Index modulation is one of the promising techniques for future communications systems due to many improvement over the classical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems such as single RF chain, increased throughput for the same modulation order, achieved tradeoff between the efficiencies of the power and the spectral, and elimination of inter-channel interference. Many forms of index modulation researches exist where symbols are conveyed in antennas, subcarriers, time slots, and the space-time matrix. Spatial modulation is one member of index modulation family where symbols are conveyed in activating transmit/receive antennas. In this paper, a modification to a standard multiple input single output scheme by integrating spatial modulation using simplified mathematical procedure is achieved. In the transmitter side, data and activation symbols are distributed simultaneously using mathematical module and floor functions. At the receiver, a simplified maximum likelihood detector is used to obtain transmitted pair of symbols. To verify this, MATLAB simulink is used to simulate a downlink system where spatial modulation is applied to a base station. Results for different transmit antenna number and modulation order are obtained in the form of bit error rate versus signal to noise ratio.
A New Transmission Scheme for MIMO – OFDMijsrd.com
This contribution introduces a new transmission scheme for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The new scheme is efficient and suitable especially for symmetric channels such as the link between two base stations or between two antennas on radio beam transmission. This survey Paper presents the performance analysis of V-BLAST based multiple inputs multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system with respect to bit error rate per signal to noise ratio (BER/SNR) for various detection techniques. A 2X2 MIMO-OFDM system is used for the performance evaluation. The simulation results shows that the performance of V-BLAST based detection techniques is much better than the conventional methods. Alamouti Space Time Block Code (STBC) scheme is used with orthogonal designs over multiple antennas which showed simulated results are identical to expected theoretical results. With this technique both Bit Error Rate (BER) and maximum diversity gain are achieved by increasing number of antennas on either side. This scheme is efficient in all the applications where system capacity is limited by multipath fading.
MIMO channels: optimizing throughput and reducing outage by increasing multip...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The two main aims of deploying multiple input multiple out (MIMO) are to achieve spatial diversity (improves channel reliability) and spatial multiplexing (increase data throughput). Achieving both in a given system is impossible for now, and a trade-off has to be reached as they may be conflicting objectives. The basic concept of multiplexing: divide (multiplex) transmit a data stream several branches and transmit via several (independent) channels. In this paper, we focused mainly on achieving spatial multiplexing by modeling the channel using the diagonal Bell Labs space time scheme (D-BLAST) and the vertical Bell Labs space time architecture (V-BLAST) Matlab simulations results were a lso given to further compare the advantages of spatial multiplexing.
Index modulation is one of the promising techniques for future communications systems due to many improvement over the classical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems such as single RF chain, increased throughput for the same modulation order, achieved tradeoff between the efficiencies of the power and the spectral, and elimination of inter-channel interference. Many forms of index modulation researches exist where symbols are conveyed in antennas, subcarriers, time slots, and the space-time matrix. Spatial modulation is one member of index modulation family where symbols are conveyed in activating transmit/receive antennas. In this paper, a modification to a standard multiple input single output scheme by integrating spatial modulation using simplified mathematical procedure is achieved. In the transmitter side, data and activation symbols are distributed simultaneously using mathematical module and floor functions. At the receiver, a simplified maximum likelihood detector is used to obtain transmitted pair of symbols. To verify this, MATLAB simulink is used to simulate a downlink system where spatial modulation is applied to a base station. Results for different transmit antenna number and modulation order are obtained in the form of bit error rate versus signal to noise ratio.
A New Transmission Scheme for MIMO – OFDMijsrd.com
This contribution introduces a new transmission scheme for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The new scheme is efficient and suitable especially for symmetric channels such as the link between two base stations or between two antennas on radio beam transmission. This survey Paper presents the performance analysis of V-BLAST based multiple inputs multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system with respect to bit error rate per signal to noise ratio (BER/SNR) for various detection techniques. A 2X2 MIMO-OFDM system is used for the performance evaluation. The simulation results shows that the performance of V-BLAST based detection techniques is much better than the conventional methods. Alamouti Space Time Block Code (STBC) scheme is used with orthogonal designs over multiple antennas which showed simulated results are identical to expected theoretical results. With this technique both Bit Error Rate (BER) and maximum diversity gain are achieved by increasing number of antennas on either side. This scheme is efficient in all the applications where system capacity is limited by multipath fading.
MIMO channels: optimizing throughput and reducing outage by increasing multip...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The two main aims of deploying multiple input multiple out (MIMO) are to achieve spatial diversity (improves channel reliability) and spatial multiplexing (increase data throughput). Achieving both in a given system is impossible for now, and a trade-off has to be reached as they may be conflicting objectives. The basic concept of multiplexing: divide (multiplex) transmit a data stream several branches and transmit via several (independent) channels. In this paper, we focused mainly on achieving spatial multiplexing by modeling the channel using the diagonal Bell Labs space time scheme (D-BLAST) and the vertical Bell Labs space time architecture (V-BLAST) Matlab simulations results were a lso given to further compare the advantages of spatial multiplexing.
Computationally Efficient Multi-Antenna Techniques for Multi-User Two-Way Wire...IJECEIAES
In this work, we are interested in implementing, developing and evaluating multi-antenna techniques used for multi-user two-way wireless relay networks that provide a good tradeoff between the computational complexity and performance in terms of symbol error rate and achievable data rate. In particular, a variety of newly multi-antenna techniques is proposed and studied. Some techniques based on orthogonal projection enjoy low computational complexity. However, the performance penalty associated with them is high. Other techniques based on maximum likelihood strategy enjoy high performance, however, they suffer from very high computational complexity. The Other techniques based on randomization strategy provide a good trade-off between the computational complexity and performance where they enjoy low computational complexity with almost the same performance as compared to the techniques based on maximum likelihood strategy.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
New Adaptive Cooperative-MIMO for LTE Technologyijtsrd
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems have been widely used in an area of wireless cellular communication system, providing the both increased capacity and reliability. However, the use of multiple antennas in mobile terminals may not be very practical due to limited space and other implementation issues. In this paper, cooperative MIMO has been used in a way to optimise the implementation and working of conventional MIMO systems in terms of BER and Spectral Efficiency while maintaining a minimal number of antennas on each handset. Cooperative MIMO with V-BLAST transmission over Rayleigh flat fading channels and amplify and forward protocol with one relay node for modulation techniques like BPSK, QPSK, QAM using various decoding techniques has been analysed. Decoding algorithms like ZF, MMSE and ML have been analysed with respect to their BER performances. Since, there is throughput loss in cooperative MIMO due to extra resources required for relaying, adaptive modulation has been used with C-MIMO to meet the demands for high data rates in Long Term Evolution Network. Sukhreet Kaur | Dr. Amita Soni"New Adaptive Cooperative-MIMO for LTE Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12919.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/12919/new-adaptive-cooperative-mimo-for-lte-technology/sukhreet-kaur
A Potent MIMO–OFDM System Designed for Optimum BER and its Performance Anal...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Ber analysis of 2x2 mimo spatial multiplexing under awgn and rician channels ...ijwmn
Multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems use multiple antennas at transmitting and
receiving end to offer improved capacity and data rate over single antenna systems in multipath channels.
In this paper we have investigated the Spatial Multiplexing technique of MIMO systems. Here different
fading channels like AWGN and Rician are used for analysis purpose. Moreover we analyzed the technique
using high level modulations (i.e. M-PSK for different values of M). Detection algorithms used are Zero-
Forcing and Minimum mean square estimator. Performance is analyzed in terms of BER (bit error rate) vs.
SNR (signal to noise ratio).
