This document provides an overview of Paul's sermon on Mars Hill in Athens as recorded in Acts 17. It summarizes Paul seeing that the city was full of idols and engaging in discussions with Jews, devout persons, and philosophers in the marketplace. It then shares several passages from Acts 17 detailing Paul addressing the Areopagus and proclaiming the unknown God to them. The document examines some of Paul's redemptive analogies and references used. It also provides historical context on Athens and shares some rabbinic perspectives on prophecy ending with Malachi.
The document discusses the decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan in 1945. It notes that after Japan rejected the Potsdam ultimatum calling for unconditional surrender, the US had no choice but to demonstrate the seriousness of the threat by using "the full application of our military power." The atomic bomb was deemed "an eminently suitable weapon" for this purpose given the successful test in New Mexico and the bomb living up to expectations of its powerful destructive capabilities.
This document discusses whether Jesus fulfilled the prophecies and requirements to be the Messiah according to Jewish scriptures. It examines prophecies about where the Messiah would be born (Bethlehem), how he would be born (of a virgin), when he would come (before AD 70), what he would do (atone for sins), and how he would die (crucifixion). The document analyzes several passages from the Old Testament and argues that Jesus fulfilled these prophecies about the Messiah. It also discusses whether ancient Jews expected the Messiah to be a divine God-man.
The document discusses textual criticism of biblical texts. It outlines the major Hebrew, Greek, and other language manuscripts of the Old and New Testaments. It describes the Masoretic Text, Septuagint, Dead Sea Scrolls, and other texts. It also discusses various types of accidental errors that can occur in manuscripts over time like word divisions, order of letters, and words that sound alike. Finally, it examines approaches the New Testament uses when citing the Old Testament, including single or multiple meanings with multiple fulfillments of prophecies.
The document provides background information on the books of Ezra and Nehemiah, including:
- It summarizes the historical events covered in Ezra and Nehemiah from the Israelites' return from Babylon under Cyrus to the consolidation of Israel under Persian rule.
- It outlines the key figures like Cyrus, Zerubbabel, Jeshua, Ezra, Nehemiah and the Persian kings who ruled over Israel and their relationship to the events.
- It examines Ezra's role as a scribe and scholar who taught the people God's laws and helped establish order and autonomy in Judah with the support of Artaxerxes.
A beginner’s guide to understanding the Bible. This study is intended to show how the Old Testament fits together. For more information please check out my blog. www.thoughtsfromeb.wordpress.com
The document provides commentary on Exodus 6:2-9:35 and contextualizes the passage. It discusses the meaning and significance of key terms used, including explanations of names and numbers mentioned. Some key points summarized:
1) God reveals himself to Moses as YHWH ("I am") and explains this was not known to the patriarchs, who knew him as El Shaddai.
2) YHWH's speech to Moses follows an intricate literary structure centered around "I am YHWH".
3) The names and lifespans of Levi and his sons convey symbolic meanings regarding their role and destiny to teach Israel.
4) Moses expresses doubt in his ability to convince Phara
Journey Through The Bible: Isaiah Part 1- Crisis and FaithResurrection Church
Isaiah was one of the greatest prophets of the Bible. Part One looks at the prophetic process, how do prophets communicate God's messages. During Isaiah's life time Judah faced military and moral crises in which they had to choose between obedience to God's word proclaimed by Isaiah or reliance on strategic alliances.
The document discusses the decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan in 1945. It notes that after Japan rejected the Potsdam ultimatum calling for unconditional surrender, the US had no choice but to demonstrate the seriousness of the threat by using "the full application of our military power." The atomic bomb was deemed "an eminently suitable weapon" for this purpose given the successful test in New Mexico and the bomb living up to expectations of its powerful destructive capabilities.
This document discusses whether Jesus fulfilled the prophecies and requirements to be the Messiah according to Jewish scriptures. It examines prophecies about where the Messiah would be born (Bethlehem), how he would be born (of a virgin), when he would come (before AD 70), what he would do (atone for sins), and how he would die (crucifixion). The document analyzes several passages from the Old Testament and argues that Jesus fulfilled these prophecies about the Messiah. It also discusses whether ancient Jews expected the Messiah to be a divine God-man.
