This document summarizes a local area digital audio broadcasting system implemented over an I2C network. The key points are:
1. The system digitizes analog audio signals, compresses them using ADPCM, and transmits the data over an I2C bus network using simple twisted pair wiring.
2. Receivers can be individually addressed or broadcast to through the inclusion of a target address with each data packet. Encryption is also supported for secure communication.
3. The system uses low-cost hardware including a PCM codec chip and programmable SoPC. Software performs functions like ADPCM compression/decompression. This allows a flexible, cost-effective digital audio broadcasting network to be
The document discusses managing Cisco IOS images and configuring WAN connections. It covers topics such as copying flash images using TFTP, resolving hostnames, password recovery, and configuring encapsulation protocols like HDLC and PPP. Specific configuration examples are provided for setting the CHAP authentication protocol on serial interfaces between two routers.
This document discusses layer 2 switching and VLANs. It provides information on:
- How layer 2 switches break up large collision domains into smaller ones by creating separate collision domains for each switch port. This improves network performance over hub-based networks.
- The two main types of VLAN membership - static VLANs where ports are manually assigned to VLANs, and dynamic VLANs where VLAN assignments are determined automatically based on device MAC addresses.
- How VLANs simplify network management by allowing logical segmentation of broadcast domains independent of physical port locations, and improve network security by restricting communication between VLANs.
The PSTN is a network that connects customer equipment together through lines, trunks, and switches to allow communication. It has four major elements: customer premises equipment, the access system, transport, and signaling. The access system provides the wiring that connects customer equipment to the central network, including lines and trunks. It terminates at central office equipment. The transport component transmits signals through the core of the network using various transmission speeds and media between switches. A cellular call placed to a landline passes through the radio access network, mobile switching office, and the PSTN using its lines, trunks, and switches to connect the calls.
The document discusses managing Cisco IOS images and configuring WAN connections. It covers topics such as copying flash images using TFTP, resolving hostnames, password recovery, and configuring encapsulation protocols like HDLC and PPP. Specific configuration examples are provided for setting the CHAP authentication protocol on serial interfaces between two routers.
Signaling System No. 7 is a set of telephony signaling protocols developed in 1975, which is used to set up and tear down telephone calls in most parts of the world-wide public switched telephone network.
What is Signaling?Common Channel Signaling Modes?What is SS7?
The document provides information on various communication protocols used in embedded systems, including serial communication protocols like RS-232, I2C, CAN bus, USB, SPI and parallel communication. It discusses the need for communication in embedded systems, different interface options based on whether the devices are serial, parallel or wireless. For each protocol, it covers the working, features, advantages and applications. Max232 and Max233 ICs used for interfacing microcontrollers with RS-232 are also explained.
Dar es Salaam institute of Technology (DIT) provides training on digital networks including 3G and 4G mobile technologies. 3G networks introduced higher speed packet data and mobile multimedia services compared to previous generations. UMTS/WCDMA is an IMT-2000 3G standard that supports voice and fast packet data through technologies like HSDPA and HSUPA which enable peak downlink rates of 14.4 Mbps and uplink rates of 5.8 Mbps. HSPA+ further increases speeds through MIMO and higher order modulations.
A complete power point presentation to know how Public Switching Telephone Network works. Useful for those in the working field or for the ones who want to know more or submitting any project report..
The document discusses managing Cisco IOS images and configuring WAN connections. It covers topics such as copying flash images using TFTP, resolving hostnames, password recovery, and configuring encapsulation protocols like HDLC and PPP. Specific configuration examples are provided for setting the CHAP authentication protocol on serial interfaces between two routers.
This document discusses layer 2 switching and VLANs. It provides information on:
- How layer 2 switches break up large collision domains into smaller ones by creating separate collision domains for each switch port. This improves network performance over hub-based networks.
- The two main types of VLAN membership - static VLANs where ports are manually assigned to VLANs, and dynamic VLANs where VLAN assignments are determined automatically based on device MAC addresses.
- How VLANs simplify network management by allowing logical segmentation of broadcast domains independent of physical port locations, and improve network security by restricting communication between VLANs.
The PSTN is a network that connects customer equipment together through lines, trunks, and switches to allow communication. It has four major elements: customer premises equipment, the access system, transport, and signaling. The access system provides the wiring that connects customer equipment to the central network, including lines and trunks. It terminates at central office equipment. The transport component transmits signals through the core of the network using various transmission speeds and media between switches. A cellular call placed to a landline passes through the radio access network, mobile switching office, and the PSTN using its lines, trunks, and switches to connect the calls.
The document discusses managing Cisco IOS images and configuring WAN connections. It covers topics such as copying flash images using TFTP, resolving hostnames, password recovery, and configuring encapsulation protocols like HDLC and PPP. Specific configuration examples are provided for setting the CHAP authentication protocol on serial interfaces between two routers.
Signaling System No. 7 is a set of telephony signaling protocols developed in 1975, which is used to set up and tear down telephone calls in most parts of the world-wide public switched telephone network.
What is Signaling?Common Channel Signaling Modes?What is SS7?
The document provides information on various communication protocols used in embedded systems, including serial communication protocols like RS-232, I2C, CAN bus, USB, SPI and parallel communication. It discusses the need for communication in embedded systems, different interface options based on whether the devices are serial, parallel or wireless. For each protocol, it covers the working, features, advantages and applications. Max232 and Max233 ICs used for interfacing microcontrollers with RS-232 are also explained.
Dar es Salaam institute of Technology (DIT) provides training on digital networks including 3G and 4G mobile technologies. 3G networks introduced higher speed packet data and mobile multimedia services compared to previous generations. UMTS/WCDMA is an IMT-2000 3G standard that supports voice and fast packet data through technologies like HSDPA and HSUPA which enable peak downlink rates of 14.4 Mbps and uplink rates of 5.8 Mbps. HSPA+ further increases speeds through MIMO and higher order modulations.