MIMO System Performance Evaluation for High Data Rate Wireless Networks usin...IJMER
Space–time block coding is used for data communication in fading channels by multiple
transmit antennas. Message data is encoded by applying a space–time block code and after the encoding
the data is break into ‘n’ streams of simultaneously transmitted strings through n transmit antennas. The
received signal at the receiver end is the superposition of the n transmitted signals distorted due to noise
.For data recovery maximum likelihood decoding scheme is applied through decoupling of the signals
transmitted from different antennas instead of joint detection. The maximum likelihood decoding scheme
applies the orthogonal structure of the space–time block code (OSTBC) and gives a maximum-likelihood
decoding algorithm based on linear processing at the receiver. In this paper orthogonal space–time
block codes based model is developed using Matlab/Simulink to get the maximum diversity order for a
given number of transmit and receive antennas subject with a simple decoding algorithm.
The simulink block of orthogonal space coding block with space–time block codes is applied with and
without gray coding. The OSTBC codes gives the maximum possible transmission rate for any number of
transmit antennas using any arbitrary real constellation such of M-PSK array. For different complex
constellation of M- PSK space–time block codes are applied that achieve 1/2 and 3/4 of the maximum
possible transmission rate for MIMO transmit antennas using different complex constellations.
Error Rate Analysis of MIMO System Using V Blast Detection Technique in Fadin...IJERA Editor
Wireless communication system with multi- antenna arrays has been a field of intensive analysis on the last years. The appliance of multiple sending antennas and Receiving Antennas either side will considerably enhance the data rate and rate. The review of the performance limitations of MIMO system becomes vital since it will provide lot ideas in understanding and planning the important life MIMO systems. Vertical Bell Laboratories layered space Time (V-BLAST). The thought behind Multiple Input and Multiple Output system is that the signals on the transmitter antennas at one finish and also the receiver antennas at the opposite finish are correlative in such how that the performance (Bit Error Rate or BER) or the info rate (bits/sec) of the wireless communication system for every MIMO subscriber are improved. During this paper we tend to are proposing a technique that evaluates the performance of V-BLAST MIMO system in several thought of Rayleigh attenuation surroundings to urge higher performance of the system. In V- BLAST MIMO system a number of linear detection techniques will be used for interference cancellation. At this point we are using MMSE-IC for the same. Our expected system provide higher error rate performance with the used of matched filter at receiver aspect .The projected system compared within the presence of AWGN. Now matched filter applied on V- BLAST MIMO with MMSE-IC system in fading diversity surroundings.
Design and analysis of mimo system for uwb communicationijwmn
Multiple transmit and receive antennas are used MIMO system. The system creates parallel MIMO
subchannels to transmit independent streams of data under the appropriate channel conditions. Similarly,
Ultrawideband (UWB) communication has attracted great interest for various applications in recent days.
Spatially multiplexed (SM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems gains the spectral efficiency as
well as high data rates without consuming additional power, bandwidth or time slots. In this paper, we
extend the concept of MIMO to UWB systems. The correlated channel for such purpose is considered and
the performance has been analyzed for spatial multiplexing SM-UWB-MIMO system which is required for
estimation. The system performance substantially degrades in the presence of high values of spatial
correlation. To avoid the degradation of such system, it has been designed for virtual UWB-MIMO Time
Reversal (TR) system, so that it is not affected by the transmit correlation. Another novel method to reduce
the effect of correlation has been chosen by taking the Eigen value of the channel matrix for the
computation of the system performance. The result shows its performance.
In this presentation the effect of channel estimation errors on the energy efficiency of a down-link massive multiple-input multiple-output system is investigated and analyzed. The required down-link transmit power of the zero forcing (ZF) and maximum ratio transmission (MRT) precoding schemes are derived and analyzed under imperfect channel state information condition.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
MIMO-OFDM (Multi Input Multi Output- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system is very popular technique for mobile communication. We found that Ergodic channel capacity has some limitation in MIMO-OFDM system. So Ergodic channel capacity optimization is necessary to improve the performance of MIMO-OFDM System.
Performance analysis of negative group delay network using MIMO techniqueTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study introduces comparative consequences that determine the bit error rate enhancements, resultant from adopting a proposed MIMO wireless model in this study. The antenna configurations for this model uses new small microstrip slotted patch antenna with multiple frequency bands at strategic operating frequencies of 2.4, 4.4, and 5.55 respectively. The S11 response of the proposed antenna for IEEE802.11 MIMO wireless network has been highly appropriate to be adopted with MIMO antenna system. The negative group delay (NGD) response is the most significant feature for projected MIMO antenna. The NGD stands for a counterintuitive singularity that interacts time advancement with wave propagation. These improvements are employed for increasing a reliability of instantly conveyed data streams, enhance the capacity of the wireless configuration and decrease the bit error rate (BER) of adopted wireless system. In addition to antenna scattering response, the enhancements have been analysed in term of BER for different MIMO topologies.
Bit Error Rate Performance of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing with MPSK Modulation ...ijsrd.com
Wireless communication is one of the most effective areas of technology development of our time. Wireless communications today covers a very wide array of applications. In this, we study the performance of general MIMO system, the general V-BLAST architecture with MPSK Modulation in Rayleigh fading channels. Based on bit error rate, we show the performance of the 2x2 schemes with MPSK Modulation in noisy environment. We also show the bit error rate performance of 2x2, 3x3, 4x4 systems with BPSK modulation. We see that the bit error rate performance of 2x2 systems with QPSK modulation gives us the best performance among other schemes analysed here.
2 ijaems nov-2015-3-study on the relationship between tourism economy and eco...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With the rapid development of the tourism industry, the tourism industry in the national economy status is particularly important. This paper collects the relevant statistical data from 2013 to 1978 in Hunan Province, using regression analysis and variance analysis to study the relationship between regional tourism economy and economic growth. The results show that there is a high intensity of positive linear relationship between tourism economy and economic growth in Hunan Province, and the average level of GDP will increase by 972380000 yuan per 100000000 yuan.
Computationally Efficient Multi-Antenna Techniques for Multi-User Two-Way Wire...IJECEIAES
In this work, we are interested in implementing, developing and evaluating multi-antenna techniques used for multi-user two-way wireless relay networks that provide a good tradeoff between the computational complexity and performance in terms of symbol error rate and achievable data rate. In particular, a variety of newly multi-antenna techniques is proposed and studied. Some techniques based on orthogonal projection enjoy low computational complexity. However, the performance penalty associated with them is high. Other techniques based on maximum likelihood strategy enjoy high performance, however, they suffer from very high computational complexity. The Other techniques based on randomization strategy provide a good trade-off between the computational complexity and performance where they enjoy low computational complexity with almost the same performance as compared to the techniques based on maximum likelihood strategy.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
New Adaptive Cooperative-MIMO for LTE Technologyijtsrd
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems have been widely used in an area of wireless cellular communication system, providing the both increased capacity and reliability. However, the use of multiple antennas in mobile terminals may not be very practical due to limited space and other implementation issues. In this paper, cooperative MIMO has been used in a way to optimise the implementation and working of conventional MIMO systems in terms of BER and Spectral Efficiency while maintaining a minimal number of antennas on each handset. Cooperative MIMO with V-BLAST transmission over Rayleigh flat fading channels and amplify and forward protocol with one relay node for modulation techniques like BPSK, QPSK, QAM using various decoding techniques has been analysed. Decoding algorithms like ZF, MMSE and ML have been analysed with respect to their BER performances. Since, there is throughput loss in cooperative MIMO due to extra resources required for relaying, adaptive modulation has been used with C-MIMO to meet the demands for high data rates in Long Term Evolution Network. Sukhreet Kaur | Dr. Amita Soni"New Adaptive Cooperative-MIMO for LTE Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12919.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/12919/new-adaptive-cooperative-mimo-for-lte-technology/sukhreet-kaur
A Potent MIMO–OFDM System Designed for Optimum BER and its Performance Anal...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Ber analysis of 2x2 mimo spatial multiplexing under awgn and rician channels ...ijwmn
Multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems use multiple antennas at transmitting and
receiving end to offer improved capacity and data rate over single antenna systems in multipath channels.
