorded and compared. Test results pointed out that the steel fibers enhanced the cracking load, ultimate capacity, displacement and energy absorption of the tested FRSCC deep beams.
A Study of R. C. C. Beam Column Junction Subjected To QuasiStatic (Monotonic)...IOSR Journals
Abstract - Beam and column where intersects is called as joint or junction. The different types of joints are
classified as corner joint, exterior joint, interior joint etc. on beam column joint applying quasi-static loading on
cantilever end of the beam. and study of various parameters as to be find out on corner and exterior beam
column joint i.e. maximum stress, minimum stress, displacement and variation in stiffness of beam column joint
can be analyzed in Ansys software ( Non-Linear FEM Software) Significant experimental research has been
conducted over the past three decades on hysteretic behavior of beam-column joints of RC frames under cyclic
displacement loading. The various research studies focused on corner and exterior beam column joints and
their behavior, support conditions of beam-column joints. Some recent experimental studies, however,
addressed beam-column joints of substandard RC frames with weak columns, poor anchorage of longitudinal
beam bars and insufficient transverse reinforcement. the behavior of exterior beam column joint is different
than the corner beam column joint
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
2. Experimental Investigations On Compression Behavior Parameters of NSC and SCC
Intermediate RC Columns
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 101 editor@iaeme.com
Key words: Slenderness Ratio, Percentage of Steel, Axial Load Ratio,
Stiffness Ratio, Stiffness Degradation, Shortening Index
Cite this Article: Prabhakara R, Chethankumar N E, Atul Gopinath and
Sanjith J. Experimental Investigations on Compression Behavior Parameters
of NSC and SCC Intermediate RC Columns. International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 6(8), 2015, pp. 100-117.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JTypeIJCIET&VType=6&IType=8
1. INTRODUCTION
Reinforced concrete (RC) has become one of the most important building materials
and is widely used in many types of engineering structures. The economy, the
efficiency, the strength and the stiffness of reinforced concrete make it an attractive
material for a wide range of structural applications. For its use as structural material,
concrete must satisfy the following conditions.
The structure must be strong and safe, stiff and appear unblemished and should be
economical.
Columns are major structural supporting elements which carries beam load from
super-structure and transfers to the footings. Columns should be strong by both its
intrinsic and extrinsic factors in order to get more strength and durability. Many have
been studied the behaviour of columns by both analytically as well as experimentally
so some of the important factor on which column strength depends on young’s
modulus, characteristic compressive strength, material grades, stiffness and
slenderness ratio. Axial load on a perfectly straight slender column with elastic
material property is increased in magnitude. A compression member subjected to pure
axial load rarely occurs in practice. All columns are subjected to some moment which
may be due to accidental eccentricity or due to end restraint imposed by
monolithically placed beams or slabs. Even though many research works have been
conducted, only they used EURO codes, Chinese codes, but investigations are
required based on IS codes.
Hugo Rodrigues et al studied on Behavior of reinforced concrete column under
biaxial cyclic loading [6], X. Zeng et al studied on axial compression behaviour of RC
columns under rapid loading [5], Jiaquan Zhong et al informed about “Stiffness
degradation and time cracking of cover concrete in reinforced concrete structures
subject to corrosion [14] , R. Jansson et al conducted study on“Factor influencing fire
spalling of self-compacting concrete [13]”, A.Bourouz et al studied about
“Confinement of high strength concrete columns with CFRP sheets”(2014)[7], Bing li
studied on “Initial stiffness of reinforced concrete columns and walls” in 2012[8], Jia
Jinquing, Jiang Rui (2007) “Dynamic analysis of steel reinforced super high strength
concrete columns”[9]and the author Biswajit Basu Identified of stiffness degradation
in structures using wavelet analysis [11]. In this study axial load was applied to know
the structural performance of intermediate columns.
2. SCOPE OF PRESENT INVESTIGATION
1. To obtain M30 grade NSC and SCC mix using 20mm and 12.5mm coarse
aggregate respectively.
2. Observation of load transfer mechanism in NSC and SCC Intermediate columns
with different reinforcement percentage tested under axial load.
3. Prabhakara R, Chethankumar N E, Atul Gopinath and Sanjith J
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 102 editor@iaeme.com
3. To observe the compression behavior and variation in load deflection of
intermediate RC columns for different reinforcement ratio and slenderness ratio.
