The document outlines the distinction between a state and a nation, defining a nation as a group with a shared political identity and a state as an organized entity with a monopoly on violence over a territory. It discusses the emergence of modern states from historical political organizations and the essential elements of a state: population, territory, government, and sovereignty. Additionally, it categorizes states based on their effectiveness into effective, weak, and failed states, prompting discussions on the Philippines' classification.

2. FOCUS QUESTIONS
1. DIFFERENTIATE STATE FROM NATION.
2.HOW DID THE MODERN STATE EMERGE?
3.WHAT ARE THE FOUR ELEMENTS OF STATE? WHICH IS MOST
IMPORTANT?
4.WHAT ARE CATEGORIES OF STATES BASED ON STRENGTH?

20. NATION (BANSA)
•A NATION IS A GROUP OF PEOPLE BOUND TOGETHER BY A
COMMON POLITICAL IDENTITY.
•NATIONALISM IS THE SENSE OF BELONGING AND IDENTITY THAT
DISTINGUISHESONE NATION FROM ANOTHER.

21. STATE (ESTADO)
•ACCORDING TO MAX WEBER, IT IS THE ORGANIZATION THAT
MAINTAINS A MONOPOLY OF VIOLENCE OVER A TERRITORY.
•A STATE IS A COUNTRY.

24. STATE
•WITH THE ADDITION OF SOUTH SUDAN IN 2011, THERE ARE 193
STATES IN THE WORLD.
•THERE ARE 2 NON-MEMBER STATES: THE HOLY SEE AND THE STATE
OF PALESTINE.

25. 25

26. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION :
•WHICH DO YOU THINK CAME FIRST, THE NATION OR THE STATE?

27. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION :
•WHICH CAME FIRST, THE NATION OR THE STATE?
•BASED ON THE GIVEN DEFINITION, IS THE PHILIPPINES A NATION?

31. ORIGINS OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
•AS LONG AS THERE HAVE BEEN HUMAN BEINGS, THERE HAS BEEN
SOME FORM OF HUMAN ORGANIZATION.
•IN THE EARLIEST STAGES, HUMANS ORGANIZED INTO FAMILIES
AND LARGER TRIBES.

32. ORIGINS OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
•SEDENTARY COMMUNITIES AND CITIES FIRST EMERGE IN THE
MIDDLE EAST AROUND 4000 BCE.
•IN THESE CITIES, COMPLEX POLITICAL SYSTEMS EMERGED TO
DEAL WITH ISSUES SURROUNDING TRADE AND THE
DISTRIBUTION AND PROTECTION OF WEALTH.

33. ORIGINS OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
•SOME SCHOLARS ARGUE THAT THE STATE EMERGED TO SAVE
SOCIETIES FROM ANARCHY (THOMAS HOBBES'S VIEW)
•OTHERS ARGUE THAT THE STATE KEPT PEOPLE FROM LIVING
EQUALLY AND PEACEFULLY (JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU'S VIEW).

34. QUESTION FOR DISCUSSION :
•WHOM DO YOU BELIEVE: HOBBES OR ROUSSEAU?

35. ORIGINS OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
•MORE RECENT RESEARCH SUGGESTS THAT NEITHER IS CORRECT.
INSTEAD, CONFLICTS OCCURRED BETWEEN FAMILY AND TRIBAL
ORGANIZATIONS COMPETING FOR RESOURCES AND TERRITORY,
AND STATES EMERGE OUT OF THIS CONSTANT WARFARE.

36. RISE OF THE MODERN STATE
•SCHOLARS ARGUE THAT THE CHAOS OF EUROPE’S DARK AGES
FOSTERED THE EMERGENCE OF THE STATE BECAUSE
ORGANIZATIONS HAD TO RAPIDLY ADAPT TO INTENSE RIVALRIES
OVER POWER AND RESOURCES.

38. ADVANTAGES OVER OTHER ORGANIZATIONS
1. ENCOURAGED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BY DEFINING AND PROTECTING
PROPERTY RIGHTS
2. ENCOURAGED TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION THAT, WITH PROPERTY
RIGHTS, SET THE STAGE FOR MODERN CAPITALISM
3. FOCUS ON INFRASTRUCTURE AND LEGAL CODES FOSTERED A MORE
COHESIVE, NATIONALIST SPIRIT WHICH REDUCED LOCALIZED RIVALRIES.

40. ELEMENTS OF STATE
1. POPULATION
2.TERRITORY
3.GOVERNMENT
4.SOVEREIGNTY

41. ELEMENTS OF STATE
•POPULATION – THEY ARE THE CITIZENS OR INHABITANTS,
INCLUDING THE NON-RESIDENT MEMBERS OF THE STATE.