A complete power point presentation to know how Public Switching Telephone Network works. Useful for those in the working field or for the ones who want to know more or submitting any project report..
This document provides an overview of the telephone system used by DMRC. It describes two independent networks - the EPABX network for administrative communication and the direct line network for operational communication between stations and control centers. The core component is the EPABX system, specifically Alcatel OmniPCX 4400, which establishes connections between phones and maintains calls. It also details the different types of phones, cards used in the EPABX, numbering plans, and connectivity between stations.
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) provides digital transmission of voice, video and data over telephone lines at high speeds. It uses dedicated digital channels that allow for faster call setup and multiple devices to share a single line. ISDN interfaces include Basic Rate Interface (BRI) and Primary Rate Interface (PRI) and supports transmission speeds up to 1920 kbps, offering advantages over analog networks.
This document provides a summary of serial and parallel connections, as well as protocols used for wide area networks (WANs) such as HDLC, PPP, and others. It discusses how serial connections transmit data one bit at a time over one wire, while parallel connections transmit multiple bits simultaneously over multiple wires. It also covers concepts such as clock skew, interference, and WAN encapsulation protocols including HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay, and ATM.
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a set of standards that defines an end-to-end digital telephone network. It uses existing telephone wiring to transmit digital signals faster than modems. ISDN components include terminal equipment, terminal adapters, network terminations, and exchange terminations. Reference points define the interfaces between these components. Private networks use non-routable IP addresses to connect local devices without needing public IP addresses.
The document discusses MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) including traditional IP forwarding, IP over ATM, MPLS concepts, MPLS architecture, MPLS forwarding, MPLS applications, MPLS protocols, and forwarding equivalence classes. MPLS combines the advantages of connection-oriented forwarding with IP routing by assigning labels to packets and forwarding based on those labels rather than long IP addresses.
This document discusses various topics related to WAN technologies including backup and restoration of Cisco IOS images, resolving hostnames, WAN connection types, encapsulation protocols, and an overview of technologies like ISDN, Frame Relay, ATM, and PPP. Specific configuration examples are provided for setting up PPP and CHAP authentication between two routers over a serial interface.
The document discusses the installation and configuration of an STM-16 synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) transmission link between Ramna and SBN sites. Key steps included installing single-mode fiber, optical multiplexer equipment, electrical interfaces and cross-connects. Testing validated the optical power levels, fiber continuity and service commissioning over the 2.5 Gbps link. Minor issues were addressed during installation and the STM-16 SDH connection was completed successfully.
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) allows digital transmission of voice, video and data over telephone circuits. It offers faster call setup and data transfer rates compared to modems. ISDN devices include terminal adapters, terminal equipment and network terminators that connect customer equipment to the telephone network. ISDN uses reference points and channels to transmit data. Basic Rate Interface provides 2 64 Kbps channels and 1 16 Kbps channel for a total of 144 Kbps bandwidth. Primary Rate Interface provides more channels for higher bandwidth up to 1.544 Mbps.
This document provides an overview of LTE networks and technology. It discusses key aspects of LTE including peak data rates of 50-100 Mbps, reduced latency under 10ms, OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink, support for bandwidths from 1.4-20 MHz, and mobility support up to 350km/h. It also examines the architecture including elements such as the eNodeB, MME, S-GW, P-GW, and interfaces such as S1, X2.
Developed by ITU-T, ISDN is a set of protocols that combines digital telephony and data transport services to digitise the telephone network to permit the transmission of audio, video and text over existing telephone line. ISDN is an effort to standardise subscriber services, provide user or network interface and facilitate the inter-networking capabilities of existing voice and data networks. The goal of ISDN is to form a wide area network that provides universal end-to-end connectivity over digital media by integrating separate transmission services into one without adding new links or subscriber links.
1. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is an Indian state-owned telecommunications company that provides telecom services across India.
2. BSNL provides various telecom services including wireless, broadband, internet, and landline services using technologies like GSM, CDMA, MPLS, VSAT, and VOIP.
3. When a subscriber makes a call, the request first goes to the nearest telephone exchange. The exchange processes the numbers and sets up the call either within its switching network or by transferring the call to other exchanges as needed.
These slides cover a topic on B ISDN in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
This document provides an overview of Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). It describes ISDN as a set of standards that define end-to-end digital connectivity for carrying voice, data, and videos concurrently. The key benefits of ISDN include higher speeds, faster call setup times, and the ability to run voice and data simultaneously. ISDN services include Basic Rate Interface (BRI) and Primary Rate Interface (PRI). BRI provides 2 B channels for user data and 1 D channel for control, while PRI provides more B channels and higher speeds for carrier use. The document also outlines ISDN devices, reference points, call processing, and its relationship to the OSI model layers.
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) connect devices within a local area using radio waves instead of wires. They became popular in the 1980s-1990s as a way to share resources like printers and storage over a local area network (LAN). Almost all modern WLANs use the 802.11 standard and operate in the 2.4GHz or 5GHz spectrum. A typical WLAN consists of an access point that connects wireless clients like laptops and smartphones to a wired network backbone. WLANs provide flexibility but come with challenges around interference and security.
WIRELESS NETWORKS EC6802 BABU unit 1 & 2 PPTbabuece
WIRELESS NETWORKS EC6802 BABU unit 1 & 2 PPT
BABU M
ASST PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OD ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CHENNAI
THIRUVALLUR DISTRICT
The document summarizes Profibus DP (distributed peripheral) and Profibus FMS (Fieldbus message specification). Profibus DP allows multiple masters that each assign slaves, while FMS allows peer-to-peer messaging between masters. Profibus DP uses EIA-485 physical layer and operates at speeds up to 12Mbps for high-speed sensor/actuator data transfer. It provides cyclic and acyclic data services between masters and slaves. Profibus FMS uses the same data link layer as DP and enables messaging between masters.