4. Evaluation of shortening index, energy absorption over intermediate RC column
made out of NSC and SCC.
5. Understanding the stiffness degradation and the parameters which influence it in
NSC and SCC.
6. Analyzing the data on the compression behavior of RC columns with respect to
geometric properties, concrete, reinforcement ratio.
3. MATERIALS AND MIX PROPORTIONS
The following materials were used in the present investigation.
Cement: 43 Grade OPC as per IS 12269- 1989 with specific gravity 3.15.
Fly Ash: Fly Ash conforming to ClassF IS 3812:2003.
Coarse Aggregates: 20mm downsize Aggregates with specific gravity 2.65 for NSC.
12.5mm down size aggregates with specific gravity 2.62 for SCC. Coarse aggregates
were conforming IS 383:1970[20].
Fine Aggregates: Manufactured Sand with specific gravity 2.57 and Fineness
Modulus 3.05 conforming to zone II of IS 383:1970[20].
Super Plasticizers: Naphthalene based polymer. Glenium B233 Modified poly-
carboxylic ether for SCC.
Viscosity Modifying Agent: Glenium Stream 2 for SCC. Steel: longitudinal
reinforcement varied as 2.01%, 2.89% and 5.15%.and lateral ties 8mm at 125mm c/c.
Water: Potable water conforming to IS 456:2000[18].
3.1. Mix Proportions
Mix design adopted for the present investigations are as follows: NSC M-30 as per
IS 10262:2009[19]; SCC M-30 NAN–SU method [16] and it is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Mix Proportions of NSC, SCC.
Based on the literature review and series of trial and errors the dimension of the
column specimen was chosen. The specimens were cast using moulds of
125x125x1500mm. The specimens were reinforced with cage reinforcement of 8mmɸ
tie bars 125mm c/c and longitudinal reinforcement of 2.09%, 2.89% and 5.15%.
(TORKARI) of Fe500.
NSC SCC
Cement in kg/m3
348.33 214.28
Fly Ash in kg/m3
- 248.43
Fine Aggregates in kg/m3
681.66 925.63
Coarse Aggregates in kg/m3
1146.8 (20mm) 743.69 (12.5 mm)
Water in lit/m3
191.58 148.07
Super Plasticizer - 1.3%
VMA - 0.18%
4. Experimental Investigations On Compression Behavior Parameters of NSC and SCC
Intermediate RC Columns
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 103 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 1 Cross Section Details Figure 2 Schematic diagram of column specimen with
cage reinforcement
In the present investigation, a total of six column specimens were cast using
different category of concretes such as NSC (M30) and SCC (M30). Slenderness ratio
12 was maintained to study the behavior of intermediate RC columns. In all the
columns a constant cross sectional area of 125mm 125mm was maintained. Height
of intermediate column was 1.5m. The dimensions of the columns are arrived based
on the literature and the facility available in the lab. The typical pattern of column
with cross section (125mmX125mm) and varying longitudinal reinforcement is as
shown in Fig 1 and Fig 2.
The results of cube compressive strength of different grades of concretes NSC,
SCC after trail mixes used to cast column specimens is as tabulated in the Table 2.
Table 2 Cube Compressive Strength
4. TESTING ARRANGEMENT AND TESTING PROCEDURE
All the columns were white washed after the curing period was completed and
mounted on the loading frame capacity of 1000 KN. All the columns were fixed on
both ends with an effective span of 1.46m. A typical loading arrangement of
intermediate column is shown in the Fig 3. Two cross bars were provided for
intermediate columns to prevent the danger of sudden lateral movements.
Concrete type and max.
aggregate size
Grade of concrete
Average Cube compressive
strength, fck (MPa)
28days
NSC M30 37.52
SCC M30 44.29
5. Prabhakara R, Chethankumar N E, Atul Gopinath and Sanjith J
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NSC SCC
Figure 3 Test setup of a typical
columns
Figure 4 Cracked surfaces of failed column specimens
Load was applied using hydraulic jack and observations were made on these
parameters such as deflection, cracks and the failure pattern. This was continued for
every increment of load till this structural or functional failure. Cracked surface of
failed column specimens are shown in Fig 4. All the intermediate RC Columns
experienced crushing failure as shown in Fig 5.
