Many people believe that, because the emergence of life was very improbable, it was not due to chance. Why does White think that this is a mistake? And what, then, is his basis for thinking that the emergence of life was not due to chance? Solution The evolution of diffrent species is not by chance and it is a mistake to think that the new generation of life gets created by reproduction between various species by chance. There are various theories through which evolution takes place for example----1)natural selection-- the male and female of a particular species of animals, birds, insects recognise each other and reproduce with each other only within their own species which live with each other thus the theory of natural selection becomes effective. There is communication, understanding between same species and further generation is created acordingly. The same genes are transferred to the generation leding to the exixtence of same genotypic and phenotypic traits. 2) random selection--it takes place by chance between various species due to mutations in the genome leading to the creation of new recombinations of genes with new phenotypic and genotypic traits. 3)artificial selection- it is the reproduction between similar but different species in a particular enviornment together with particular conditions leading to the development of new generation of species. 4)genetic drift/gene flow/migration--this happens when various similar looking species migrate to small islands and reproduce with similar looking but not same species leading to generation of new species example darwin finches in galapagos islands. 5) inbreeding depression--this is due to the development of new species between same generations leading to the expression of recessive genes and less expressive genes. 6)hybrid vigour or heterosis--this leads to the development of new species with recombination of traits and expressive of dominant and more expressive genes according to the environment. 7)The level of heterozygosity ,hardy-weinberg equilibrium is calculated and probabilities of generation of new species is calculated in different generations according to the cross of the new species. The judaism and christianity religion also develops various theories of evolution based on the dominant, recessive and intermediate genes formed after cross and breeding between two similar looking but different species. Thus evolution does not occur by chance. In plants also various genes are expressed after recombination leading to the expression of dominant,recessive and mixed characters with superior traits, mixed traits and inferior traits based on the genetic background of the species and environmental factors like water-stress, hormonal-stress, salt stress, signaling stress leading to cross and fertilization betweem anther and ovary and thus the develpment of new intermediate species..