In this paper we have investigated the Spatial Multiplexing technique of MIMO systems. Here different
fading channels like AWGN and Rician are used for analysis purpose. Moreover we analyzed the technique
using high level modulations (i.e. M-PSK for different values of M). Detection algorithms used are Zero-
Forcing and Minimum mean square estimator. Performance is analyzed in terms of BER (bit error rate) vs.
SNR (signal to noise ratio).
MIMO System Performance Evaluation for High Data Rate Wireless Networks usin...IJMER
Space–time block coding is used for data communication in fading channels by multiple
transmit antennas. Message data is encoded by applying a space–time block code and after the encoding
the data is break into ‘n’ streams of simultaneously transmitted strings through n transmit antennas. The
received signal at the receiver end is the superposition of the n transmitted signals distorted due to noise
.For data recovery maximum likelihood decoding scheme is applied through decoupling of the signals
transmitted from different antennas instead of joint detection. The maximum likelihood decoding scheme
applies the orthogonal structure of the space–time block code (OSTBC) and gives a maximum-likelihood
decoding algorithm based on linear processing at the receiver. In this paper orthogonal space–time
block codes based model is developed using Matlab/Simulink to get the maximum diversity order for a
given number of transmit and receive antennas subject with a simple decoding algorithm.
The simulink block of orthogonal space coding block with space–time block codes is applied with and
without gray coding. The OSTBC codes gives the maximum possible transmission rate for any number of
transmit antennas using any arbitrary real constellation such of M-PSK array. For different complex
constellation of M- PSK space–time block codes are applied that achieve 1/2 and 3/4 of the maximum
possible transmission rate for MIMO transmit antennas using different complex constellations.
Error Rate Analysis of MIMO System Using V Blast Detection Technique in Fadin...IJERA Editor
Wireless communication system with multi- antenna arrays has been a field of intensive analysis on the last years. The appliance of multiple sending antennas and Receiving Antennas either side will considerably enhance the data rate and rate. The review of the performance limitations of MIMO system becomes vital since it will provide lot ideas in understanding and planning the important life MIMO systems. Vertical Bell Laboratories layered space Time (V-BLAST). The thought behind Multiple Input and Multiple Output system is that the signals on the transmitter antennas at one finish and also the receiver antennas at the opposite finish are correlative in such how that the performance (Bit Error Rate or BER) or the info rate (bits/sec) of the wireless communication system for every MIMO subscriber are improved. During this paper we tend to are proposing a technique that evaluates the performance of V-BLAST MIMO system in several thought of Rayleigh attenuation surroundings to urge higher performance of the system. In V- BLAST MIMO system a number of linear detection techniques will be used for interference cancellation. At this point we are using MMSE-IC for the same. Our expected system provide higher error rate performance with the used of matched filter at receiver aspect .The projected system compared within the presence of AWGN. Now matched filter applied on V- BLAST MIMO with MMSE-IC system in fading diversity surroundings.
Design and analysis of mimo system for uwb communicationijwmn
Multiple transmit and receive antennas are used MIMO system. The system creates parallel MIMO
subchannels to transmit independent streams of data under the appropriate channel conditions. Similarly,
Ultrawideband (UWB) communication has attracted great interest for various applications in recent days.
Spatially multiplexed (SM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems gains the spectral efficiency as
well as high data rates without consuming additional power, bandwidth or time slots. In this paper, we
extend the concept of MIMO to UWB systems. The correlated channel for such purpose is considered and
the performance has been analyzed for spatial multiplexing SM-UWB-MIMO system which is required for
estimation. The system performance substantially degrades in the presence of high values of spatial
correlation. To avoid the degradation of such system, it has been designed for virtual UWB-MIMO Time
Reversal (TR) system, so that it is not affected by the transmit correlation. Another novel method to reduce
the effect of correlation has been chosen by taking the Eigen value of the channel matrix for the
computation of the system performance. The result shows its performance.
In this presentation the effect of channel estimation errors on the energy efficiency of a down-link massive multiple-input multiple-output system is investigated and analyzed. The required down-link transmit power of the zero forcing (ZF) and maximum ratio transmission (MRT) precoding schemes are derived and analyzed under imperfect channel state information condition.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
MIMO-OFDM (Multi Input Multi Output- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system is very popular technique for mobile communication. We found that Ergodic channel capacity has some limitation in MIMO-OFDM system. So Ergodic channel capacity optimization is necessary to improve the performance of MIMO-OFDM System.
Performance analysis of negative group delay network using MIMO techniqueTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study introduces comparative consequences that determine the bit error rate enhancements, resultant from adopting a proposed MIMO wireless model in this study. The antenna configurations for this model uses new small microstrip slotted patch antenna with multiple frequency bands at strategic operating frequencies of 2.4, 4.4, and 5.55 respectively. The S11 response of the proposed antenna for IEEE802.11 MIMO wireless network has been highly appropriate to be adopted with MIMO antenna system. The negative group delay (NGD) response is the most significant feature for projected MIMO antenna. The NGD stands for a counterintuitive singularity that interacts time advancement with wave propagation. These improvements are employed for increasing a reliability of instantly conveyed data streams, enhance the capacity of the wireless configuration and decrease the bit error rate (BER) of adopted wireless system. In addition to antenna scattering response, the enhancements have been analysed in term of BER for different MIMO topologies.
Bit Error Rate Performance of MIMO Spatial Multiplexing with MPSK Modulation ...ijsrd.com
Wireless communication is one of the most effective areas of technology development of our time. Wireless communications today covers a very wide array of applications. In this, we study the performance of general MIMO system, the general V-BLAST architecture with MPSK Modulation in Rayleigh fading channels. Based on bit error rate, we show the performance of the 2x2 schemes with MPSK Modulation in noisy environment. We also show the bit error rate performance of 2x2, 3x3, 4x4 systems with BPSK modulation. We see that the bit error rate performance of 2x2 systems with QPSK modulation gives us the best performance among other schemes analysed here.
2 ijaems nov-2015-3-study on the relationship between tourism economy and eco...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
With the rapid development of the tourism industry, the tourism industry in the national economy status is particularly important. This paper collects the relevant statistical data from 2013 to 1978 in Hunan Province, using regression analysis and variance analysis to study the relationship between regional tourism economy and economic growth. The results show that there is a high intensity of positive linear relationship between tourism economy and economic growth in Hunan Province, and the average level of GDP will increase by 972380000 yuan per 100000000 yuan.