Figure 5 Crack and failure patterns of intermediate columns
The Table 3 shows the test results of all the six columns. For each specimen by
applying axial load, ultimate Load Pu (Exp) and axial deformation (∆u) was observed.
Using Pu (Exp) and ∆u, Energy Absorption (EA), Shortening Index (SI), Axial Load
Ratio (ALR) and Stiffness Ratio (SR) was calculated. fck is the cube compressive
strength.
6. Experimental Investigations On Compression Behavior Parameters of NSC and SCC
Intermediate RC Columns
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 105 editor@iaeme.com
Table 3 Test results of the Column Specimen
The specimens are named as follows. NSC/12/2.09 means type of
concrete/slenderness ratio/longitudinal percentage of steel.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A detailed analysis has been carried out on the following parameters to understand
structural performance of RC columns.
Load deflection behavior
Ultimate load
Energy absorption
Shortening index
Axial load ratio and stiffness ratio
Stiffness degradation
5.1 Load Deformation Behavior of RC Columns
An important aspect in the analysis and design of structures relates to the
deformations caused by the loads applied to a structure. Clearly it is important to
avoid deformations so large that they may prevent the structure from fulfilling the
purpose for which it is intended. But the analysis of deformations may also help us in
the determination of stresses. To determine the actual distribution of stresses within a
member, it is necessary to analyze the deformations which take place in that member.
This project deals with the deformations of column under axial loading. Section 5.1.1
covers the compression behavior of intermediate RC columns.
5.1.1 Load Deformation Behavior of Intermediate RC Columns.
The graphical representation of load-deformation behavior for intermediate columns
is as shown in Fig 6 and Fig 7.
SPECIMEN
fck
(MPa)
Pcr (kN)
Pu(Exp)
(kN)
∆u
(mm)
E A
(kN-
mm)
S I
A L
R
S R FAILURE
NSC/12/2.09 37.50 189.90 500.00 9.87 2248.3 0.0066 1.38 54.14 Crushing
NSC/12/2.89 37.50 177.77 518.99 7.54 4111.3 0.0050 1.43 56.68 Crushing
NSC/12/5.15 37.50 240.51 556.62 6.96 3525.8 0.0046 1.53 61.89 Crushing
SCC/12/2.09 43.16 215.19 495.00 9.20 3553.3 0.0061 1.23 47.39 Crushing
SCC/12/2.89 43.16 240.51 520.35 9.15 3672.8 0.0061 1.29 50.25 Crushing
SCC/12/5.15 43.16 253.16 632.91 6.95 4242.6 0.0046 1.57 64.04 Crushing
7. Prabhakara R, Chethankumar N E, Atul Gopinath and Sanjith J
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0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
0.00 5.00 10.00
AXIALLOAD(kN)
AXIAL DEFORMATION(mm)
SCC 16
SCC 12
SCC 10
Figure 6 Combined load-deformation curve for NSC intermediate RC columns
From the Fig 6, it is clear that NSC10, NSC12 and NSC16 intermediate columns have
maximum axial deformations 9.87mm, 7.54mm and 6.96mm at an ultimate loads of
494.42kN, 518.99kN and 556.62kN respectively. Also it is evident that with increase
in percentage of steel, axial load carrying capacity has been increased whereas axial
deformations decreased.
Figure 7 Combined load-deformation curve for SCC intermediate RC columns
Fig 7 shows the graphical representation of the axial load vs axial deformation for
SCC with varying percentage of reinforcement. It is noticeable that, SCC10, SCC12
and SCC16 intermediate columns have maximum axial deformations 9.2mm, 9.15mm
and 6.95mm at an ultimate loads of 495kN, 520.35kN and 632.91kN respectively.
With increase in percentage of steel, axial deformation decreased whereas load
carrying capacity increased.
Following graphs show the comparison of axial load vs axial deformation for NSC
and SCC intermediate columns with same percentage of steel reinforcement.