42. ELEMENTS OF STATE
•TERRITORY – IT IS A FIXED PORTION OF THE SURFACE OF THE
EARTH INHABITED BY THE POPULATION OF THE STATE.

44. ELEMENTS OF STATE
•GOVERNMENT – THIS IS AN INSTITUTION OF A RULING POWER
AND SYSTEM THROUGH WHICH THE GOVERNMENTAL FUNCTIONS
AND AUTHORITY ARE EXERCISED. INSTITUTIONS ARE STABLE,
LONG-LASTING ORGANIZATIONS THAT HELP TO TURN POLITICAL
IDEAS INTO POLICY.

46. ELEMENTS OF STATE
•SOVEREIGNTY – THE ABILITY TO CARRY OUT ACTIONS OR
POLICIES WITHIN THEIR BORDERS INDEPENDENTLY FROM
INTERFERENCE EITHER FROM THE INSIDE OR THE OUTSIDE.

48. • MANILA,PHILIPPINES | PHILIPPINE AUTHORITIES HAVE ARRESTED, DETAINED AND INTEND TO DEPORT A 71-
YEAR-OLD AUSTRALIAN NUN FOR ALLEGEDLY ENGAGING IN ILLEGAL POLITICAL ACTIVITIES.
• UCANEWS.COM REPORTED IMMIGRATION OFFICERS ARRESTED SISTER PATRICIA FOX, PHILIPPINE SUPERIOR
OF THE SISTERS OF OUR LADY OF SION, AT HER CONVENT IN QUEZON CITY APRIL 16.
• ALTHOUGH THE PROSECUTOR IN CHARGE “FOUND NO PROBABLE CAUSE” FOR HER ARREST AND ORDERED THE
NUN’S “RELEASE FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION,” IMMIGRATION OFFICIALS INSISTED ON THE NUN’S DETENTION.
• THEY SAID SISTER FOX FAILED TO SURRENDER HER PASSPORT TO THE BUREAU. THE NUN SAID HER
DOCUMENTS WERE WITH A TRAVEL AGENCY.
• SISTER FOX WAS DETAINED AT THE BUREAU’S INTELLIGENCE DIVISION BUT WAS RELEASED APRIL 17.

49. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION :
•WHICH IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF A STATE?

50. QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION :
•WHICH IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF A STATE?
•DOES THE PHILIPPINES EXERCISE COMPLETE SOVEREIGNTY OVER
ALL ITS TERRITORY?

54. CATEGORIES OF STATES
BASED ON STRENGTH
1. EFFECTIVE STATES
2.WEAK STATES
3.FAILED STATES

55. EFFECTIVE STATES
•CONTROL AND TAX THEIR ENTIRE TERRITORY.
•LAWS ARE MOSTLY OBEYED.
•GOVERNMENT LOOKS AFTER THE GENERAL WELFARE AND
SECURITY.
•CORRUPTION IS FAIRLY MINOR.

56. WEAK STATES
•CHARACTERIZED BY THE PENETRATION OF CRIME INTO POLITICS.
•JUSTICE IS BOUGHT.
•DEMOCRACY IS PREACHED MORE THAN PRACTICED.
•LITTLE IS COLLECTED IN TAXATION.
•REVENUES FROM NATURAL RESOURCES DISAPPEAR INTO PRIVATE POCKETS

57. FAILED STATES
•HAVE ESSENTIALLY NO NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
•WARLORDS, MILITIAS, AND DRUG LORDS DO AS THEY WISH.
•THERE IS NO LAW BESIDES THE GUN.
•TERRITORIAL BREAKUP THREATENS.
•EDUCATION AND HEALTH STANDARDS PLUNGE

58. QUESTION FOR DISCUSSION :
•HOW WOULD YOU CATEGORIZE THE PHILIPPINES AS A STATE? IS
IT EFFECTIVE, WEAK OR FAILED?

61. REFERENCES
1. ETHEL WOOD, AP COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS:
AN ESSENTIAL COURSEBOOK 7THEDITION, WOODYARD
PUBLICATIONS, 2015
2.PATRICK H. O’NEIL, ESSENTIALSOF COMPARATIVE POLITICS3RD
EDITION, W.W. NORTON & COMPANY, 2010

62. REFERENCES
3.ROBERTO C. BUENAFLOR, POLITICS,GOVERNANCE,AND
CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES, GREAT BOOKS TRADING,
2016, QUEZON CITY
4.ROSKIN ET AL, POLITICALSCIENCE:AN INTRODUCTION14TH
EDITION, PEARSON EDUCATION, INC., 2017