The document discusses textual criticism of biblical texts. It outlines the major Hebrew, Greek, and other language manuscripts of the Old and New Testaments. It describes the Masoretic Text, Septuagint, Dead Sea Scrolls, and other texts. It also discusses various types of accidental errors that can occur in manuscripts over time like word divisions, order of letters, and words that sound alike. Finally, it examines approaches the New Testament uses when citing the Old Testament, including single or multiple meanings with multiple fulfillments of prophecies.
The document provides background information on the books of Ezra and Nehemiah, including:
- It summarizes the historical events covered in Ezra and Nehemiah from the Israelites' return from Babylon under Cyrus to the consolidation of Israel under Persian rule.
- It outlines the key figures like Cyrus, Zerubbabel, Jeshua, Ezra, Nehemiah and the Persian kings who ruled over Israel and their relationship to the events.
- It examines Ezra's role as a scribe and scholar who taught the people God's laws and helped establish order and autonomy in Judah with the support of Artaxerxes.
A beginner’s guide to understanding the Bible. This study is intended to show how the Old Testament fits together. For more information please check out my blog. www.thoughtsfromeb.wordpress.com
The document provides commentary on Exodus 6:2-9:35 and contextualizes the passage. It discusses the meaning and significance of key terms used, including explanations of names and numbers mentioned. Some key points summarized:
1) God reveals himself to Moses as YHWH ("I am") and explains this was not known to the patriarchs, who knew him as El Shaddai.
2) YHWH's speech to Moses follows an intricate literary structure centered around "I am YHWH".
3) The names and lifespans of Levi and his sons convey symbolic meanings regarding their role and destiny to teach Israel.
4) Moses expresses doubt in his ability to convince Phara
Journey Through The Bible: Isaiah Part 1- Crisis and FaithResurrection Church
Isaiah was one of the greatest prophets of the Bible. Part One looks at the prophetic process, how do prophets communicate God's messages. During Isaiah's life time Judah faced military and moral crises in which they had to choose between obedience to God's word proclaimed by Isaiah or reliance on strategic alliances.
The document discusses whether Jesus is the Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament. It notes that mainstream Jewish scholars and some evangelicals say Jesus is not the Messiah. However, it presents evidence from the Old Testament that Jesus could have fulfilled the prophecies. It examines prophecies about where the Messiah would be born (Bethlehem), how he would be born (to a virgin), when he would come (before AD 70), and what he would do (atone for sin). The document analyzes these prophecies in the books of Micah, Isaiah, Daniel, and concludes they align with what is known about Jesus from the New Testament.
1. The document discusses whether the Old Testament predicted a divine messiah. Several passages are presented that use language like "Mighty God" that some argue predicted a divine messiah.
2. It also discusses whether some Jews expected a divine messiah based on intertestamental literature and quotes from scholars arguing some Jews did expect a divine messiah or divine man.
3. Jesus' own words are presented where he references "I AM" and calls himself the Son of Man, and his response to the high priest that is seen as a claim to divinity, supporting the view that Jesus presented himself as the divine messiah.
Isaiah has a vision of God on His heavenly throne surrounded by angels called seraphim. When Isaiah sees the glory and holiness of God, he becomes aware of his own sinfulness. One of the seraphim touches Isaiah's lips with a burning coal to purify him. In response to God's question of who will spread His message, Isaiah volunteers. God then commissions Isaiah to deliver a difficult message to the people - that they will hear God's word but not understand or perceive its meaning. Isaiah is to make the people's hearts and ears unwilling or unable to receive God's message.
This document summarizes key passages from Isaiah chapters 41-45 about three servants: 1) The servant people of Israel, 2) An anonymous suffering servant messiah, and 3) The Persian king Cyrus as a messiah figure who was prophesied to free God's people. It explains that while the first servant represents Israel, the second suffering servant is Jesus Christ who would bring justice, light, and salvation. It discusses how Cyrus, though only fulfilling one messianic role as an anointed king, was specifically named by God over 150 years in advance to decree the Jews' return from exile and rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem.
The book of Job records the story of Job, a righteous man who endured great suffering and loss. His three friends attempt to explain his situation, claiming it must be due to hidden sin. God later appears to Job and his friends, reminding them that God is sovereign and they cannot fully understand his purposes. The book encourages persevering in faith even during difficult times of suffering.
