1) Pulses production in India has seen four distinct phases from pre-green revolution to the current post-trade spike period. Government schemes have aimed to boost production but India remains a major importer. 2) Chickpea and pigeonpea are the major pulses crops in India. Analysis found high yield instability and gaps between actual and potential yields for both crops. 3) Determinants of area allocation found pulses compete with cereals and irrigation negatively impacts pulses area. Regional specialization and geographical continuity in production were also observed.

1. Dynamics of Pulses Production
Presented by
K. Inbasekar
Scientist (Agricultural Economics),
Division of Agricultural Economics
Indian Agricultural Research Institute,
New Delhi
Advisor
Dr. Devesh Roy
Research Fellow
IFPRI
January 14th, 2014 , New Delhi

2. Introduction
Neglected by Green Revolution
India’s position in the world:
33% of area
25% of production
27% of consumption
Imports 3 - 4 million tones of pulses every year
Important source of protein
Per capita availability decreasing – 60 g/day in 1950 &
31.6 g/day in 2011

3. Importance of pulses in Indian Agriculture
Sustainable agricultural production
Improving soil health and nutrient fixation
Fodder for cattle
Raw material for industries
Important rain-fed crop

4. Government’s response….
Pulses Development Scheme (4th FYP) (1969-70 to 1973-74)
National Pulses Development Project (7th FYP) (1985-86 to
1989-90)
Special Food Grain Production Program (1988-89)
ISOPOM – (2004)
NFSM-Pulses (A3P) – (2007-08)
Special Plan to achieve 19+ Million tonnes of Pulses
production during Kharif (2012-13)

5. Objectives
To study the spatial and temporal variation
in pulses production in India with special
emphasis on chickpea and pigeonpea.
To study the factors affecting relative area
allocation to pulses.

6. Four distinct phases of pulses
development
 Pre-green Revolution period (1960-1970)
 Stagnant area and production
 No major breakthroughs in pulses research and
government schemes
 Post-green revolution period (1971-1990)
 Area and production decreased in northern and eastern
zones
 Area and production increased in southern, western and
central zones
 Pulses Development Scheme (4th Plan)

7. Four distinct phases of pulses
development
 Post-liberalization period (1991-2000)
 Further increase in pulses area and production in southern
and western states
 Short duration and wilt resistant
 Special Food Grain Production Program (1988-89)
 Post-trade spike period (2001 – present)
 Third take off in pulses area and production in southern
states and western states
 Could trade have played a role in domestic production and
consumption?

8. All over India – Comparative Performance of pulses & cereals
(Percentage change)
Crops
Particulars
Pre -green
Revolution
(1960-70)
Post -green
revolution
(1971-90)
Post -liberalization
(1991-2000)
Post -trade
spike
(2000-2010)
Area
-9.73
-18.06
39.19
12.3
14.98
0.51
19.02
5.12
8.26
32.54
-1.89
3.37
Production
10.68
42.6
-5.81
7.64
2.4
7.32
-3.99
3.91
-8.02
3.31
-0.93
2.25
Production
-0.87
10.34
2.15
14.08
Yield
7.97
6.72
3.67
11.23
Area
+26.11
48.53
15.62
3.18
Production
95.54
171.58
42.55
12.13
Yield
55.13
82.98
23.33
8.73
Area
Paddy
Production
Area
Wheat
6.43
Yield
Total Pulses
17.68
Area
Pigeon Pea
-18.46
Yield
Chick Pea
-21.64
11.88
10.46
8.72
-1.53
Production
33.77
70.56
28.55
10.34
Yield
19.72
54.00
18.54
12.09
8

9. 30
Total Pulses Scenario - India
800
700
600
20
500
15
400
300
10
200
5
100
0
0
Area (million ha)
Production (million tonnes)
Yield(kg/ha)
Linear (Area (million ha))
Linear (Production (million tonnes))
Linear (Yield(kg/ha))
Yield (kg/ha)
Area & Production (millions)
25

10. Zone-wise total pulses area
Northern Zone I
5000
'000 ha
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Haryana
Punjab
Uttar Pradesh
Northern Zone II
100
'000 ha
80
60
40
20
0
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
10
Uttarakhand

11. Zone-wise total pulses area – contd.,
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Andhra Pradesh
60
Karnataka
Kerala
50
'000 ha
'000 ha
Southern Zone
40
30
20
10
0
Kerala
Tamil Nadu

12. Zone-wise total pulses area – contd.,
Eastern Zone
3000
'000 ha
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Bihar
Orissa
West Bengal
Jharkhand
Western Zone
5000
'000 ha
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Gujarat
Maharashtra
12
Rajasthan

13. Zone-wise total pulses area – contd.,
Central Zone
7000
6000
*000 ha
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Madhya Pradesh
40
North Eastern Zone
35
'000 ha
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Manipur
Nagaland

14. Chickpea Area (‘000 ha)

15. Chickpea Production (‘000 tons)

16. Chickpea Yield (kg/ha)

17. Pigeon pea Area (‘000 ha)

18. Pigeon pea Production (‘000 tons)

19. Pigeon pea Yield (Kg/ha)

20. Changing composition of Indian pulses production basket – TE 1991
Others
14%
Peas
4%
Chickpea
36%
Greengram
10%
Blackgram
12%
Lentil
5%
Pigeonpea
19%