Learning for digital natives by Lukas Ritzel, SwitzerlandLukas Ritzel
Talk at 4th GERA conference at Khalsa College of Education, Amritsar in November, 2015 on the theme "EDUCATION: WITHIN AND BEYOND THE CLASSROOM" by Honorary Member - 1 Lukas O Ritzel, Accenture, Guest Professor with HWZ, Grenoble Graduate School of Business, Harvard, Speaker TEDx, Lucerne http://thegera.in/
With help of some 3 brightest young India professionals which I am proud to know and call friends > Shweta, Gautam & Kaushal
Building a home security system with Microsoft Azure, Surfrace RT, Raspberry PI and Windows Phone, Thomas Huber, Principal Consultant Trivadis & Microsoft Most Valuable Professional (MVP). Conférence donnée dans le cadre du Swiss Data Forum, du 24 novembre 2015 à Lausanne
ELA ha realizado un trabajo para informar de la potencialidad de Euskal Herria para crear 106.000 empleos verdes. Además de informar sobre esto, el sindicato exigirá a las administraciones públicas que cumpla las condiciones imprescindibles para que estos empleos sean una realidad. Para crear estos empleos verdes será indispensable una apuesta por la sostenibilidad.
A Potent MIMO–OFDM System Designed for Optimum BER and its Performance Anal...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
MIMO Channel Estimation Using the LS and MMSE AlgorithmIOSRJECE
Wireless Communication Technology has developed over the past few yearsfor other objectives.The Multiple InputMultiple Output (MIMO) is one of techniques that is used to enhancethe data rates, in which multiple antennas are employed both the transmitter and receiver. Multiple signals are transmitted from different antennas at the transmitter using the same frequency and separated space. Various channel estimation techniques are employed in order to judge the physical effects of the medium present. In this paper, we analyze and implementvarious estimation techniques for MIMO Systems such as Least Squares (LS), Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE),these techniques are therefore compared to effectively estimate the channel in MIMO System. The results demonstrate that SNR required to support different values of bit error rate varies depending on different low correlation between the transmitting and the receiving antennas .In addition, it is illustrated that when the number of transmitter and receiver antennas increases, the performance of TBCE schemes significantly improves. The Same behavior isalso observed for MIMO system. Performance of both MMSE and LSestimation are the same for allkinds of modulation at small value of SNR but the more we increase the SNR value the more performance gap goes on increasing.
Performance Enhancement in SU and MU MIMO-OFDM Technique for Wireless Communi...IJECEIAES
The consistent demand for higher data rates and need to send giant volumes of data while not compromising the quality of communication has led the development of a new generations of wireless systems. But range and data rate limitations are there in wireless devices. In an attempt to beat these limitations, Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) systems will be used which also increase diversity and improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of wireless systems. They additionally increase the channel capacity, increase the transmitted data rate through spatial multiplexing, and/or reduce interference from other users. MIMO systems therefore create a promising communication system because of their high transmission rates without additional bandwidth or transmit power and robustness against multipath fading. This paper provides the overview of Multiuser MIMO system. A detailed review on how to increase performance of system and reduce the bit error rate (BER) in different fading environment e.g. Rayleigh fading, Rician fading, Nakagami fading, composite fading.
Performance Analysis of MIMO-LTE for MQAM over Fading ChannelsIOSRJECE
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) wireless standards which uses the standard OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation, MU-MIMO (Multiuser Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology and different multipath fading models. LTE uses the spectrum more efficiently to deliver high speed data. This paper characterizes the downlink performance of LTE. The MIMO technology which provides high data rate applications to the users made a breakthrough in wireless communication and is defined in the LTE standard. The performance is characterized in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate). In this paper the LTE system is modelled and simulated using MATLAB and the BER for 2×2 and 4×4 MIMO-LTE using 16QAM and 64QAM modulation schemes for Rayleigh fading environment are obtained against different SNR values.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The aim of this paper is to determine the viability of Indoor Optical Wireless Communication System. This paper introduces Visible Light Communication along with its merits, demerits and applications. Then the main characteristics of VLC system are described, around which the project is designed. Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) technique is used in the project in order to enhance the data rate of transmission. Instead of using a system of only one LED and one APD, which transmits only one bit at a time, a system of 4 LEDs and 4 APDs is introduced, which increases the data rates by 300% from the previous case. We observe the signal, noise, SNR, BER etc. across the room dimension. Finally, in the last chapter we summarize our results on the basis of MATLAB simulations and propose some modifications to this model that can be implemented in future.
Analyses and performance of techniques papr reduction for stbc mimo ofdm syst...ijwmn
An OFDM system is combined with multiple-input mult
iple-output (MIMO) in order to increase the
diversity gain and system capacity over the time va
riant frequency-selective channels. However, a maj
or
drawback of MIMO-OFDM system is that the transmitte
d signals on different antennas might exhibit high
peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR).In this paper, w
e present a PAPR analysis reduction of space-time-
block-coded (STBC) MIMO-OFDM system for 4G wireless
networks. Several techniques have been used to
reduce the PAPR of the (STBC) MIMOOFDM system: clip
ping and filtering, partial transmit sequence
(PTS) and selected mapping (SLM). Simulation result
s show that clipping and filtering provides a bette
r
PAPR reduction than the others methods and only SLM
technique conserve the PAPR reduction in
reception part of signal.
Improvement of MFSK -BER Performance Using MIMO Technology on Multipath Non L...theijes
Digital communications has evolved rapidly with a lot of success. The new trend seems to be the reinvention of already existing and even discredited or discarded theories or in this case, channels. Extensive research into optimizing or enhancing already existing schemes is still gaining momentum with practical results for all to experience and utilize. This paper describes the design and BER performance of an M-ary frequency shift keyed (FSK) signaling and demodulation scheme improved by MIMO antenna technology for wireless communications. MFSK and MIMO systems were briefly reviewed including AWGN, Non LOS fading and an important factor employed to estimate the performance of digital transmission. The research was performed using MATLAB for simulation and evaluation of the BER
Grayscale Image Transmission over Rayleigh Fading Channel in a MIMO System Us...IJERA Editor
The consistent demand for higher data rates and ability to send large volumes of data without compromising the quality of communication has led the development of a new generations of wireless systems. But range and data rate limitations are there in wireless devices. In an effort to overcome these limitations, Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) systems can be used which also increase diversity and improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of wireless systems. They also increase the channel capacity, increase the transmitted data rate through spatial multiplexing, and/or reduce interference from other users. MIMO systems thus make a promising communication systems because of their high transmission rates without additional bandwidth or transmit power and robustness against multipath fading. This paper focuses on transmission of an image file using 2x2 MIMO system that achieves a full diversity gain using Alamouti’s Space Time Block Coding technique for 2 transmitting antennas and 2 receiving antennas. Different modulation techniques viz. BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM are used and performances has been evaluated in terms of BER vs. SNR to find out the best modulation technique in a given environment. Space-Time Codes have been used which in addition to the time and spectral domain, also exploit the spatial domain. Simple maximum likelihood decoding algorithm is used at the receiver side to decode the received encoded signal.
Channel Estimation Techniques in MIMO-OFDM LTE SystemsCauses and Effects of C...IJERA Editor
There is an increasing demand for high data transmission rates with the evolution of the very large scale integration (VLSI) technology. The multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems are used to fulfill these requirements because of their unique properties such as high spectral efficiency, high data rate and resistance towards multipath propagation. MIMO-OFDM systems are finding their applications in the modern wireless communication systems like IEEE 802.11n, 4G and LTE. They also offer reliable communication with the increased coverage area. The bottleneck to the MIMO-OFDM systems is the estimation of the channel state information (CSI). This can be estimated with the help of any one of the Training Based, Semiblind and Blind Channel estimation algorithms. This paper presents various channel estimation algorithms, optimization techniques and their effective utilization in MIMO-OFDM for modern wireless LTE systems.