Circuit switching is the oldest networking technology, establishing a dedicated communication path between devices through intermediate nodes. It works by setting up connections between communicating parties before data transfer, dedicating the full path to that connection until it is terminated. While well-suited for analog voice, circuit switching is inefficient for data due to wasted bandwidth on idle connections. Examples of circuit-switched networks include the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and Private Automatic Branch Exchanges (PABXs).
The document discusses managing Cisco IOS images and configuring WAN connections. It covers topics such as copying flash images using TFTP, resolving hostnames, password recovery, and configuring encapsulation protocols like HDLC and PPP. Examples are provided for configuring CHAP authentication between two routers connected over a serial link.
The local area technologies as 1-WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network) with moderate bandwidth. And WiMax
2.The large area technologies as GSM, GPRSor UMTS, LTEwhich have much higher bandwidth.
This document discusses Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) systems. It provides an introduction to DAB and describes some of its key features like providing CD quality audio, robust reception, and ability to transmit ancillary data. It also discusses different DAB standards and specifications like Eureka 147, IBOC, and OFDM modulation. The document outlines the history of DAB and digital radio broadcasting. It provides block diagrams and descriptions of DAB and IBOC system implementations as well as challenges of radio signal propagation in mobile environments.
The document introduces a digital TV/radio receiver product called MDTV/Radio Peripheral that can work with mobile devices. It discusses DAB coverage in different countries, various applications of DAB, challenges faced by DAB adoption, and features of the MDTV/Radio Peripheral product such as its small size, long battery life, and ability to connect to mobile phones, laptops and in-car computers. The product aims to help consumers enjoy digital radio more conveniently and help manufacturers and operators support digital radio services more flexibly.
This document provides an overview of the telephone system used by DMRC. It describes two independent networks - the EPABX network for administrative communication and the direct line network for operational communication between stations and control centers. The core component is the EPABX system, specifically Alcatel OmniPCX 4400, which establishes connections between phones and maintains calls. It also details the different types of phones, cards used in the EPABX, numbering plans, and connectivity between stations.
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) provides digital transmission of voice, video and data over telephone lines at high speeds. It uses dedicated digital channels that allow for faster call setup and multiple devices to share a single line. ISDN interfaces include Basic Rate Interface (BRI) and Primary Rate Interface (PRI) and supports transmission speeds up to 1920 kbps, offering advantages over analog networks.
This document provides a summary of serial and parallel connections, as well as protocols used for wide area networks (WANs) such as HDLC, PPP, and others. It discusses how serial connections transmit data one bit at a time over one wire, while parallel connections transmit multiple bits simultaneously over multiple wires. It also covers concepts such as clock skew, interference, and WAN encapsulation protocols including HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay, and ATM.
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a set of standards that defines an end-to-end digital telephone network. It uses existing telephone wiring to transmit digital signals faster than modems. ISDN components include terminal equipment, terminal adapters, network terminations, and exchange terminations. Reference points define the interfaces between these components. Private networks use non-routable IP addresses to connect local devices without needing public IP addresses.
The document discusses MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) including traditional IP forwarding, IP over ATM, MPLS concepts, MPLS architecture, MPLS forwarding, MPLS applications, MPLS protocols, and forwarding equivalence classes. MPLS combines the advantages of connection-oriented forwarding with IP routing by assigning labels to packets and forwarding based on those labels rather than long IP addresses.
This document discusses various topics related to WAN technologies including backup and restoration of Cisco IOS images, resolving hostnames, WAN connection types, encapsulation protocols, and an overview of technologies like ISDN, Frame Relay, ATM, and PPP. Specific configuration examples are provided for setting up PPP and CHAP authentication between two routers over a serial interface.
The document discusses the installation and configuration of an STM-16 synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) transmission link between Ramna and SBN sites. Key steps included installing single-mode fiber, optical multiplexer equipment, electrical interfaces and cross-connects. Testing validated the optical power levels, fiber continuity and service commissioning over the 2.5 Gbps link. Minor issues were addressed during installation and the STM-16 SDH connection was completed successfully.
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) allows digital transmission of voice, video and data over telephone circuits. It offers faster call setup and data transfer rates compared to modems. ISDN devices include terminal adapters, terminal equipment and network terminators that connect customer equipment to the telephone network. ISDN uses reference points and channels to transmit data. Basic Rate Interface provides 2 64 Kbps channels and 1 16 Kbps channel for a total of 144 Kbps bandwidth. Primary Rate Interface provides more channels for higher bandwidth up to 1.544 Mbps.
This document provides an overview of LTE networks and technology. It discusses key aspects of LTE including peak data rates of 50-100 Mbps, reduced latency under 10ms, OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink, support for bandwidths from 1.4-20 MHz, and mobility support up to 350km/h. It also examines the architecture including elements such as the eNodeB, MME, S-GW, P-GW, and interfaces such as S1, X2.
Developed by ITU-T, ISDN is a set of protocols that combines digital telephony and data transport services to digitise the telephone network to permit the transmission of audio, video and text over existing telephone line. ISDN is an effort to standardise subscriber services, provide user or network interface and facilitate the inter-networking capabilities of existing voice and data networks. The goal of ISDN is to form a wide area network that provides universal end-to-end connectivity over digital media by integrating separate transmission services into one without adding new links or subscriber links.
1. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is an Indian state-owned telecommunications company that provides telecom services across India.
2. BSNL provides various telecom services including wireless, broadband, internet, and landline services using technologies like GSM, CDMA, MPLS, VSAT, and VOIP.
