Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or
organisms that are closely related genetically.By analogy, the term is used in human
reproduction, but more commonly refers to the genetic disorders and other consequences that
may arise from expression of deleterious or recessive traits resulting from incestuous sexual
relationships and consanguinity. Inbreeding results in homozygosity, which can increase the
chances of offspring being affected by deleterious or recessive traits.This usually leads to at least
temporarily decreased biological fitness of a population(called inbreeding Common fruit fly
females prefer to mate with their own brothers over unrelated males. depression), which is its
ability to survive and reproduce. An individual who inherits such deleterious traits is colloquially
referred to as inbred. The avoidance of expression of such deleterious recessive alleles caused by
inbreeding, via inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, is the main selective reason for outcrossing.
Crossbreeding between populations also often has positive effects on fitnessrelated traits, but
also sometimes leads to negative effects known as outbreeding depression. However increased
homozygosity increases probability of fixing beneficial alleles and also slightly decreases
probability of fixing deleterious alleles in population. Inbreeding can result in purging of
deleterious alleles from a population through purifying selection.
Inbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or
organisms that are closely related genetically.By analogy, the term is used in human
reproduction, but more commonly refers to the genetic disorders and other consequences that
may arise from expression of deleterious or recessive traits resulting from incestuous sexual
relationships and consanguinity. Inbreeding results in homozygosity, which can increase the
chances of offspring being affected by deleterious or recessive traits.This usually leads to at least
temporarily decreased biological fitness of a population(called inbreeding Common fruit fly
females prefer to mate with their own brothers over unrelated males. depression), which is its
ability to survive and reproduce. An individual who inherits such deleterious traits is colloquially
referred to as inbred. The avoidance of expression of such deleterious recessive alleles caused by
inbreeding, via inbreeding avoidance mechanisms, is the main selective reason for outcrossing.
Crossbreeding between populations also often has positive effects on fitnessrelated traits, but
also sometimes leads to negative effects known as outbreeding depression. However increased
homozygosity increases probability of fixing beneficial alleles and also slightly decreases
probability of fixing deleterious alleles in population. Inbreeding can result in purging of
deleterious alleles from a population through purifying selection.
Guided notes covering material from Topics 5.1 and 5.2 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
Guided notes covering material from Topics 5.1 and 5.2 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
It states that the present day complex plants and animals have evolved from earlier simpler forms of life by gradual changes. SEQUENTIAL EVOLUTION ,DIVERGENT EVOLUTION, Theories of evolution.
Evolutionary relationships are the relationships between two different organisms that are related through the global process of evolution. In other words, they are the relationships between two species that have a common ancestor
Many people believe that, because the emergence of life was very impr.pdfformicreation
Many people believe that, because the emergence of life was very improbable, it was not due to
chance. Why does White think that this is a mistake? And what, then, is his basis for thinking
that the emergence of life was not due to chance?
Solution
The evolution of diffrent species is not by chance and it is a mistake to think that the new
generation of life gets created by reproduction between various species by chance. There are
various theories through which evolution takes place for example----1)natural selection-- the
male and female of a particular species of animals, birds, insects recognise each other and
reproduce with each other only within their own species which live with each other thus the
theory of natural selection becomes effective. There is communication, understanding between
same species and further generation is created acordingly. The same genes are transferred to the
generation leding to the exixtence of same genotypic and phenotypic traits.
2) random selection--it takes place by chance between various species due to mutations in the
genome leading to the creation of new recombinations of genes with new phenotypic and
genotypic traits.
3)artificial selection- it is the reproduction between similar but different species in a particular
enviornment together with particular conditions leading to the development of new generation of
species.
4)genetic drift/gene flow/migration--this happens when various similar looking species migrate
to small islands and reproduce with similar looking but not same species leading to generation of
new species example darwin finches in galapagos islands.
5) inbreeding depression--this is due to the development of new species between same
generations leading to the expression of recessive genes and less expressive genes.
6)hybrid vigour or heterosis--this leads to the development of new species with recombination of
traits and expressive of dominant and more expressive genes according to the environment.
7)The level of heterozygosity ,hardy-weinberg equilibrium is calculated and probabilities of
generation of new species is calculated in different generations according to the cross of the new
species.
The judaism and christianity religion also develops various theories of evolution based on the
dominant, recessive and intermediate genes formed after cross and breeding between two similar
looking but different species. Thus evolution does not occur by chance.
In plants also various genes are expressed after recombination leading to the expression of
dominant,recessive and mixed characters with superior traits, mixed traits and inferior traits
based on the genetic background of the species and environmental factors like water-stress,
hormonal-stress, salt stress, signaling stress leading to cross and fertilization betweem anther and
ovary and thus the develpment of new intermediate species..
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
11. Analogous Structures are features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature (compare to homologous structures) and which evolved in response to a similar environmental challenge. Example: Insects and birds both have wings to fly, although their wing structure is very different this is an example of an analogous structure. The fat-insulated, streamlines shapes of seals (mammals) and of penguins (birds) is another example.