In Christian circles the issue of Bible translations is often viewed as too confusing to really come to any solid conclusions. Among conservatives, such as in the Seventh-day Adventist denomination, the issue is a very hot topic, rather tending toward a dogma of the KJV. This presentation seeks to clarify the true issues; hopefully leading to a rational, well-founded perspective.
This document provides materials for a Bible study on the Solemnity of Christ the King, including commentary on the readings. It summarizes:
- The first reading from Ezekiel depicts God as a shepherd who cares for his flock.
- The responsorial Psalm echoes this theme, praising God who provides rest, guidance, nourishment and protection like a shepherd.
- The second reading from Corinthians discusses Jesus' resurrection, which empowers his reign over all things until he destroys all enemies including death.
- The Gospel reading from Matthew contains Jesus' description of the Final Judgment, where he will reward those who cared for others and punish those who did not.
Isaiah has a vision of being in the temple where he sees God sitting on a throne. Seraphim surround God praising him as holy. Isaiah realizes his own sinfulness in comparison. A seraph touches Isaiah's lips with a burning coal from the altar, cleansing him and removing his guilt so he can be God's prophet.
09/08/2015 - Rolling Hills Community Church, Lago Vista Texas. Men't Bible Study. Introduction Part 1 to The Story. Overview of the Bible and How to Study. Presented by Chris Reighley
UCAIM is United Christians for Arab Israeli Ministries. This PowerPoint was used as part of a sermon at the 2017 UCAIM meeting in Charleston SC, and addresses the unity needed in the Body of Christ to win Arabs and Israelis in the Holy Land.
The document provides an outline for a sermon on Revelation 5 given at First Baptist Church in Jackson, Mississippi, discussing Jesus as the worthy lamb who is able to open the sealed scroll and begin God's judgments. It describes the scene in heaven's throne room and explains that Jesus, as both the lion from Judah and the slain lamb, is the only one found worthy to open the seals and enact God's plan of redemption for humanity as purchased through his blood. The sermon aims to stimulate further small group study of Revelation while focusing on Jesus as savior rather than speculative end times details.
The document provides an overview and analysis of Revelation chapters 4-5, focusing on the key events in the throne room of God. It summarizes that in the throne room, John sees a scroll in God's hand that contains God's plan for the culmination of human history. However, only the Lamb that was slain, Jesus, is found worthy to open the scroll and take control of history. When Jesus takes the scroll, the living creatures and elders in heaven praise him as worthy. The document discusses whether the church will face judgment during the tribulation period described in Revelation 6.
THE SABBATH SCHOOL - 1st QUARTER 2021 - LESSON 9Adam Hiola
This document discusses three main characters in Isaiah chapters 41-45: 1) A servant representing the people of Israel, 2) An anointed servant or Messiah with a difficult mission, and 3) An anointed liberator named Cyrus. It explains that while the first servant refers to Israel, the second servant is an anonymous Messiah who would free Israel and die as a sacrifice. This second servant is identified as Jesus. The document also discusses how Cyrus was called by God as an "anointed king" to free God's people from Babylon, as prophesied by Isaiah over 150 years earlier.
This document discusses the 12 tribes of Israel and how understanding them can provide insight into spiritual communities today. It outlines the tribes, their origins, meanings of their names, and blessings they received. One tribe, Issachar, is examined more closely. Issachar is described as a "strong donkey" who found rest in prayer and bearing the burdens of intercession for God's people, showing the importance of intercessory prayer. The document suggests Issachar's example can teach about the role of quiet, burden-bearing prayer in the church.
The document provides an overview of the biblical book of Isaiah, including its structure, authorship, historical context, and key themes. It notes that Isaiah is considered one of the greatest books of the Old Testament. The book contains messages of both condemnation of sin and promises of future consolation. It falls into two major sections addressing judgment and redemption. Key events during Isaiah's prophetic ministry involved the Assyrian invasion during the time of King Hezekiah. The Dead Sea Scrolls helped confirm the reliability of the text of Isaiah.
Notes to accompany Daniel Power Point Presentation
Background to Daniel:
Theme: God Rules the Nations, Do Not Fear!
