This document discusses theories of identity development during adolescence. It begins with early theories from G. Stanley Hall that viewed adolescence as a turbulent period from ages 12-25 driven by physiological changes. Erikson's psychosocial theory from the 1940s proposed that identity versus identity confusion is the main task of adolescence. James Marcia later operationalized Erikson's theory into four identity statuses based on exploration and commitment: diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement. The document then discusses theories of ethnic identity development from Phinney and extensions from Phinney and Devich-Navarro regarding identification with one's ethnic group and the majority culture.

1. THE RISE OF THE TEENAGER:
ERIKSON AND MARCIA

2. HISTORY OF ADOLESCENCE
G. Stanley Hall
Combined evolution with
recapitulation theory
Physiological factors
12-25 years old
Sturm und Drang

3. A TIME OF STABILITY AND TECHNOLOGY
The 1940s
The market,
entertainment, and
technology
Rise in youth
delinquency
Subcultures
Eric Erikson

4. Stage 5 (10-20yrs)
Identity verses identity
confusion
 transitional stage
 the importance of peers
 Love, work and ideology
(beliefs and values)
 an integrated image of
oneself as a unique
individual
IDENTITY CRISIS
(ERIC ERIKSON)

5. Crisis
 “refers to times during adolescence when the individual seems to be actively
involved in choosing among alternative occupations and beliefs” (Marcia,
1967, p.67)
Commitment
 “refers to the degree of personal investment the individual expresses in an
occupation or belief” (Marcia, 1967, p.67)
IDENTITY STATUSES (JAMES MARCIA)

6. IDENTITY STATUSES (JAMES MARCIA)
NoYes
No
Yes
Diffusion
Foreclosure
Moratorium
Achievement
Crisis Present
Commitment

7. IDENTITY STATUSES (JAMES MARCIA)
NoYes
No
Yes
Exploration
Commitment
I Dunno. I don’t really listen
to my parents. Life sucks.
Apathy central!!! Yes I am
depressed.
I Make the Most of the
Moment. Last year it was a
lead guitarist. This year, a
Chemist. I react to the
moment. This is me.
I Follow my parents. I respect
them and their rules. Conform
to karma … that’s my life.
Some of my friend’s don’t
understand.
I Actually Know who I am
and want to be. I’ve
enrolled in the BYD and are
set for life. I still love my
parents and friends, but I
am my own person.

8. How set are these two theories?
Do they apply to all youth?
Are there any values underlying the theories which are not universal
Do we really have one identity – do we only achieve once?
REFLECTIONS

9. ETHNIC IDENTITY STAGES (PHINNEY)
Phinney’s one step before the Statuses
Stage One
 Unexamined Ethnic Identity
 Diffusion/Foreclosure – unexamined means has let to explore
Stage Two
 Ethnic Identity Examined
 Moratorium – looking but no pressure to commit
Stage Three
 Ethnic Identity Achieved
From this a young person then can position themselves in terms of their
ethnic identity – especially if from a minority culture

10. ETHNIC IDENTITY STATUSES (PHINNEY & DEVICH-
NAVARRO)
High Low
High
Low
Bicultural
Separated
Assimilated
Marginal
Identification with
Ethnic Group
Identificationwith
MajorityCulture

11. ETHNIC IDENTITY STATUSES (PHINNEY & DEVICH-
NAVARRO)
High Low
High
Low
If you want to make it in
the Pakeha world you have
to become Pakeha. Throw
off the cultural baggage
and absorb your whiteness.
Identification with
Ethnic Group
Identificationwith
MajorityCulture
I don’t know the ways of
my people and can’t do
their culture. I can’t find a
place in the Pakeha world.
I am lost. I am
meanlingless.
Go on, I dare you, watch
CRASH, you will see what I
mean. If the system is
against you then go
against the system.
It is about living in two worlds.
You have to walk differently in
each world. It is about being
comfortable in different
settings..

12. How is Phinney and Devich-Navarro similar to Marcia and Erikson?
How do they differ?
Are there any statuses stronger than others?
Is it really possible to be bi-cultural?
How does wider society influence the choices a youth may make about
ethnic identity?
REFLECTIONS

13. Sits with and does sit within the bicultural status of Phinney & Devich-
Navarro
Used by Tupola to explore the edgewalking of Samoan youth
Also known as Diasporic Identity
Having to walk in two CULTURAL worlds/settings and adapt to both
worlds/settings
Looks at the tools used to find oneself on the edge
Acknowledges the difficulty and the potential to be lost
Acknowledges the space for transformation as new tools are used
EDGEWALKING

14. Looks like …
Sounds like …
Smells like …
Tastes like …
Feels like …
This is what it is when …
LIVING ON THE EDGE …

15. AMP MODEL (BROWN ET.AL)
Incorporates
Resists
Motivates
Evaluates
Interprets
Pays Attention
to
Lived
Experience

16. Eminem
 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uh9LGytJOHk)
 What factors in his life lead him to hip hop – what is hip hop??
 How has hip hop influenced his identity
 What has he incorporated/rejected
JB
 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SNZjTqIsdvc)
 What do you think the bedrooms of these girls would look like?
 What factors do you think were in the girls’ lived experienced?
 What motivated them to listen to the music?
 What did they interact with?
 How have they incorporated this music into their identity?
AMP MODEL (BROWNE ET.AL)