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00
AXIALLOAD(kN)
AXIAL DEFORMATION (mm)
NSC 16
NSC 12
NSC 10
8. Experimental Investigations On Compression Behavior Parameters of NSC and SCC
Intermediate RC Columns
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0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00
AXIALLOAD(kN)
AXIAL DEFORMATION (mm)
NSC 12
SCC 12
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00
AXIALLOAD(kN)
AXIAL DEFORMATION (mm)
NSC 16
SCC 16
Figure 8 Combined load-deformation curve-2.09%
Figure 9 Combined load-deformation curve-2.89%
Figure 10 Combined load-deformation curve- 5.15%
From the Fig 8, Fig 9 and Fig 10 it has been observed that, the SCC intermediate
columns carried more load than the NSC intermediate columns with same
reinforcement %. But ultimate deformation of SCC intermediate columns was more
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
AXIALLOAD(kN)
AXIAL DEFORMATION (mm)
NSC 10
SCC 10
9. Prabhakara R, Chethankumar N E, Atul Gopinath and Sanjith J
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than NSC intermediate columns of same reinforcement percentage (this is because
SCC has less young’s modulus ‘E’ than NSC, thus its flexural rigidity ‘EI’ is less).
Load carrying capacity for SCC/12/2.09 was 1.01% lesser and SCC/12/5.15 was
12.05% higher compared to NSC/12/2.09 and NSC/12/5.15 columns respectively.
But, the load carrying capacity for SCC/12/2.89 and NSC/12/2.89 was approximately
equal.
Axial deformation for SCC/12/2.09 was 6.71% lesser and SCC/12/2.89 was
21.35% higher compared to NSC/12/2.09 and NSC/12/2.89 columns respectively.
But, the axial deformation for SCC/12/5.15 and NSC/12/5.15 was approximately
equal.
5.2 Comparison of Ultimate Load Carrying Capacity obtained from
Experimental Data and Analytical Method
Reinforcement percentage, type of concrete and slenderness ratio are the key
parameters which influences the load carrying capacity of columns and it is shown in
the following graphs. Analytically ultimate load carrying capacity of RC column was
obtained using the formula as per IS 456 (Eq 1)
Pu=0.45fck+0.67fyAst……………………………………..Eq 1.
Following graphs show the comparison of theoretical and experimental ultimate
load carrying capacity for NSC and SCC intermediate columns with same percentage
of steel reinforcement as shown in Fig 11.
Figure 11 Combined Ultimate Load Carrying Capacity V/S steel percentage for intermediate
column
From the Fig 11 it was observed that as the percentage of steel increased, ultimate
load carrying capacity increased in case of both NSC and SCC columns.
5.3 Energy Absorption
Area enclosed under the load-deformation curve is represented as Energy absorption.
The failure mechanism of RC columns is found to be very dependent on the loading
path, which strongly affects both the ductility and energy dissipation capacity of the
columns. The influence of reinforcement ratio on the energy dissipated in
compression is shown in Fig 12.
372.54 372.54 372.54
500.00 518.99
556.62
414.57 414.57 414.57
495.00 520.35
632.91
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
2.09% 2.89% 5.15%
ULTIMATELOAD(kN)
% STEEL
INTERMEDIATE COLUMN
Theoritical Pu NSC Experimental Pu NSC Theoritical Pu SCC Experimental Pu SCC
10. Experimental Investigations On Compression Behavior Parameters of NSC and SCC
Intermediate RC Columns
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 109 editor@iaeme.com
2248.255
4111.265
3525.7543553.332 3672.844
4242.564
0.000
1000.000
2000.000
3000.000
4000.000
5000.000
2.01% 2.89% 5.15%
ENERGYABSORPTION
(kN-mm)
% OF STEEL
INTERMEDIATE COLUMN
NSC
SCC
Figure 12 Combined Energy absorption V/S steel percentage for intermediate column
Energy absorption for NSC/12/2.01 was 36.72% lesser, NSC/12/2.89 was 10.67%
higher and NSC/12/5.15 was 20.33% lesser compared to SCC/12/2.09, SCC/12/2.89
and SCC/12/5.15 column respectively as shown in Fig 12.
5.4 Shortening Index
Shortening index is a dimensionless property and is defined as the ratio of ultimate
deformation to the length of column. Graphs of shortening index vs steel percentage
have been plotted for all intermediate columns as shown in Fig 13.
Figure 13 Combined shortening index V/S steel percentage for intermediate column
The shortening index of both SCC and NSC intermediate columns decreased with
increase in percentage of steel as shown in Fig 13.
