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PERSONAL IDENTITY
- 2. Personality A distinctive patternof behavior, thoughts, motives and emotions that characterizes an individual over time
- 3. Identity A person’s perceptionof one’s self as a unique person / individual
- 4. Perspectives of Personalityand Identity Development A. Biological Genetics Genetics influence qualities that remain entrenched throughout life
- 5. For instance, Temperament Individualdifferences in temperament (ways of reacting to environment) emerge early in life (and may exist prenatally) and subsequently influence personality development
- 6. Temperament cont. Easy baby Slowto Warm baby Difficult baby
- 7. Twins Studies of identicaland fraternal twins and adopted children suggest that 50% of the variability in adult personality traits can be accounted for by heredity
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- 9. For example, PersonalityTraits Personality traits are fairly stable into adulthood Changes due to experience (e.g., parenting style, rewards for certain behaviors)
- 10. B. Learning People havedistinctive life (and learning) experiences Behavior based on previous experiences and the consequences of those experiences
- 11. – People don’thave personality traits, they simply show certain behavior patterns – Feelings, thoughts and values are also learned behavior patterns – Labels (e.g., aggressive) are shorthand for the behavior they demonstrate in certain situations (e.g., when confronted with a line at DMV, curse at clerk)
- 12. John Watson Originator of Behaviorism
- 13. B.F Skinner Consequences (rewards, punishments)
- 14. Albert Bandura Observational learning (imitation) influenced by perception and belief
- 15. Bandura’s Principles Certain acts willbe rewarded and others punished, so people develop expectations about whether their efforts will be successful (“Why study if it has never resulted in better grades?”) Self-fulfilling Prophecy A person’s expectation leads to behavior that makes the prediction come true (I expect to succeed, so I work hard and then succeed or I expect to fail, so I don’t try and then fail
- 16. C. Cultural Complete thissentence “I am . . .”
- 17. Individualistic Cultures Independence ofindividual takes precedence over needs of group Self is often defined as a collection of personality traits (outgoing) or occupations (a psychologist)
- 18. Collectivistic Cultures Harmony ofgroup takes precedence over individual wishes Self is defined in context of relationships (mother) and the community (supporter of the arts)
- 19. D. Psychodynamic Sigmund Freud AnnaFreud Erik Erikson
- 20. People are notrational, but governed by instincts and emotions – Movement of psychological energy within a person’s mind
- 21. –Adult personality andongoing problems are formed primarily by experiences during first 6 years of life –Personality development occurs in fixed stages, during which predictable mental events occur and unconscious issues or crises must be resolved
- 22. Sexual energy takesdifferent forms as child matures 1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic
- 23. Adult personality determinedby How you progressed What defense mechanisms you learned to reduce anxiety Whether ego internal referee (ego) is strong enough to balance the conflict between what you’d like to do (id) and was your conscience (superego) is telling you that you must do
- 24. Focus on fantasiesand symbolic meanings of events as the unconscious mind perceives them, rather than on actual experiences, as the main influences on personality and behavior Reliance on subjective rather than objective methods of getting at the truth (dream analysis, free association)
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- 26. People are activein determining their own course of development toward goal of selfactualization – Strive for lives that are meaningful, challenging and satisfying – Fully functioning people experience harmony between the image they project to others and their true feelings and wishes – Trusting, warm, open
- 27. Focus on positiveaspects of human nature (joy, love, happiness) Freedom of choice and free will We need “Unconditional Positive Regard” Love and support for another person without any strings (or “conditions”) attached – It is the behavior, not the child, that is bad or unacceptable
- 28. How do weintegrate these theories ? These 5 theoretical approaches display a complex set of qualities that make up our personality, our identity Integrate by considering two dimensions
- 29. Public Persona characteristic habits and temperaments and basic traits Based on biology, learning and culture Private Persona Sense of self and subjective experience of emotions, memories, dreams, wishes and worries Psychodynamic & humanistic theories
- 30. How Do TheseTheories Apply in the Caribbean? Dispersal of families during slavery resulted in an extended family comprised of people related by marriage and blood, as well as godparents and adopted children whose adoption is informal, and friends These communal families are being broken down by the impact of capitalism and the western focus on nuclear families
- 31. Children often donot live with two biological parents throughout their childhood, when identity is being formed All the theories (except biological) predict that formation of personal identity is easiest and most successful when there is constancy and consistency in parenting
- 32. Reading assignments forPersonal Identity: None. Think about your child rearing experience and the factors that influenced your personal identity.
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