3. When a subscriber makes a call, the request first goes to the nearest telephone exchange. The exchange processes the numbers and sets up the call either within its switching network or by transferring the call to other exchanges as needed.
These slides cover a topic on B ISDN in Data Communication. All the slides are explained in a very simple manner. It is useful for engineering students & also for the candidates who want to master data communication & computer networking.
This document provides an overview of Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). It describes ISDN as a set of standards that define end-to-end digital connectivity for carrying voice, data, and videos concurrently. The key benefits of ISDN include higher speeds, faster call setup times, and the ability to run voice and data simultaneously. ISDN services include Basic Rate Interface (BRI) and Primary Rate Interface (PRI). BRI provides 2 B channels for user data and 1 D channel for control, while PRI provides more B channels and higher speeds for carrier use. The document also outlines ISDN devices, reference points, call processing, and its relationship to the OSI model layers.
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) connect devices within a local area using radio waves instead of wires. They became popular in the 1980s-1990s as a way to share resources like printers and storage over a local area network (LAN). Almost all modern WLANs use the 802.11 standard and operate in the 2.4GHz or 5GHz spectrum. A typical WLAN consists of an access point that connects wireless clients like laptops and smartphones to a wired network backbone. WLANs provide flexibility but come with challenges around interference and security.
WIRELESS NETWORKS EC6802 BABU unit 1 & 2 PPTbabuece
WIRELESS NETWORKS EC6802 BABU unit 1 & 2 PPT
BABU M
ASST PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OD ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CHENNAI
THIRUVALLUR DISTRICT
The document summarizes Profibus DP (distributed peripheral) and Profibus FMS (Fieldbus message specification). Profibus DP allows multiple masters that each assign slaves, while FMS allows peer-to-peer messaging between masters. Profibus DP uses EIA-485 physical layer and operates at speeds up to 12Mbps for high-speed sensor/actuator data transfer. It provides cyclic and acyclic data services between masters and slaves. Profibus FMS uses the same data link layer as DP and enables messaging between masters.
Circuit switching is the oldest networking technology, establishing a dedicated communication path between devices through intermediate nodes. It works by setting up connections between communicating parties before data transfer, dedicating the full path to that connection until it is terminated. While well-suited for analog voice, circuit switching is inefficient for data due to wasted bandwidth on idle connections. Examples of circuit-switched networks include the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and Private Automatic Branch Exchanges (PABXs).
The document discusses managing Cisco IOS images and configuring WAN connections. It covers topics such as copying flash images using TFTP, resolving hostnames, password recovery, and configuring encapsulation protocols like HDLC and PPP. Examples are provided for configuring CHAP authentication between two routers connected over a serial link.
The local area technologies as 1-WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network) with moderate bandwidth. And WiMax
2.The large area technologies as GSM, GPRSor UMTS, LTEwhich have much higher bandwidth.
This document discusses Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) systems. It provides an introduction to DAB and describes some of its key features like providing CD quality audio, robust reception, and ability to transmit ancillary data. It also discusses different DAB standards and specifications like Eureka 147, IBOC, and OFDM modulation. The document outlines the history of DAB and digital radio broadcasting. It provides block diagrams and descriptions of DAB and IBOC system implementations as well as challenges of radio signal propagation in mobile environments.
The document introduces a digital TV/radio receiver product called MDTV/Radio Peripheral that can work with mobile devices. It discusses DAB coverage in different countries, various applications of DAB, challenges faced by DAB adoption, and features of the MDTV/Radio Peripheral product such as its small size, long battery life, and ability to connect to mobile phones, laptops and in-car computers. The product aims to help consumers enjoy digital radio more conveniently and help manufacturers and operators support digital radio services more flexibly.
This document describes the design and implementation of an I2C master controller on an FPGA using VHDL. The controller reads 8-bit instructions from a microprocessor following the I2C protocol and processes them to convert to SPI protocol instructions. A 32-bit register sends data serially according to the SPI instructions. The design was simulated in ModelSIM and synthesized in Xilinx XST, optimizing for area and power. Simulation results verified successful communication between the microprocessor and controller.
Structured cabling systems vs. traditional cabling approachRobert Kenney
A structured cabling system usually consists of cables as well as other cabling products that integrate data, voice, and many other management systems that are found in the premises where the network has been installed. The management systems may include things like security access, safety alarms, energy systems, just to mention a few.
For more info visit us at http://www.it-netlogistics.com/
Dokumen tersebut merupakan buku informasi pelatihan berbasis kompetensi untuk sektor teknologi informasi dan komunikasi yang membahas tentang instalasi sumber daya berbagi pada jaringan komputer. Buku ini menjelaskan konsep pelatihan berbasis kompetensi, standar kompetensi yang akan dicapai, strategi dan metode pelatihan, serta materi pelatihan untuk mencapai kompetensi tersebut.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
A structured cabling system provides a more convenient and future-ready solution compared to unstructured wiring. It allows for increased flexibility to support multiple systems like voice, video, and data through a single unified system that is easier to manage and has lower maintenance costs due to its planned structure which provides a higher return on the initial investment.
The document discusses various applications of OFDM technology including digital audio broadcasting (DAB), high-definition television (HDTV), and wireless local area networks. It provides an overview of DAB including its goals to improve sound quality and coverage compared to analog FM radio. It also summarizes the key aspects of the digital video broadcasting (DVB) standard used for digital television broadcasting via satellite, cable, and terrestrial methods.
Presented during the CCBN2008 China Digital Television Summit on March 22, 2008 in the China International Exhibition Center in Beijing, China. Lyle Sprinkle discusses new opportunities for digital, wireless content delivery technologies.