Shortening index for SCC/12/2.09 was 8.19% lesser, SCC/12/2.89 was 18.03%
higher compared to NSC/12/2.09, NSC/12/2.89 columns respectively. But,
SCC/12/5.15 and NSC/12/5.15 columns showed equal shortening index as shown in
Fig 13.
5.5 Stiffness Degradation of RC Columns
Load required per unit deformation is termed as stiffness of a member and stiffness
degradation is defined as the damage to engineering materials essentially results in a
0.0090
0.0057
0.0049
0.0068
0.0059 0.0057
0.0000
0.0010
0.0020
0.0030
0.0040
0.0050
0.0060
0.0070
0.0080
0.0090
0.0100
2.01% 2.89% 5.15%
SHORTENINGINDEX
% OF STEEL
INTERMEDIATE COLUMNS
NSC
SCC
11. Prabhakara R, Chethankumar N E, Atul Gopinath and Sanjith J
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 110 editor@iaeme.com
decrease of the free energy stored in the body with consequent degradation of the
material stiffness. To understand the stiffness degradation of RC columns, it is
required to plot the graph between stiffness and axial deformation with varying
percentage of steel reinforcement for both NSC and SCC. Section 5.5.1 covers the
stiffness degradation of intermediate columns respectively.
5.5.1 Stiffness Degradation of Intermediate RC Columns.
The stiffness degradation curves for intermediate columns have been plotted as shown
in Fig 14 and Fig 15.
Figure 14 Combined Stiffness degradation curve for NSC intermediate RC columns
As the axial load and axial deformation increased, the stiffness of columns having
higher percentage of steel reinforcement decreased suddenly up to a deformation
value of 0.34mm and the decrement became marginally slow after this. Whereas the
stiffness of columns with lesser percentage of steel reinforcement for NSC decreased
constantly for all values of axial deformation as shown in Fig 14.
Figure 15 Combined Stiffness degradation curve for SCC intermediate RC columns
It is conspicuous that there was a sudden drop of stiffness for all the SCC
intermediate columns up to a certain deformation value and stiffness degradation
beyond these values was marginally constant which is shown in Fig 15. It was
observed from the above graphs that as the percentage of steel increases, the stiffness
of column increases and the stiffness degradation decreases for both NSC and SCC.
Following graphs show the stiffness degradation for both NSC and SCC intermediate
columns with same percentage of steel reinforcement.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 2 4 6 8 10
STIFFNESS(kN/mm)
AXIAL DEFORMATION (mm)
SCC 16
SCC 12
SCC 10
12. Experimental Investigations On Compression Behavior Parameters of NSC and SCC
Intermediate RC Columns
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0
50
100
150
200
250
0 5 10 15
STIFFNESS(kN/mm)
AXIAL DEFORMATION (mm)
NSC 10
SCC 10
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 5 10 15
STIFFNESS(kN/mm)
AXIAL DEFORMATION (mm)
NSC 10
SCC 10
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 2 4 6 8
STIFFNESS(kN/mm)
AXIAL DEFORMATION (mm)
NSC 16
SCC 16
Figure 16 Combined Stiffness degradation curve-2.09%
Figure 17 Combined Stiffness degradation curve 2.89%
Figure 18 Combined Stiffness degradation curve-5.15%
It has been observed from the Fig 16, Fig 17 and Fig 18 that, for 2.09%, 2.89%
and 5.15% steel, NSC intermediate columns had more stiffness value than SCC
intermediate columns. Whereas for 2.89% steel, SCC intermediate column had more
stiffness value than NSC intermediate column. After comparing all the above graphs
it was observed that stiffness value of 5.15% steel was much greater. And also
stiffness degradation of 5.15% steel was rapid than 2.09% and 2.89% steel.
Stiffness at ultimate load for SCC/12/2.09 was 6.78% higher and SCC/12/2.89
was 13.54% lesser and SCC/12/5.15 was 12.13% higher compared to NSC/12/2.09
13. Prabhakara R, Chethankumar N E, Atul Gopinath and Sanjith J
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 112 editor@iaeme.com
and NSC/12/2.89 and NSC/12/5.15 columns respectively as shown in Fig 16, 17 and
18.
5.6 Stiffness Ratio and Axial Load Ratio of RC Columns.
The ratio of applied load to the theoretical load is defined as the axial load ratio.