IMPLEMENTATION OF LINEAR DETECTION TECHNIQUES TO OVERCOME CHANNEL EFFECTS IN ...IJCI JOURNAL
Spatial diversity technique enables improvement in quality and reliability of wireless link. Antenna
diversity along with understanding effects of channel on transmitted signal and methods to overcome the
channel impairment plays an important role in wireless communication where sharing of channel occurs
between users. In this paper single input single output system (SISO) is compared with multiple input
multiple output system (MIMO) in terms of bit error rate performance. Bit error rate performance is also
evaluated for MIMO with least squares (LS) and Minimum mean square error (MMSE) linear detection.
Further analysis and simulation is done to understand the effect of channel imperfections on BER.
Multicarrier modulation can be implemented by using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) to achieve utmost bandwidth exploitation and soaring alleviation attributes profile besides multipath fading. To support delay sensitive and band bandwidth demanding multimedia applications and internet services, MIMO in addition with other techniques can be used to achieve high capacity and reliability. To obtain high spatial rate by transmitting data on several antennas by using MIMO with OFDM results in reducing error recovery features and the equalization complexities arise by sending data on varying frequency levels. Three parameters frequency OFDM, Spatial (MIMO) and time (STC) can be used to achieve diversity in MIMO-OFDM. This technique is dynamic and well-known for services of wireless broadband access. MIMO if used with OFDM is highly beneficial for each scheme and provides high throughput. There are several space time block codes to exploit MIMO OFDM; one of the techniques is called Alamouti Codes. The paper investigates adaptive Alamouti Codes and their application in IEEE 802.11n.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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1 ijaems nov-2015-1-a comparative performance analysis of 4x4 mimo-ofdm system using spatial multiplexing under various wireless channels
1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-1, Issue-8, Nov- 2015]
ISSN : 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 1
A comparative Performance Analysis of 4x4
MIMO-OFDM system using Spatial
Multiplexing under various Wireless Channels
Kishore Kumar Mali
M.Tech. Scholar, Department of ECE, College of Technology and Engineering, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
Abstract— Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
technology refers to wireless communication systems
employing multiple antennas at either the transmitter end
or the receiver end or both. In recent times, use of
multiple transmit and receive antenna for enhancing
spectral efficiency in a wireless system has established
much interest in research field. The solution to obtain
superior data rates and better range performance at the
same time is OFDM integrated with MIMO technique
which is based on IEEE 802.11n standard. The main
trouble in front of the wireless multipath propagation is
the interference between information symbols transmitted
through neighbouring channels also called as Inter
Symbol Interference (ISI). This could be avoided if we use
OFDM technology. Thus MIMO combined with OFDM
has got significant importance in future wireless
communication system. The major properties of MIMO
system involve Spatial Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing
which are the main factors to discuss and matter of
concern to achieve reliability and high speed data rate. In
this paper, we study the performance gain of MIMO-
OFDM systems. The main investigation carried out in the
following paper is to deal with various Wireless channel
models in Spatial Multiplexing (SM) mode. The paper
deals with MIMO-OFDM system analysis in various
Wireless channel models (Rayleigh, Rician, Nakagami
and 3GPP channel Environment) focusing on error rate
performance, throughput and Spectral gain in 4x4 MIMO
scheme under OFDM system. Evaluation of Bit Error
Rate and throughput with respect to varying Eb/No for
4x4 MIMO-OFDM in Spatial Multiplexing mode,
employing 16 QAM modulation with N=128 OFDM
subcarriers employing MMSE detection, is the baseline of
this paper.
Keywords— 3GPP, MIMO, MMSE, OFDM, QAM, SM,
Eb/No
I. INTRODUCTION
Next generation wireless communication system will
demand purely high speed communication links, high
quality multimedia and data services with high efficiency
and reliability. In order to achieve high bit data rate
services such as online gaming, video conferencing or
web browsing, the next generation wireless
communication systems would have to improve their
range, quality of service (QoS), bandwidth, throughput
and power efficiency [1]. MIMO has been standardized
for 3G, 4G wireless LANs and is now in far flung
commercial use. Multiple Input Multiple Output
technology has achieved widespread attention in recent
years as a promising wireless technology. Such systems
offer the dual benefits of wireless channel fading
mitigation through diversity reception and link throughput
enhancement through Spatial Multiplexing [2]. The SM is
typically well suited to users with good channel
conditions that is, to users near the cell centre with a high
signal-to-noise ratio [3]. One of the most key feature of
wireless channels is Multipath propagation. The faster the
data rate, the higher the probability that multipath
propagation will cause Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)
[2]. Due to the multipath propagation, signal suffers rapid
and severe fluctuations in amplitude and phase. The
solution to obtain noteworthy superior data rates and
enhanced range performance at the same time is MIMO-
OFDM which is based on 802.11n standard. This
increases the link capacity by concurrently transmitting
multiple data streams using multiple transmit and receive
antennas. OFDM is the technique which is used to
mitigate the multipath propagation problem and MIMO is
useful for the efficient usage of spectral bandwidth thus
combining these techniques results in wireless system that
has best spectral coverage, reliable transmission in highly
obstructive wireless environment. By multiplying spectral
efficiency, MIMO-OFDM opens the door to a range of
new applications and enables more cost-effective
implementation for existing applications [4].
For our simulation MATLAB simulation tool is utilized
which played a significant role to achieve required results.
In this paper MATLAB R2015a version is used for
simulation of Bit Error Rate and throughput for different
channel environment.
2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol
www.ijaems.com
II. OVERVIEW OF SPATIAL
MULTIPLEXING MODE (SM)
Spatial multiplexing obeys space-time diversity technique
whose foundation design is to transmit independent
information links from each transmit antenna. Spatial
multiplexing can offer an increase in the transmission rate
and spectral efficiency, because each spatial channel
carries independent data, thereby escalating the data rate
of the system. To achieve this goal, we may opt to place
different portions of the information on different spatial
paths, providing improved data rate of the system.
spatial multiplexing, if the scattering by the environment
is well enough, multiple independent spatial links are
formed in the same allocated bandwidth. Thus the
multiplexing gain, also referred as number of deg
freedom, comes at no extra cost on bandwidth or power.
Multiplexing gain or degrees of freedom in a MIMO
configuration is equal to min (m,n) where m is the
number of transmit antennas and n is the number of
receive antennas [5].
Fig. 2 displays a simple spatial multiplexing system using
a 2x2 MIMO system. In this study, the first information
symbol, s0, is transmitted from the transmit antenna Tx0,
and the second information symbol, s1, is transmitted
from transmit antenna, Tx1. During the first symb
the propagation of these two data symbols occurs
concurrently. The data symbols s2 and s3 are concurrently
transmitted during the next symbol time. In this action,
alternate symbols are sent from each antenna and each
symbol is only transmitted once, providing doubled data
rate. Compared to STC, this technique is entirely different
as no information symbols are repeated over two symbol
times across the two antennas. Here, it is assumed that
antennas are properly placed so that fading coefficients
are different. A complex wireless fading coefficient h00
exist between Tx0 to Rx0. A complex wireless fading
coefficient h10 exist between Tx0 to Rx1
analogous relationship between Tx1 and the remaining
two receive antennas resulting four non-identical complex
fading coefficients h00, h01, h10 and h11 [6].
After transmitting all the data symbols through the
channel using spatial multiplexing, the receiver receive
the signal r0, at antenna Rx0, as an addition of the s
s1 information symbols, corrupted with complex fading
coefficients H00 and H01 respectively. Concurrently, the
Rx1 receives s0 and s1 affected with complex fading
coefficients, H10 and H11 respectively. Here, we are
neglecting the effect of noise. Therefore received signal at
each received antenna can be modeled as
… 1
… 2
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol
OVERVIEW OF SPATIAL
MULTIPLEXING MODE (SM)
time diversity technique
whose foundation design is to transmit independent
information links from each transmit antenna. Spatial
ransmission rate
each spatial channel
, thereby escalating the data rate
of the system. To achieve this goal, we may opt to place
on different spatial
viding improved data rate of the system. In
spatial multiplexing, if the scattering by the environment
is well enough, multiple independent spatial links are
formed in the same allocated bandwidth. Thus the
multiplexing gain, also referred as number of degree of
freedom, comes at no extra cost on bandwidth or power.