Mobile Communication Broadcast System Jochen SchillerSonali Chauhan
Unidirectional broadcast systems like radio and television distribute information to many users regardless of individual needs. As these systems transition to digital formats, they will be able to transmit multimedia content like audio, video and images at low cost alongside traditional broadcasts. Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) uses orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and other techniques to transmit digital signals by radio.
Dokumen tersebut merangkum analisis dan perancangan jaringan komputer dua lantai dengan delapan jaringan dan pembuatan virtual access point. Dilakukan pembagian alamat IP, pengaturan router, dan pengujian konektivitas antarjaringan dan akses internet.
The document discusses structured cabling and networking concepts. It defines structured cabling as a complete cabling system that provides telecommunications infrastructure for services like data and phone. It discusses key components of structured cabling systems like cable pathways, backbone cabling, connectors, and standards. The document also defines networking terms like Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, hubs, switches, routers and differences between them.
Dokumen ini merangkum skema jaringan perusahaan dengan dua gedung yang terhubung melalui dua router. Setiap gedung memiliki dua divisi dengan masing-masing memiliki server dan beberapa PC/laptop. Kedua router diatur menggunakan RIP untuk menghubungkan jaringan antar gedung.
The document provides information about line transmission and summarizes key details about the European E1 digital transmission format, the VMX0100 versatile multiplexer, and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH). It describes that the E1 format reserves two channels for signaling and control, with time slot 0 for transmission management and time slot 16 for signaling. It then provides an introduction to the VMX0100 multiplexer, describing its features such as E1 and fractional E1 interfaces, voice ports, and data interfaces. The document discusses transmission mediums, cards, user interfaces, and applications of the VMX0100. It concludes with an introduction to SDH, describing its frame structure and advantages over the plesiochronous digital hierarchy such as support
The document discusses the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) architecture and components. It describes how PSTN uses digital trunks between central office switches and analog lines from phones to the central office. It also discusses digitization of voice signals, the major components of PSTN including local loops, trunks, and switching offices.
The document discusses data communication and computer networking. It introduces different data communication needs and solutions, including point-to-point communication and networking. It describes the basic components of a computer system and how I/O devices connect and communicate with the CPU. It also covers various data communication standards and interfaces like serial communication, RS-232, Ethernet, token ring networks and the layered OSI model.
This document provides an overview of interfacing field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to analog-to-digital converter (ADC) outputs. It discusses various digital interface protocols and standards used by ADCs, including single data rate CMOS, double data rate CMOS, parallel low voltage differential signaling, serial LVDS, I2C, and JESD204. The document provides recommendations for minimizing noise when interfacing with CMOS outputs and examples of using series termination resistors. It also compares the ANSI and IEEE LVDS standards and shows the effects of trace length on signal integrity. Finally, it includes troubleshooting tips and examples of issues detectable from digital plots.
The document discusses managing Cisco IOS images and configuring WAN connections. It covers topics such as copying flash images using TFTP, resolving hostnames, password recovery, and configuring encapsulation protocols like HDLC and PPP. Specific configuration examples are provided for setting the CHAP authentication protocol on serial interfaces between two routers.
The document discusses the technical elements of the public switched telephone network (PSTN). It describes how the PSTN is composed of customer premises equipment, local loops connecting to end office switches, a transport core of trunk lines connecting switches, and a signaling system. It explains how circuit switching is used to establish connections for voice calls and its inefficiency for data. The document also covers cellular network technologies like GSM and how channels are reused across different cells to support more customers.
Anant Pratap Singh submitted a seminar report on Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology to his department head Mr. Pawan Kumar Saini. The 19-page report includes an acknowledgment section where Anant thanks various people for their support and guidance. It also includes a table of contents listing the 19 topics covered in the report along with their page numbers. The report provides a history of DSL and discusses various types of DSL technologies such as ADSL, VDSL, HDSL, and their characteristics. It also compares DSL to cable internet connections and discusses applications, advantages, and disadvantages of DSL.
Digital communication uses digital signals that have discrete states (on/off) instead of continuous amplitudes like analog signals. This allows for higher quality transmission with less noise and distortion. SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) was developed to address limitations of earlier PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) transmission, which used almost synchronous clocks. SDH uses a master-slave clock technique and overhead bytes to provide synchronization across nodes, manage payloads, and enable features like automatic protection switching and performance monitoring. The basic SDH frame is STM-1, which has 9 rows and 270 columns for a total of 2430 bytes transmitted every 125 microseconds at 155 Mbps. Higher STM frames are formed by multiplying the
Bus Data Acquisition and Remote Monitoring System Using Gsm & CanIOSR Journals
This document describes the design of a bus data acquisition and remote monitoring system using GSM and CAN networks. The system uses wireless data acquisition units connected to sensors to acquire signals wirelessly. The data is transmitted to a receiver unit using Zigbee wireless transmission. The receiver unit then sends the data to a remote monitoring service center using GSM. The system implements CAN networks within the bus to connect electronic control units and allow communication between nodes. The goal is to remotely monitor and control bus systems from an off-site location.
The document summarizes the key concepts in planning and deploying a 3G WCDMA mobile network. It describes the network architecture including nodes like RNC, Node B and interfaces. It also explains radio network planning phases and considerations like frequency planning, link budget calculations, coverage and capacity planning. The document discusses technologies like HSDPA that enhance data capabilities and presents LinkIT, a planning tool developed to understand network planning mathematics.
Discrete cosine transform (DCT) is a widely used tool in image and video compression applications. Recently, the high-throughput DCT designs have been adopted to fit the requirements of real-time application.