Main messages:
1. How to stay pure and uncorrupted?to maintain your integrity in a world
in which you are surrounded by unbelievers.
2. God is in control. He will protect his people. Do not fear. God will deal
with those who persecute or otherwise oppose your service for him...
The Revelation of Jesus Christ Chapters 4 & 5Rod West
A point by point outline of the Book of Revelation Chapters 4 and 5. Within this SlideShare, you'll also find helpful charts and drawings to aid in teaching these two chapters.
The document discusses the divine purpose of the Tabernacle based on Exodus 25:8 and 29:46-47. It covers how God wants to dwell among His people as represented by the Tabernacle, and the significance of its construction according to God's instructions. It also summarizes the arrangement of the 12 tribes of Israel around the Tabernacle, with their placement on the four sides corresponding to the four living creatures seen by Ezekiel and Revelation.
This document provides materials for a Bible study on the Solemnity of Christ the King, including commentary on the readings. The first reading from Daniel describes one like a Son of Man receiving eternal kingship and being served by all peoples. The responsorial Psalm acknowledges the Lord as the eternal king. The second reading from Revelation lists Jesus' titles including ruler of kings and describes his second coming. The Gospel reading recounts Pilate asking Jesus if he is king of the Jews, to which Jesus replies that his kingdom is not of this world but one of truth. The commentaries provide context and reflections on how the readings point to Jesus as the ultimate eternal king whose rule relativizes earthly powers.
All about the bible, how it was put together, why certain books were left out, how do we know that it\'s divine, what about the Da Vinci Code, dealing with "contradictions", etc.
This document provides an overview of the Bible, discussing its origins, composition, canonization, and authority. It notes that the Old Testament was compiled around 400 BC and the New Testament was widely accepted as scripture by the early church, though officially canonized in 397 AD. Various passages from the Bible are presented to argue for its divine inspiration, infallibility, and use for teaching. The Dead Sea Scrolls are mentioned as an important archaeological discovery that supported the reliability of the biblical text.
The document discusses whether Jesus is the Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament. It notes that mainstream Jewish scholars and some evangelicals say Jesus is not the Messiah. However, it presents evidence from the Old Testament that Jesus could have fulfilled the prophecies. It examines prophecies about where the Messiah would be born (Bethlehem), how he would be born (to a virgin), when he would come (before AD 70), and what he would do (atone for sin). The document analyzes these prophecies in the books of Micah, Isaiah, Daniel, and concludes they align with what is known about Jesus from the New Testament.
1. The document discusses whether the Old Testament predicted a divine messiah. Several passages are presented that use language like "Mighty God" that some argue predicted a divine messiah.
2. It also discusses whether some Jews expected a divine messiah based on intertestamental literature and quotes from scholars arguing some Jews did expect a divine messiah or divine man.
3. Jesus' own words are presented where he references "I AM" and calls himself the Son of Man, and his response to the high priest that is seen as a claim to divinity, supporting the view that Jesus presented himself as the divine messiah.
Isaiah has a vision of God on His heavenly throne surrounded by angels called seraphim. When Isaiah sees the glory and holiness of God, he becomes aware of his own sinfulness. One of the seraphim touches Isaiah's lips with a burning coal to purify him. In response to God's question of who will spread His message, Isaiah volunteers. God then commissions Isaiah to deliver a difficult message to the people - that they will hear God's word but not understand or perceive its meaning. Isaiah is to make the people's hearts and ears unwilling or unable to receive God's message.
This document summarizes key passages from Isaiah chapters 41-45 about three servants: 1) The servant people of Israel, 2) An anonymous suffering servant messiah, and 3) The Persian king Cyrus as a messiah figure who was prophesied to free God's people. It explains that while the first servant represents Israel, the second suffering servant is Jesus Christ who would bring justice, light, and salvation. It discusses how Cyrus, though only fulfilling one messianic role as an anointed king, was specifically named by God over 150 years in advance to decree the Jews' return from exile and rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem.
The book of Job records the story of Job, a righteous man who endured great suffering and loss. His three friends attempt to explain his situation, claiming it must be due to hidden sin. God later appears to Job and his friends, reminding them that God is sovereign and they cannot fully understand his purposes. The book encourages persevering in faith even during difficult times of suffering.