Multiplexing gain or degrees of freedom in a MIMO
configuration is equal to min (m,n) where m is the
number of transmit antennas and n is the number of
mple spatial multiplexing system using
a 2x2 MIMO system. In this study, the first information
symbol, s0, is transmitted from the transmit antenna Tx0,
and the second information symbol, s1, is transmitted
from transmit antenna, Tx1. During the first symbol time
the propagation of these two data symbols occurs
concurrently. The data symbols s2 and s3 are concurrently
transmitted during the next symbol time. In this action,
alternate symbols are sent from each antenna and each
e, providing doubled data
Compared to STC, this technique is entirely different
as no information symbols are repeated over two symbol
Here, it is assumed that
antennas are properly placed so that fading coefficients
are different. A complex wireless fading coefficient h00
A complex wireless fading
coefficient h10 exist between Tx0 to Rx1. There is an
relationship between Tx1 and the remaining
identical complex
fading coefficients h00, h01, h10 and h11 [6].
After transmitting all the data symbols through the
channel using spatial multiplexing, the receiver receives
the signal r0, at antenna Rx0, as an addition of the s0 and
information symbols, corrupted with complex fading
respectively. Concurrently, the
affected with complex fading
respectively. Here, we are
Therefore received signal at
The spatial signatures of the two signals, r0 and r1 are
separated under favourable
section, having knowledge of the channel state, can easily
recover symbols s0 and s1by further signal processing. If
there are m transmit antenna a
equation can be rewritten in the following matrix form,
....
…
....
....
…
In order to recover the information from the received
signals, the channel coefficient matrix [H] needs to be
inverted. The matrix inversion becomes difficult if the
channel coefficients in [H] are highly correlated [6].
Fig. 1: 2x2 MIMO systems employing Spatial
Multiplexing
III. MIMO WITH ORTHOGONAL
FREQUENCY DIVISION
The motivation behind the MIMO system is to achieve
higher throughput and the motivation behind the OFDM
system is to convert frequency selective into set of
parallel flat fading channels. OFDM compensates for
Inter symbol Interference (ISI),
for its diversity/multiplexing benefits. So we couple the
ability of both the system to achieve high throughput as
well as simplified processing at the receiver that is
converting the frequency selective channel into the set of
parallel flat fading channels. Hence, MIMO
combination MIMO communication with OFDM. Similar
to OFDM, MIMO-OFDM converts a frequency selective
MIMO channel into multiple parallel flat fading channels.
From the theory of OFDM, in a MIMO
IDFT and IFFT operation has to be performed at each
transmit antenna. Multiple Transmit antennas are used to
transmit data modulated by OFDM in a MIMO
system. At the receiver, after OFDM demodulation, the
signal are detected back by decoding every sub
from all the transmit antennas [7].
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-1, Issue-8, Nov- 2015]
ISSN : 2454-1311
Page | 2
The spatial signatures of the two signals, r0 and r1 are
favourable conditions. The receiver
section, having knowledge of the channel state, can easily
recover symbols s0 and s1by further signal processing. If
there are m transmit antenna and n receive antenna then
equation can be rewritten in the following matrix form,
....
....
....
… 3
In order to recover the information from the received
e channel coefficient matrix [H] needs to be
inverted. The matrix inversion becomes difficult if the
channel coefficients in [H] are highly correlated [6].
Fig. 1: 2x2 MIMO systems employing Spatial
Multiplexing
MIMO WITH ORTHOGONAL
FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
The motivation behind the MIMO system is to achieve
higher throughput and the motivation behind the OFDM
system is to convert frequency selective into set of
parallel flat fading channels. OFDM compensates for
Inter symbol Interference (ISI), while MIMO is employed
for its diversity/multiplexing benefits. So we couple the
ability of both the system to achieve high throughput as
well as simplified processing at the receiver that is
converting the frequency selective channel into the set of
lel flat fading channels. Hence, MIMO-OFDM is a
combination MIMO communication with OFDM. Similar
OFDM converts a frequency selective
MIMO channel into multiple parallel flat fading channels.
From the theory of OFDM, in a MIMO-OFDM system,
FT and IFFT operation has to be performed at each
transmit antenna. Multiple Transmit antennas are used to
transmit data modulated by OFDM in a MIMO-OFDM
system. At the receiver, after OFDM demodulation, the
signal are detected back by decoding every sub-channels
from all the transmit antennas [7].
3. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol
www.ijaems.com
3.1 MIMO-OFDM Operations
3.1.1 Transmitter Section
S/P Demux for Transmit Antennas: Serial to parallel
Demultiplexing of the data bits for the transmit
antennas.
16-QAM Modulator: It converts the data into a
sequence of modulated symbols in complex format.
S/P Demux: On each transmit antenna, symbols are
again demultiplexed for further IFFT operation.
N pt IFFT: On Each block of symbol, N point IFFT is
performed. IFFT operation is used to shift the signal
from time domain to frequency domain. It takes N
input symbols at one time where N is the number of
subcarriers in the system.
P/S: After N point IFFT, symbols are multiplexed by
parallel to serial convertor.
CP: The symbols are added with cyclic prefix.
Fig. 2: OFDM signal with cyclic prefix
By this manner, each symbol is processed and transmitted
to tth
antennas.
3.1.2 Receiver Section
In the similar fashion corresponding receiver operations
are performed in MIMO-OFDM.
CP: Added Cyclic prefix are removed from the
symbols.
Fig. 3: Removal of cyclic prefix from OFDM signal
16-QAM Demodulator: It converts modulated data
into a sequence of demodulated symbols.
S/P Demux: On each receive antenna, symbols are
demultiplexed for further FFT operation.
N pt FFT: On Each block of symbol, N point FFT is
performed. FFT block is employed to shift the
received time-domain signal into frequency
MIMO Detection: On each OFDM sub
MIMO detection is performed. Appropriate
technique is employed on each OFDM subcarriers.
P/S Mux: After MIMO detection, symbols are
multiplexed by parallel to serial convertor.
Corresponding symbol blocks are decoded at P/S
Demultiplexer.
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol
S/P Demux for Transmit Antennas: Serial to parallel
Demultiplexing of the data bits for the transmit
QAM Modulator: It converts the data into a
ence of modulated symbols in complex format.
S/P Demux: On each transmit antenna, symbols are
again demultiplexed for further IFFT operation.
N pt IFFT: On Each block of symbol, N point IFFT is
performed. IFFT operation is used to shift the signal
e domain to frequency domain. It takes N
input symbols at one time where N is the number of
P/S: After N point IFFT, symbols are multiplexed by
CP: The symbols are added with cyclic prefix.
OFDM signal with cyclic prefix
By this manner, each symbol is processed and transmitted
In the similar fashion corresponding receiver operations
CP: Added Cyclic prefix are removed from the
cyclic prefix from OFDM signal
QAM Demodulator: It converts modulated data
into a sequence of demodulated symbols.
S/P Demux: On each receive antenna, symbols are
for further FFT operation.
N pt FFT: On Each block of symbol, N point FFT is
performed. FFT block is employed to shift the
domain signal into frequency-domain.