Stiffness ratio is very important parameters which play an important role in the
structural performance of RC columns. In order to study the influence and the
relationship between the above mentioned parameters, it is necessary to plot the graph
between axial load ratio and stiffness ratio. Section 5.6.1 covers the stiffness ratio v/s
axial load ratio relationship for intermediate columns.
5.6.1 Stiffness Ratio and Axial Load Ratio of Intermediate RC Columns.
The graphical representation of stiffness ratio and axial load ratio for both NSC and
SCC is as shown in Fig 19 and Fig 20.
Figure 19 Combined Axial load ratio curve for NSC intermediate RC columns
From the Fig 19 it has been observed that, NSC10, NSC12 and NSC16
intermediate columns achieved an axial load ratios 1.37, 1.42 and 1.53 respectively.
SCC10, SCC12 and SCC16 intermediate columns achieved an axial load ratios 1.23,
1.3 and 1.57 respectively at ultimate axial load. It is observed that, axial load ratio and
stiffness ratio increased linearly.
Figure 20 Combined Stiffness Ratio curve for SCC intermediate RC columns
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
1.60
1.65
0.00% 1.00% 2.00% 3.00% 4.00% 5.00% 6.00%
AXIALLOADRATIO
% OF STEEL
NSC
SCC
40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
60.00
65.00
70.00
0.00% 1.00% 2.00% 3.00% 4.00% 5.00% 6.00%
STIFFNESSRATIO
% OF STEEL
NSC
SCC
14. Experimental Investigations On Compression Behavior Parameters of NSC and SCC
Intermediate RC Columns
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 113 editor@iaeme.com
0.000
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
0.035
0.139
0.244
0.348
0.453
0.557
0.661
0.766
0.870
0.975
1.079
1.184
1.288
STIFFNESSRATIO
AXIAL LOAD RATIO
NSC 10
SCC 10
0.000
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
0.035
0.139
0.244
0.348
0.453
0.557
0.661
0.766
0.870
0.975
1.079
1.184
1.288
1.393
STIFFNESSRATIO
AXIAL LOAD RATIO
NSC 12
SCC 12
From the Fig 20 it has been observed that, , NSC10, NSC12 and NSC16
intermediate columns achieved stiffness ratios 47.4, 50.25 and 64.04 and SCC10,
SCC12 and SCC16 intermediate columns achieved stiffness ratios 54.14, 56.68 and
61.89 respectively at ultimate axial load. It was observed that, axial load ratio and
stiffness ratio for all intermediate columns increased linearly.
Following graphs show the variation of axial load ratio and stiffness ratio for both
NSC and SCC intermediate columns with same percentage of steel reinforcement.
Figure 21 stiffness ratio vs axial load ratio-2.09%
Figure 22 stiffness ratio vs axial load ratio curve 2.89%
15. Prabhakara R, Chethankumar N E, Atul Gopinath and Sanjith J
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 114 editor@iaeme.com
0.000
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
70.000
0.035
0.139
0.244
0.348
0.453
0.557
0.661
0.766
0.870
0.975
1.079
1.184
1.288
1.393
1.497
STIFFNESSRATIO
AXIAL LOAD RATIO
NSC 16
SCC 16
Figure 23 Combined stiffness ratio vs axial load ratio curve-5.15%
From the Fig 21, Fig 22 and Fig 23 it has been observed that, Stiffness ratio and
axial load ratio for NSC and SCC intermediate columns having 5.15% steel were
found to be greater than that of 2.89% and 2.09% steel. As studied from the graphs,
for all the intermediate columns stiffness ratio and axial load ratio were nearly same.
Axial load ratio at ultimate load for SCC/12/2.09 was 11.38% lesser, SCC/12/2.89
was 10.07% lesser and SCC/12/5.15 was 2.54% higher compared to NSC/12/2.09,
NSC/12/2.89 and NSC/12/5.15 columns respectively. Stiffness ratio at ultimate load
for SCC/12/2.09 was 14.24% lesser, SCC/12/2.89 was 12.79% lesser and
SCC/12/5.15 was 3.34% higher compared to NSC/12/2.09, NSC/12/2.89 and
NSC/12/5.15 columns respectively.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We acknowledge the support rendered by the Management of MSRIT, Principal,
HOD, Faculty and Staff of Civil Dept. of MSRIT, Affiliated to VTU Belagavi. In
particular we express our deep sense of gratitude to Hirannaiah, Chief Engineer,
Bhagirathi constructions for extending his help throughout the investigations.