In Christian circles the issue of Bible translations is often viewed as too confusing to really come to any solid conclusions. Among conservatives, such as in the Seventh-day Adventist denomination, the issue is a very hot topic, rather tending toward a dogma of the KJV. This presentation seeks to clarify the true issues; hopefully leading to a rational, well-founded perspective.
This document provides materials for a Bible study on the Solemnity of Christ the King, including commentary on the readings. It summarizes:
- The first reading from Ezekiel depicts God as a shepherd who cares for his flock.
- The responsorial Psalm echoes this theme, praising God who provides rest, guidance, nourishment and protection like a shepherd.
- The second reading from Corinthians discusses Jesus' resurrection, which empowers his reign over all things until he destroys all enemies including death.
- The Gospel reading from Matthew contains Jesus' description of the Final Judgment, where he will reward those who cared for others and punish those who did not.
Isaiah has a vision of being in the temple where he sees God sitting on a throne. Seraphim surround God praising him as holy. Isaiah realizes his own sinfulness in comparison. A seraph touches Isaiah's lips with a burning coal from the altar, cleansing him and removing his guilt so he can be God's prophet.
09/08/2015 - Rolling Hills Community Church, Lago Vista Texas. Men't Bible Study. Introduction Part 1 to The Story. Overview of the Bible and How to Study. Presented by Chris Reighley
UCAIM is United Christians for Arab Israeli Ministries. This PowerPoint was used as part of a sermon at the 2017 UCAIM meeting in Charleston SC, and addresses the unity needed in the Body of Christ to win Arabs and Israelis in the Holy Land.
The document provides an outline for a sermon on Revelation 5 given at First Baptist Church in Jackson, Mississippi, discussing Jesus as the worthy lamb who is able to open the sealed scroll and begin God's judgments. It describes the scene in heaven's throne room and explains that Jesus, as both the lion from Judah and the slain lamb, is the only one found worthy to open the seals and enact God's plan of redemption for humanity as purchased through his blood. The sermon aims to stimulate further small group study of Revelation while focusing on Jesus as savior rather than speculative end times details.
The document provides an overview and analysis of Revelation chapters 4-5, focusing on the key events in the throne room of God. It summarizes that in the throne room, John sees a scroll in God's hand that contains God's plan for the culmination of human history. However, only the Lamb that was slain, Jesus, is found worthy to open the scroll and take control of history. When Jesus takes the scroll, the living creatures and elders in heaven praise him as worthy. The document discusses whether the church will face judgment during the tribulation period described in Revelation 6.
THE SABBATH SCHOOL - 1st QUARTER 2021 - LESSON 9Adam Hiola
This document discusses three main characters in Isaiah chapters 41-45: 1) A servant representing the people of Israel, 2) An anointed servant or Messiah with a difficult mission, and 3) An anointed liberator named Cyrus. It explains that while the first servant refers to Israel, the second servant is an anonymous Messiah who would free Israel and die as a sacrifice. This second servant is identified as Jesus. The document also discusses how Cyrus was called by God as an "anointed king" to free God's people from Babylon, as prophesied by Isaiah over 150 years earlier.
This document discusses the 12 tribes of Israel and how understanding them can provide insight into spiritual communities today. It outlines the tribes, their origins, meanings of their names, and blessings they received. One tribe, Issachar, is examined more closely. Issachar is described as a "strong donkey" who found rest in prayer and bearing the burdens of intercession for God's people, showing the importance of intercessory prayer. The document suggests Issachar's example can teach about the role of quiet, burden-bearing prayer in the church.
The document provides an overview of the biblical book of Isaiah, including its structure, authorship, historical context, and key themes. It notes that Isaiah is considered one of the greatest books of the Old Testament. The book contains messages of both condemnation of sin and promises of future consolation. It falls into two major sections addressing judgment and redemption. Key events during Isaiah's prophetic ministry involved the Assyrian invasion during the time of King Hezekiah. The Dead Sea Scrolls helped confirm the reliability of the text of Isaiah.
Notes to accompany Daniel Power Point Presentation
Background to Daniel:
Theme: God Rules the Nations, Do Not Fear!
Main messages:
1. How to stay pure and uncorrupted?to maintain your integrity in a world
in which you are surrounded by unbelievers.