Operating the shifting and addition in parallel, an error-compensated adder-tree (ECAT) is proposed to deal with the truncation errors and to achieve low-error and high-throughput discrete cosine transform (DCT) design. Instead of the 12 bits used in previous works, 9-bit distributed arithmetic. DA-based DCT core with an error-compensated adder-tree (ECAT). The proposed ECAT operates shifting and addition in parallel by unrolling all the words required to be computed. Furthermore, the error-compensated circuit alleviates the truncation error for high accuracy design. Based on low-error ECAT, the DA-precision in this work is chosen to be 9 bits instead of the traditional 12 bits. Therefore, the hardware cost is reduced, and the speed is improved using the proposed ECAT.
This document discusses high-speed serial I/O design challenges for chip-to-chip communication systems. As processing power increases, data rates must also increase between chips but electrical channels limit this scaling. Channel loss and reflections distort signals, necessitating equalization techniques. While I/O circuits can achieve high data rates, power constraints also limit scaling. Future optical interconnects may overcome these limitations and fully leverage increased processing bandwidths.
satellite communication in ONGC July 2011SRIJAN KUMAR
Mr. Srijan Kumar completed a summer training program on satellite communication at ONGC from July 1-30, 2011. The training covered ONGC's use of satellite communication to connect its offshore rigs and platforms via a network that uses technologies like EPABX, multiplexers, modulators, routers, up/down-converters, power amplifiers, low-noise amplifiers, and antennas. Satellite communication is crucial for ONGC due to the remote locations of many of its assets, including the large Mumbai High oil and gas fields located 165 km offshore.
OPTICAL SWITCHING CONTROLLER USING FPGA AS A CONTROLLER FOR OCDMA ENCODER SYSTEMEditor IJCATR
This paper proposed a design of optical switching controller using FPGA for OCDMA encoder system. The encoder is one
of the new technologies that use to transmit the coded data in the optical communication system by using FPGA and optical switches.
It is providing a high security for data transmission due to all data will be transmitting in binary code form. The output signals from
FPGA are coded with a binary code that given to an optical switch before it signal modulate with the carrier and transmit to the
receiver. In this paper, AA and 55 data were used for source 1 and source 2. It is generated sample data and sent packet data to the
FPGA and stored it into RAM. The simulation results have done by using software Verilog Spartan 2 programming to simulate. After
that the output will produces at waveform to display the output. The main function of FPGA controlling unit is producing single pulse
and configuring optical switching system.
This document discusses data transmission over telephone and cable networks. It covers several topics:
1) Dial-up modems allow data transmission over traditional telephone lines using modulation techniques defined in standards like V.32bis.
2) Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technologies like ADSL, HDSL, and VDSL provide higher bandwidth internet access over phone lines. ADSL uses discrete multitone modulation and divides bandwidth asymmetrically between upstream and downstream.
3) Cable networks initially provided one-way TV but now transmit data using hybrid fiber-coaxial networks and protocols like DOCSIS to share bandwidth between subscribers.
Modem = modulator + demodulator.
A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example, telephone or cable lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves.
This document discusses various topics related to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), including:
1) Switching types like circuit switching and packet switching, as well as connection-oriented and connectionless networks.
2) PSTN exchanges and interfaces, including interfaces for access networks and trunk networks using signaling protocols.
3) Functions of the local exchange like maintenance, operations, user services, and examples of intelligent network services.
In recent years, rapid growth in the field of electronics and computer technology which makes the life simpler and faster. This development hits the automobile sector, which makes increases the systems in vehicle like infotainment system, safety system and security system. These systems are integrated to know the status of the vehicle for each and every second, this is done by means of different networking protocols. In this paper, the different network architecture and protocols are discussed and which is best suited for automobile in the current scenario.
The document provides an overview of telecommunications networks and technologies. It discusses components like customer premises equipment, switches, links/trunks. It describes different types of switches, signaling protocols, and access technologies like ISDN, DSL. It also covers transmission standards, intelligent networks, multiple access technologies, and future trends in telecom.
The document discusses different types of wireless networks and their characteristics. It summarizes wireless networks as being classified based on their coverage area, from personal area networks (PANs) covering a single room up to wide area networks (WANs) spanning countries. It then provides details on various wireless data network standards and technologies, including local area networks (LANs), Bluetooth, wireless metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks. It also discusses early wireless data services like cellular digital packet data (CDPD), ARDIS, and RAM mobile data that used packet switching for mobile data connectivity.
Similar to IEEE Paper Implementation of Local Area Digital Audio Broadcasting System upon I2C Network (20)
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
IGCSE Biology Chapter 14- Reproduction in Plants.pdf
IEEE Paper Implementation of Local Area Digital Audio Broadcasting System upon I2C Network
1. The 47th I E E InternationalMidwest
Symposium on C r u t and Systems
icis
Implementation of Local Area Digital Audio Broadcasting System upon 12C Network
Chao-Huang Wei, Yun-Chung Lin
Department of Electrical Engineering
Southern Taiwan University of Technology
No. 1 Nan-Tai St.,Yung-KangTainan, Taiwan 7 10, R.O.C.
Email:dnvei@mail.stut.edu.tw,
d8720035@yahoo.com.tw
-
Abstract Conventionally, local area audio broadcasting systems
use analog channels for voice transmission. They are constructed with one main voice transmitter and many loudspeakers.
The inherent disadvantages lie in the difficulties to make individual or restricted area communication without additional
complex switching box; besides, a pre-planed wiring are necessary, which makes any on-line re-distribution almost impossible.
To overcome above problems, the system developed here uses
digital voice transmission upon 12C network. This system has
many advantages: enhance the voice quality of broadcasting,
encrypts the voice data for secret communication and reduce the
overall system cost for construction and maintenance. Other
devices such as sensors and actuators can be added or removed
from this I2C bus easily; therefore a cost effective network of
communication with securitylmonitoring functions for buildings,
plants or communities can be built.
Keywords: 12C BUS, DAB, PCM, ADPCM, SoPC
1.