7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
To study the load deformation behavior, stiffness degradation, axial load ratio and
stiffness ratio, ultimate load, energy absorption and shortening index experimental
investigation has been carried out on intermediate RC columns. Summary and
conclusions are outlined below.
The mix proportion for NSC (M30) was obtained from the IS 10262-2009. Also
slump test was followed as per IS 1199-1959 and the average slump value was
found to be 85 mm.
The mix proportion for SCC (M30) was obtained as per Nan Su method [16] and
flow properties observed were within the limit.
For every mix three companion cubes were cast for both NSC and SCC and an
average 28 days cube compressive strength was found to be 37.52 MPa for NSC
and 44.29 MPa for SCC respectively.
The cross sections of all the columns were 125mm X125 mm. The height of the
column was fixed as 1.5m and the Slenderness ratios of intermediate column was
maintained as 12.
16. Experimental Investigations On Compression Behavior Parameters of NSC and SCC
Intermediate RC Columns
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 115 editor@iaeme.com
The varied percentage of steel in each column was 2.09%, 2.89% and 5.15%.
It was found that, with increase in steel percentage for same cross sectional area
of column, the load carrying capacity increased and ultimate deflection reduced.
From the experiment it was found that, intermediate columns failed due to
crushing and no buckling was observed.
Load carrying capacity for SCC/12/2.09 was 1.01% lesser and SCC/12/5.15 was
12.05% higher compared to NSC/12/2.09 and NSC/12/5.15 columns respectively.
But, the load carrying capacity for SCC/12/2.89 and NSC/12/2.89 was
approximately equal.
Axial deformation for SCC/12/2.09 was 6.71% lesser and SCC/12/2.89 was
21.35% higher compared to NSC/12/2.09 and NSC/12/2.89 columns respectively.
But, the axial deformation for SCC/12/5.15 and NSC/12/5.15 was approximately
equal.
Shortening index for SCC/12/2.09 was 8.19% lesser, SCC/12/2.89 was 18.03%
higher compared to NSC/12/2.09, NSC/12/2.89 columns respectively. But,
SCC/12/5.15 and NSC/12/5.15 columns showed equal shortening index
In case of intermediate columns, energy absorption was found to be greater for
SCC/12/5.15 column whereas NSC/12/2.09 column showed least value.
Energy absorption for NSC/12/2.01 was 36.72% lesser, NSC/12/2.89 was 10.67%
higher and NSC/12/5.15 was 20.33% lesser compared to SCC/12/2.09,
SCC/12/2.89 and SCC/12/5.15 column respectively
It was observed that axial load applied was directly proportional to stiffness ratio
and axial load ratio.
It was reported from the results that higher the stiffness value, lower will be the
stiffness ratio and axial load ratio
Axial load ratio at ultimate load for SCC/12/2.09 was 11.38% lesser,
SCC/12/2.89 was 10.07% lesser and SCC/12/5.15 was 2.54% higher compared to
NSC/12/2.09, NSC/12/2.89 and NSC/12/5.15 columns respectively.
Stiffness at ultimate load for SCC/12/2.09 was 6.78% higher and SCC/12/2.89
was 13.54% lesser and SCC/12/5.15 was 12.13% higher compared to
NSC/12/2.09 and NSC/12/2.89 and NSC/12/5.15 columns respectively
Stiffness ratio at ultimate load for SCC/12/2.09 was 14.24% lesser, SCC/12/2.89
was 12.79% lesser and SCC/12/5.15 was 3.34% higher compared to
NSC/12/2.09, NSC/12/2.89 and NSC/12/5.15 columns respectively.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Name: Dr. R.PRABHAKARA
Designation: Professor and Head
Qualification: M. Tech (Construction Technology)
Ph.D (Civil Engineering)
Research Area: Materials and Structures
Name: CHETHANKUMAR N E
Qualification: M-Tech (Structural Engineering)
Research area: Material behaviour
Name: ATUL GOPINATH
Qualification: ME
Ph.D (Civil Engineering)
Research area: Material behavior
Name: SANJITH J
Designation: Assistant Professor
Qualification: M. Tech (Structural Engineering)
Research Area: Materials and Structures