MIMO Detection: On each OFDM sub-channel
MIMO detection is performed. Appropriate detection
technique is employed on each OFDM subcarriers.
P/S Mux: After MIMO detection, symbols are
multiplexed by parallel to serial convertor.
Corresponding symbol blocks are decoded at P/S
IV. FLOW CHART OF THE PROPOSED
Fig. 4: Algorithm flowchart
Transmitter
Section
OFDM symbols corrupted by channel H
and AWGN noise
Generate channel coefficients
Append cyclic prefix
IFFT operation
Generate Transmit signal vectors for
Transmit Antennas
Create Modulation Object
Generate Random Stream for channel
Define QAM Modulation order
Specify Bit Energy to Noise Ratio
Specify Number of Subcarriers
Input the Number of Transmit and Receive
Antennas
Receiver
Section
BER and Throughput Calculation
MIMO-MMSE Detection
FFT operation
Create Demodulation Object
Remove cyclic prefix
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-1, Issue-8, Nov- 2015]
ISSN : 2454-1311
Page | 3
FLOW CHART OF THE PROPOSED
WORK
Algorithm flowchart
Transmitter
Section
OFDM symbols corrupted by channel H
and AWGN noise
Generate channel coefficients
Append cyclic prefix
IFFT operation
Generate Transmit signal vectors for
Transmit Antennas
Create Modulation Object
Generate Random Stream for channel
Define QAM Modulation order
Specify Bit Energy to Noise Ratio
Specify Number of Subcarriers
Input the Number of Transmit and Receive
Antennas
Receiver
Section
BER and Throughput Calculation
MMSE Detection
FFT operation
Create Demodulation Object
Remove cyclic prefix
4. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol
www.ijaems.com
V. SIMULATION PARAMETERS AND
RESULTS
In the following analysis, a 4x4 configuration for MIMO
OFDM is incorporated i.e. m=4 transmit antennas and
n=4 receive antennas. This simulation analysis integrates
baseband transmission with MIMO-OFDM using 40MHz
bandwidth. The Eb/No assessments are divided into three
categories i.e. low Eb/No (1-5) dB, medium Eb/No (5
dB and high Eb/No (>10) dB. Table 1 enlists the
simulation parameters and their corresponding
specifications.
Table 1: Simulation parameters
Parameters Specifications
Model MIMO-OFDM
Transmission Mode Spatial Multiplexing (SM)
Number of Transmit
Antennas (m)
4
Number of Receive
Antennas (n)
4
Number of Subcarriers
(N)
128
Modulation 16 QAM
Detection Scheme MMSE
Bandwidth 40 MHz
Channel type Rayleigh, Rician,
Nakagami, 3GPP channel
Models
5.1 Comparative analysis of BER vs Eb/No under
various Wireless channels in a MIMO-
with m=n=4 in SM Mode with N=128 Subcarriers
Fig. 5: Comparative analysis of BER vs Eb/No for
MIMO-OFDM-SM system under various Wireless
channel Environment
In the following observation, the comparative analysis of
BER vs Eb/No for various Wireless channels for a
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol
SIMULATION PARAMETERS AND
In the following analysis, a 4x4 configuration for MIMO-
OFDM is incorporated i.e. m=4 transmit antennas and
analysis integrates
OFDM using 40MHz
bandwidth. The Eb/No assessments are divided into three
5) dB, medium Eb/No (5-10)
dB and high Eb/No (>10) dB. Table 1 enlists the
heir corresponding
Table 1: Simulation parameters
Specifications
OFDM
Spatial Multiplexing (SM)
Rayleigh, Rician,
Nakagami, 3GPP channel
5.1 Comparative analysis of BER vs Eb/No under
-OFDM system
Subcarriers
Fig. 5: Comparative analysis of BER vs Eb/No for
SM system under various Wireless
In the following observation, the comparative analysis of
BER vs Eb/No for various Wireless channels for a
MIMO-OFDM system with
carried out with N=128 subcarriers.
An alluring observation in this fig. 5 is that
simulation result with respect to BER in Rician
fading channel is better than Rayleigh, Nakagami,
Sub-Urban Macrocell, Urban Macrocell and Urban
Microcell channel Environment respectively.
A very significant amount of performance
improvement in terms of BER is observed in
Rayleigh and Rician fading channels, when the
system embedded with N=128 subcarriers is utilized
in low Eb/No region (1
conditions deteriorates or in a scenario where the
signal component is bound to experience distortion
and deep fading.
It is noteworthy to observe that in Nakagami, Sub
Urban Macrocell, Urban Macrocell and Urban
Microcell channel Environment, system e
N=128 subcarriers provides significant reduction in
BER in medium Eb/No region (5
It is observed that Rician fading Environment
achieved BER of 10-4
Rayleigh fading Environment achieved BER of 10
at 4.5 dB. For Nakagami, Sub
Urban Macrocell and Urban Microcell channel
Environment BER of 10
dB, 7.2 dB and 9 dB respectively.
Another appealing observation in this fig. 5 is that in
Rician fading channel BER of 10
dB which provides best result. In Nakagami fading
channel BER of 10-4
is achieved at 6.5 dB which
provides moderate result and Urban Microcell
channel Environment achieved BER of 10
which provides poorest result among all channel
environments. Table 2 enlists the required Eb/No to
reach a target BER of 10
Table 2: Comparative analysis of required Eb/No to
reach a target BER of 10
channel
Channel
Environment
EB/No (dB)
Rician 3.3
Nakagami 6.5
Urban Microcell 9
5.2 Comparative analysis of Throughput vs Eb/No
under various Wireless channels in a MIMO
system with m=n=4 in SM mode with N=128
Subcarriers
The following observation illustrates the comparative
analysis of Throughput vs Eb/No for various Wireless
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-1, Issue-8, Nov- 2015]
ISSN : 2454-1311
Page | 4
OFDM system with m=n=4 in SM Mode is
carried out with N=128 subcarriers.
An alluring observation in this fig. 5 is that
simulation result with respect to BER in Rician
fading channel is better than Rayleigh, Nakagami,
Urban Macrocell, Urban Macrocell and Urban
ll channel Environment respectively.
A very significant amount of performance
improvement in terms of BER is observed in
Rayleigh and Rician fading channels, when the
system embedded with N=128 subcarriers is utilized
in low Eb/No region (1-5) dB where channel
conditions deteriorates or in a scenario where the
signal component is bound to experience distortion
It is noteworthy to observe that in Nakagami, Sub-
Urban Macrocell, Urban Macrocell and Urban
Microcell channel Environment, system enabled with
N=128 subcarriers provides significant reduction in
BER in medium Eb/No region (5-10) dB.
It is observed that Rician fading Environment
at nearly 3.3 dB whereas
Rayleigh fading Environment achieved BER of 10-4
r Nakagami, Sub-Urban Macrocell,
Urban Macrocell and Urban Microcell channel
Environment BER of 10-4
is achieved at 6.5 dB, 7
dB, 7.2 dB and 9 dB respectively.
Another appealing observation in this fig. 5 is that in
Rician fading channel BER of 10-4
is achieved at 3.3
dB which provides best result. In Nakagami fading
is achieved at 6.5 dB which
provides moderate result and Urban Microcell
channel Environment achieved BER of 10-4
at 9 dB
which provides poorest result among all channel
ironments. Table 2 enlists the required Eb/No to
reach a target BER of 10-4
among all channels.