21. Changing composition of Indian pulses production basket – TE 2000
Others
13%
Peas
5%
Chickpea
42%
Greengram
7%
Blackgram
9%
Lentil
7%
Pigeonpea
17%

22. Changing composition of Indian pulses production basket – TE 2012
Peas
4%
Others
9%
Greengram
8%
Chickpea
47%
Blackgram
10%
Lentil
6%
Pigeonpea
16%

23. Chickpea : Yield growth and Instability
30
Post-trade spike (2001-2010)
24.7
25
20
20
19.7
18.7
16.4
14.8
14.3
15
13.2
13
11.9
11.3
10
7.88
5.53
5
3.9
3.26
2.06
1.46
2.4
1.2
0.29
0.57
3.17
2.14
0.74
0
-0.59
-5
Compound Annual Growth Rate (%)
Coefficient of Variation (%)
1.22

24. Chickpea: Yield-Gap Analysis
2000
1809
1800
1600
1689
1660
1610
1589
1395
1389
1400
1393
1418
1390
1264
kg/ha
1200
1140
1046
1000
952
902
1096
1041
941
907
835
808
800
600
687
676
594
200
708
585
511
454
400
343
1063
974
576
564
714
638
587
509
425
349
82
76
0
Attainable Yield (kg/ha)
Actual Average Yield (kg/ha)
Yield Gap (kg/ha)
547

25. Pigeonpea: Yield growth and Instability
Post-trade spike (2001-2010)
40
34.3
35
28.75
30
24.89
25
19.05
20
15
17.52
14.64
14.13
12.14
11.29
13.97
12.04
5
10.13
9.79
10
3.82
5.2
4.47
4.26
2.26
1.16
1.17
4.41
2.09
0
-0.31
1.82
-0.03
-0.22
-5
-5.25
-10
Compound Annual Growth Rate (%)
Coefficient of Variation (%)
1.09

26. Pigeonpea: Yield-Gap Analysis
1597
1600
1400
1169
1200
kg/ha
1000
1107
986
964
898
898
828
800
769
750
699
694
627
721
718
662
594
600
400
440
388
337
306
148
200
415
121
100
107
0
Attainable Yield (kg/ha)
Actual Average Yield (kg/ha)
Yield Gap (kg/ha)
451

27. Determinants of area allocation for chickpea with respect to
competing crops
Explanatory
Variables
Road Density
Unit
percentage
Fertilizer
Consumption
Market Density
kg/ha
Urban
percentage
September rainfall
mille meter
October rainfall
mille meter
Smallholders
percentage
percentage
Fixed effect
coefficients
0.000814
(0.0006)
9.37e-05
(0.0005)
0.00893
(0.01)
0.00218
(0.007)
9.02e-05
(9.33e-05)
6.56e-05
(0.0001)
-0.00736**
(0.003)
Tractors
no/1000 ha -0.00426***
(0.001)
Per Capita Income Rupees
-7.66e-06*
(4.21e-06)
Wage
Rupees
-0.00228**
(0.0009)
Irrigated Area
percentage -0.00338*
(0.002)
No. of observations
R-squared
RMSE
-
347
0.711
0.106
Year
Fixed Effect Year
Standar
Dummy Coefficients d Error
Base Year : 1981
1994
0.0955**
0.04
1995
0.113**
0.04
1996
0.122**
0.04
1997
0.163***
0.05
1998
0.182***
0.05
1999
0.169***
0.05
2000
0.153***
0.05
2001
0.203***
0.05
2002
0.212***
0.05

28. Spatial variation in chickpea area allocation
States
Andhra Pradesh
Assam
Gujarat
Karnataka
Maharashtra
Punjab
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
West Bengal
Fixed Effect State
Dummy
Coefficients
Base State :
Madhya Pradesh
Standard Error
-0.260***
-0.277**
-0.415***
-0.310***
-0.488***
-0.298**
-0.112***
-0.424***
-0.275**
0.07
0.13
0.07
0.06
0.10
0.12
0.04
0.12
0.11

29. Major Findings and policy implications
Major Findings
Policy Implications
Authorities
Pulses are competing with
Integrated agricultural
cereals (chickpea with wheat
policy with clear cut
& pigeonpea with paddy),
strategies – MSP,
irrigation negatively
Procurement
associated with relative area
infrastructure.
Central & State
Governments
allocation to pulses.
Decoupling of centres of
pulses production and
Developing effective supply
chain management system
Central & State
Governments,
Private sector
consumption.
29

30. Major Findings
Policy Implications
Within states – regional
Region specific
specialization & Between
technologies and crop
states - geographical
Authorities
varieties will serve well.
ICAR, CGIAR,
SAU’s
continuity observed.
High yield instability and
yield gap observed in the
northern & western India
Diffusion of available
technologies, improving
Seed Replacement Rate
State
Governments

31. Major Findings
July rainfall – Negatively
associated with relative area
allocation to pigeonpea
Policy Implications
Authorities
Take soil conservation,
State
Governments
drainage, agronomic
measures to address flooding
problem in pigeonpea
Developing short duration
flood resistant varieties in
pigeonpea
ICAR, CGIAR,
SAU’s

32. Thank you !!!!!