INTRODUCTION
As a basic facility for communications, voice-broadcasting
system is widely applied in industry, medical care, entertainment, sports and commercial activities. The scales of
broadcasting systems range from large integrated system to
small broadcasting station installed on train. The conventional used analogue transceiver suffers from additional noise
and interference from a variety of sources.
Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) - the revolutionary broadcasting technology - dramatically improves sound quality and
signal reliability while enabling extra digital data transmission
at the same time. DAB offers high quality, crystal clear sound
wherever the receiver located. Also, unlike analog transmission, DAB reception won't fade at long distance.
Based on today's technology development of various kinds of
audio-visual digitization, the digitization of traditional wired
audio broadcasting system is foreseeable. Such a digitized
broadcasting can address the designated receiver and check
the response of receiver side to guarantee the transmission of
information.
This developed voice-broadcasting system is based on a simple 12C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) bus, and can be mixed with
a control network, features are:
1. Broadcasting network can be built with simple 4 wires
telephone line in series.
2. The receiver's ID is changeable for individual or for group
reception.
3. The key of encryption can be changed at any time to insure
secrete communication.
4. Additional devices for control or monitoring can be
clipped on the network easily.
2.
ter-Integrated Circuit" for short distance data exchange,
however there is no maximum length specified in the 12C
specification. The limit of the length is a function of several factors including capacitance (usual maximum limit is
400 pF), the minimum value for pull-up resistor, propagation delays along the cables, the type of cable used and the
integrity of the logic signals in the presence of noise [ 1,2].
With a simple bus extender like P82B96 [3], which provides complete buffering of the long bus and really removes all 12C restrictions about capacitance limits. It can
drive 100-meter cable at max clock of 71 KHz or
1000-meter cable at max clock of 3 1 KHz [4].
(b)Digitized transmission of analog signal requires a serial of
signal processing. At the sending side, the weak analog
signal should be amplified first and then put through band
pass filtering, modulation, and final conversion to digital
signal. At the receiver side, processing at a reversed order is needed. Since this system is designed for voice
broadcasting, and the frequency range of human vocal
signal lies in between 300 Hz and 3300 Hz; thus, for reduce noise and other interferences, a band pass filter was
used to filter out the signal below 100 Hz and above 4 KHz.
The sample frequency of PCM data is then fixed to 8 KHz
with resolution of 16-bit. This results a basic signal
transmission speed of 128 Kbit/s, a further compression to
32 Kbit/s ADPCM (Adaptive Differential Pulse Code
Modulation) is required to reduce the bandwidth,
(c)To achieve the goal of addressable broadcasting, the voice
data must be transmitted in package; the simplest method
is adding the receiver address in front of a package before
the continuous voice data. The receiver monitors the
header addresses whether the messages that follow are effective or not. The address field is defined as 7-bits wide.
Thus, 128 separate receiving groups can be addressed with
each group contains from one up to n receivers. Among
them the ID number "0" is reserved for broadcasting to all.
(d)To simplify the connection between the transmitter and receivers, the signal is transmitted over a single 12C bus serially with normal telephone twisted cable.
(e)Even if the data transmission rate on the 12C bus of this
system is about 40Kbitsh merely, the receiver should
check the "START" and "STOP" signal on the bus continuously. To save the efforts of the processor, the 12C
interface is realized with hardware.
(f) Since the data and clock are sent synchronously, transmission rate can be changed to any value, and the time delay
due to the length of cable is not critical either.
Based on above factors, a low-cost local voice network with
12C bus is possible.
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.
Considerations for the construction of this communication
network are:
(a)Although the original 12C bus was designed as "In-
SYSTEM STRUCTURE
This system consists of following components (Fig. I):
1. 12C BUS Communication Network,
0-7803-8346-X/04/$20.00 02004 IEEE
I11-463
2. They are pulled up to the high electric potential with resistors,
thus allow Multi-Masters structure on the same bus. Similar
to a hot-plug concept, join or remove components has no interference to the normal bus operation.
To manage the 4-bits ADPCM data transmission in the system,
in addition to the 8 bits address, an acknowledge bit is generated or received after every 4-bits data transmission.
Therefore a 40Kbitsh bandwidth is required on the 12C bus.
3.3.I 12C Master Control Circuit
Fig. 1. 12C BUS voice broadcasting network
2. Digital Voice Transmitter,
3. Digital Voice Receiver.
The transmitter and the receiver implemented in this system
were constructed with only two chips: one is the PCM
CODEC, and the other is a programmable single chip - SoPC,
which contains a 32-bit processor inside. As a result, these
devices are very compact and economical.
3. I PCM CODEC
From the system analysis, a lot of different parts in voice signal processes are required. In order to save parts and the
circuit board space, a PCM CODEC from Texas Instruments
-- TLV32OAICI 110 [5] for interfacing to the analog signal
was selected. This chip has a PCM voice coder and decoder
inside; its main circuit block diagram is shown as in figure 2.
3.2 ADPCM Compressor/De-compressor
The PCM voice is further compressed to ADPCM format to
reduce the data transmission rate; this procedure can be carried out by hardware or software [6]. A programmable logic
device with embedded processor is suitable for this purpose.
The Altera's FPGA -- Cyclone EPIC200F400C7 was used in
this system, which contains a 32bits Nios CPU, a kind of
"soft" processor. The processor occupies about 12% chip
resource, remains enough spare space for other user logics.
While the 12C bus master controller is waiting for voice
transmission, it remains in the idle state. Upon receiving the
"START" command from CPU, it enters an active state and
sends the address of the target receiver first. After a acknowledge signal is confirmed, following 4 bits ADPCM
signals are then transmitted in stream, until a "STOP" command from CPU is received and terminates this communication session. Figure 4 shows the control block diagram; figure
5 is the simulation waveform.