Table 2: Comparative analysis of required Eb/No to
reach a target BER of 10-4
under different Wireless
channel
EB/No (dB) Performance
Best
Moderate
Worst
5.2 Comparative analysis of Throughput vs Eb/No
under various Wireless channels in a MIMO-OFDM
system with m=n=4 in SM mode with N=128
The following observation illustrates the comparative
analysis of Throughput vs Eb/No for various Wireless
5. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol
www.ijaems.com
channels in a MIMO-OFDM system with m=n=4 in SM
mode with N=128 subcarriers.
It can be clearly seen from the fig. 6 that the
simulation result of throughput in Rician fading
channel is better than Rayleigh, Nakagami, Sub
Urban Macrocell, Urban Macrocell and Urban
Microcell channel Environment respectively.
As it can be observed that in Rician fading channel,
maximum throughput is achieved at 4 dB wher
Rayleigh fading channel maximum throughput is
achieved at 6 dB. For Nakagami, Sub
Macrocell, Urban Macrocell and Urban Microcell
channel Environment maximum throughput is
achieved at 8 dB, 8 dB, 9 dB and 10 dB respectively.
Fig. 6: Comparative analysis of Throughput vs Eb/No for
MIMO-OFDM-SM system under various Wireless
channel
An enthralling observation in this fig. 6 is that Rician
fading channel achieves maximum throughput at
lowest Eb/No of 4 dB, providing best result. In
Nakagami and Sub-Urban Macrocell Environment,
maximum throughput is achieved at 8 dB. Urban
Microcell channel Environment achieves maximum
throughput at Eb/No of 10 dB which is greatest from
all channels, providing worst result.
Table 3: Comparative analysis of variation of minimum
throughput among different channel Environment
Channel
Environment
Throughput
(Mbps)
Performance
Rician 637 Best
Nakagami 621 Moderate
Urban Microcell 604 Worst
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol
OFDM system with m=n=4 in SM
It can be clearly seen from the fig. 6 that the
oughput in Rician fading
channel is better than Rayleigh, Nakagami, Sub-
Urban Macrocell, Urban Macrocell and Urban
Microcell channel Environment respectively.
As it can be observed that in Rician fading channel,
maximum throughput is achieved at 4 dB whereas in
Rayleigh fading channel maximum throughput is
achieved at 6 dB. For Nakagami, Sub-Urban
Macrocell, Urban Macrocell and Urban Microcell
channel Environment maximum throughput is
achieved at 8 dB, 8 dB, 9 dB and 10 dB respectively.
ive analysis of Throughput vs Eb/No for
SM system under various Wireless
An enthralling observation in this fig. 6 is that Rician
fading channel achieves maximum throughput at
lowest Eb/No of 4 dB, providing best result. In
Urban Macrocell Environment,
maximum throughput is achieved at 8 dB. Urban
Microcell channel Environment achieves maximum
throughput at Eb/No of 10 dB which is greatest from
tion of minimum
throughput among different channel Environment
Performance
Best
Moderate
Worst
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the Performance analysis in terms of BER
and Throughput in MIMO Spatial Multiplexing integrated
with OFDM system for various Wireless channel models
has been addressed. In SM mode, when number of
subcarriers (N=128) was employed then Rician fading
Environment achieved BER of 10
provides best result. In Nakagami fading Environment
BER of 10-4
is achieved at 6.5 dB which provides
moderate result and Urban Microcell channel
Environment achieved BER of 10
provides poorest result among all channel environments.
A very significant amount of performance improvement
in terms of BER is observed in Rayleigh and Rician
fading channels, when the system embedded with N=128
subcarriers is utilized in low Eb/No region (1
channel conditions deteriorates or in a scenario wh
signal component is bound to experience distortion and
deep fading. In Nakagami, Sub
Macrocell and Urban Microcell channel Environment,
system enabled with N=128 subcarriers provides
significant reduction in BER in medium Eb/
10) dB. It was also found that the minimum throughput
offered by the system changes with variation in the
channel environment in SM mode. It was observed that
by increasing the number of subcarriers (N), Eb/No
decreases at the same Bit Error
REFERENCES
[1] K. Volker. “Wireless Communications over MIMO
Channels Application to CDMA and Multiple
Antenna Systems”, Rostock University, Germany,
John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
[2] E. Biglieri, R. Calderbank, A. Constantinides, A.
Goldsmith, A. Paulraj and H
Communications”. Published in the United States of
America by Cambridge University Press, New York.
[3] R. Suthar, P.C. Bapna and S. Joshi. “A Comparative
Performance Analysis of Spatial Multiplexing and
Transmit Diversity Approaches for
Correlation based Channel”. In: Proceedings of
International Journal of Computer Applications
(0975 – 8887), 2014.
[4] M. Gulzar, R. Nawaz and D. Thapa.
“Implementation of MIMO
WiMAX”. Master’s Thesis, Linnaus University,
Kalmar, 2011.
[5] L. Zheng and D. Tse. “Diversity and Multiplexing: A
Fundamental Tradeoff in Multiple
Channels”. In: Proceedings of IEEE transactions on
Information Theory, Vol. 49, No. 5, May 2003.
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-1, Issue-8, Nov- 2015]
ISSN : 2454-1311
Page | 5
CONCLUSION
In this paper, the Performance analysis in terms of BER
Throughput in MIMO Spatial Multiplexing integrated
with OFDM system for various Wireless channel models
has been addressed. In SM mode, when number of
subcarriers (N=128) was employed then Rician fading
Environment achieved BER of 10-4
at 3.3 dB which
ides best result. In Nakagami fading Environment
is achieved at 6.5 dB which provides
moderate result and Urban Microcell channel
Environment achieved BER of 10-4
at 9 dB which
provides poorest result among all channel environments.
ificant amount of performance improvement
in terms of BER is observed in Rayleigh and Rician
fading channels, when the system embedded with N=128
subcarriers is utilized in low Eb/No region (1-5) dB where
channel conditions deteriorates or in a scenario where the
signal component is bound to experience distortion and
deep fading. In Nakagami, Sub-Urban Macrocell, Urban
Macrocell and Urban Microcell channel Environment,
system enabled with N=128 subcarriers provides
significant reduction in BER in medium Eb/No region (5-
10) dB. It was also found that the minimum throughput
offered by the system changes with variation in the
channel environment in SM mode. It was observed that
by increasing the number of subcarriers (N), Eb/No
decreases at the same Bit Error Rate.
REFERENCES
K. Volker. “Wireless Communications over MIMO
Channels Application to CDMA and Multiple
Antenna Systems”, Rostock University, Germany,
John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
E. Biglieri, R. Calderbank, A. Constantinides, A.
Goldsmith, A. Paulraj and H. Poor. “MIMO Wireless
Communications”. Published in the United States of
America by Cambridge University Press, New York.
R. Suthar, P.C. Bapna and S. Joshi. “A Comparative
Performance Analysis of Spatial Multiplexing and
Transmit Diversity Approaches for 2X2 LTE
Correlation based Channel”. In: Proceedings of
nternational Journal of Computer Applications
M. Gulzar, R. Nawaz and D. Thapa.
“Implementation of MIMO-OFDM System for
WiMAX”. Master’s Thesis, Linnaus University,
Diversity and Multiplexing: A
Fundamental Tradeoff in Multiple-Antenna
Channels”. In: Proceedings of IEEE transactions on
Information Theory, Vol. 49, No. 5, May 2003.
6. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-1, Issue-8, Nov- 2015]
ISSN : 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 6
[6] Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2010. “Agilent MIMO
Channel Modeling and Emulation Test Challenges”
Printed in USA, January 22, 2010, 5989-8973EN
[7] Y. Cho, J. Kim, W. Yang and C. Kang. MIMO-
OFDM Wireless Communications with MATLAB.
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Press, 2010.