3.3.2 12C Slave Control Circuit
While the 12C bus slave controller waits for "START" signal,
it remains in the idle state. Otherwise it begins to receive the
voice data package, the received target address will be compared with local ID at first, if they match, a confirm signal is
sent back to the transmitter, then 4-bits ADPCM data will be
received repeatedly, until a
"STOP" condition on the 12C
bus is found, this terminate
this communication section.
Figure 7 shows the controls
block diagram, and figure 8
is the simulation waveform.
Generated?
+
Yes
WRITE state
+
3.3 12C BUS Communication Network
Send Adr(Hi)
A digital information communication demands wide-band
SendAdr.(Lo)
transmission medias generally; but in this system, they are too
complicate and too expensive. This system therefore uses
12C bus for voice communication instead. 12C bus is a synchronous, bi-directional serial bus, it offers a simple and uncomplicated wiring to every connected component for efficient data exchange. The bus is constructed with two signal
lines only, one is the SDA, and the other is the SCL; output
signals of every component is wired-AND together on the bus.
Namely, the signal pins are either open-drain or tri-state type.
+
~
I
<->y;x-sy
STOP state
Fig. 3. Control flow of master 12C BUS signal
hone
PCM
out
Fig. 4. Control diagram of master 12C BUS
Fig. 2. TI TLV320AICll I O main functions
I11-464
3. !
J
i----,
[*
I--
I
I
I
PCM-CLK and PCM-SYN signals are generated from the
user's logic in the FPGA.
Read Adr.(Lo)
ual amplifier, filtering methods, PCM format, DTMF signal
and power consumption. Secondary 12C bus controller of
the FPGA controls these settings. While theses settings are
required only when power is turned on, in order to save the
chip resources, the internal CPU can process this 12C bus
function with software.
Fig. 6 . Control flow of slave 12C BUS signal
ADPCM
Interface
Nibble data
Controller
Bit data
Controller
with
START1
STOP
Detection
The voice compression uses ADPCM method. Basically, it
utilizes the dependence of succession digitized analog signal
while sampling. It produces the next value according to the
present output value. The output code represents the difference between two successes signals, instead of signals itself.
The sample rate is 16 or 32Kbps usually.
Figure 10 and 11 show the compression from PCM to
ADPCM. This procedure was implemented by hardware
circuit and software program in SoPC separately. The results indicate a process time of 4.4pS using pure software
method, which is equivalent to 227 KHz sample rate, far beyond the necessary 8 KHz sample rate for this system. On
the other hand, 193 logical elements are required while realizing with a pure hardware. Hence, it is relatively better to
carry out this part of procedures with the software program.
Fig. 7 . Control diagram of slave 12C BUS
*3
Difference
B L
3.4 Digital Voice Transmitter
The circuit's block diagram of the digital voice transmitter is
shown in figure 9. After the analog signal enters a microphone, it will be amplified and filtered by TI'S PCM CODEC,
then converted to digital signal. Serially shift this signal into
the FPGA, and compress it to 4-bits ADPCM. The SoPC
1 1-465
1
Fig. 10. ADPCM compression flow
32 Kbitsls
ADPCM
4. I
I
Quantized
D(3)=1:
PCM=- PCM
D(2)= I ;
PCM -= Stepsize
Input
- 1
Fig. 13. ADPCM de-compression flow
audiohide0 information, a lot of extra control functions can
be supported. The experimental results of this system have
attained the following functions successfully:
Long distance of digital voice communication up to about
650 meter with an 12C bus extender.
Voice broadcasting can be addressed to individual, to particular groups or to all receivers.
The main transmitter can get the status of receiver side in
advance, and know beforehand whether the receiver is
ready to take this information or not.
Content of the voice signal can be encrypted to avoid
eavesdropping.
Clear tone quality without interference.
Additional controlling and monitoring devices with 12C
interface can be added to this network easily.
The combination of software and hardware designs in the
SoPC has an advantage to solve problems quickly. Implementation of ADPCM signal compression and decompression
require extra 193 and 21 1 logical elements when realizing
with pure hardware circuit. On the other hand, 4.4pS and
4.0pS time-consuming are necessary while carrying out with
the pure software methods. This fulfills the real time requirement of voice communication, so the design except of
12C bus interface is optimized with the software realization.
Currently, only one transmitter was implemented in the system; but according the specification or 12C bus, it allows
multi-master on the same bus. Development with an architecture of multiple to multiple points voice communication on a
single 12C network is clearly worthy of further efforts.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was partially supported by the National Science
Council, Taiwan, Republic of China, under grant number
NSC92-22 1 8-E-2 18-018-.
AsI2CBUS
Interface
I
I
I
;
I
~
4
-
SOPC
ADPCMPCM
Decryption
De-compressor
I
I
-1
Parallel to
Serial
Converter
I
I
V
PCM
Decoder
(TLV320)
I11-466
REFERENCES
“THE I2C-BUS SPECIFICATION VERSION 2. l”, Philips
Semiconductors, Jan. 2000.
“The I2C-bus and how to use it”, Philips Semiconductors,Apr.
1995.
“AN460: Using the P82B96 for bus interface”, Application
note, Philips Semiconductors,Jul. 1998.
P. Tracy, A. Anderson, J.-M. Irazabal, S. Blozis, “AN255-02:
12C/SMBusREPEATERS, HUBS AND EXPANDERS’, Dec.
2002.
“PCM CODEC TLV320AIClllO Datasheet”, Texas Instruments Inc., Dec. 200 1.
J. Reimer, M. McMahan, M. Arjmand, “32-Kbit/s ADPCM
with the TMS32010”, APPLICATION REPORT, SPRA131,
Texas Instruments. 1989.