2. God is in control. He will protect his people. Do not fear. God will deal
with those who persecute or otherwise oppose your service for him...
The Revelation of Jesus Christ Chapters 4 & 5Rod West
A point by point outline of the Book of Revelation Chapters 4 and 5. Within this SlideShare, you'll also find helpful charts and drawings to aid in teaching these two chapters.
The document discusses the divine purpose of the Tabernacle based on Exodus 25:8 and 29:46-47. It covers how God wants to dwell among His people as represented by the Tabernacle, and the significance of its construction according to God's instructions. It also summarizes the arrangement of the 12 tribes of Israel around the Tabernacle, with their placement on the four sides corresponding to the four living creatures seen by Ezekiel and Revelation.
This document provides materials for a Bible study on the Solemnity of Christ the King, including commentary on the readings. The first reading from Daniel describes one like a Son of Man receiving eternal kingship and being served by all peoples. The responsorial Psalm acknowledges the Lord as the eternal king. The second reading from Revelation lists Jesus' titles including ruler of kings and describes his second coming. The Gospel reading recounts Pilate asking Jesus if he is king of the Jews, to which Jesus replies that his kingdom is not of this world but one of truth. The commentaries provide context and reflections on how the readings point to Jesus as the ultimate eternal king whose rule relativizes earthly powers.
All about the bible, how it was put together, why certain books were left out, how do we know that it\'s divine, what about the Da Vinci Code, dealing with "contradictions", etc.
This document provides an overview of the Bible, discussing its origins, composition, canonization, and authority. It notes that the Old Testament was compiled around 400 BC and the New Testament was widely accepted as scripture by the early church, though officially canonized in 397 AD. Various passages from the Bible are presented to argue for its divine inspiration, infallibility, and use for teaching. The Dead Sea Scrolls are mentioned as an important archaeological discovery that supported the reliability of the biblical text.
This document provides an overview of the basic contents and origins of the Bible. It discusses that the Bible is a collection of 66 books accepted as divinely inspired. It was written over 1500 years by around 40 authors from various backgrounds. The events primarily took place in the Middle East. Prophecies, historical accuracy, and scientific statements within the Bible provide evidence of its supernatural origin. The document outlines many of the human authors and approximate dates they wrote different books. It also summarizes some of the fulfilled prophecies as further proof of the Bible's divine authorship.
This document provides an overview of the goals and content of a course called "Encountering the Old Testament." The course aims to help students intellectually and spiritually understand and engage with the Old Testament. It will cover topics like the composition and origins of the Old Testament texts, principles of interpretation, different genres of literature within the Old Testament, its division into books and sections, and themes that run throughout like God's relationship with humanity, promises of salvation, and fulfillment in the New Testament.
1. The document summarizes a sermon given on Moses' last days based on passages in Deuteronomy 32-34.
2. Key points included Moses viewing the Promised Land before his death, the song of Moses that will be sung in heaven, Michael disputing with Satan over Moses' body, and Moses appearing at the transfiguration of Jesus.
3. The sermon emphasized lessons about eternal life, God fulfilling his promises, and believers having hope beyond physical death.
Rationalizing the Supernatural
Authorship Info
The generations of…
The problem of “Dan”
This is verified in Josephus
Also verified by Excavations of Babylon
Where did Gen come from?
“Back parts”
Gods Goodness
History of israel part 3 PRRM Bible Study Group Averell Gaspar
This document provides a summary of key events and teachings from the book of Leviticus in the Old Testament. It discusses how Leviticus outlines the proper way for Israelites to worship God and maintain holiness, including rules for various offerings and sacrifices. A major topic is the Day of Atonement, including the roles of the two goats and how their blood was used to cleanse the people. The document also draws connections between these Old Testament teachings and rituals and how Jesus fulfilled them as our final atonement for sins through his death on the cross.
This document provides an overview and summary of Moses' final days according to the book of Deuteronomy chapters 32-34. It discusses Moses teaching the Song of Moses to Israel, his view of the Promised Land before dying, his death and burial by God, and his later appearance at Jesus' transfiguration. It also covers lessons about God fulfilling his promises, the consequences of sin, and life after death.
Bibliology and Hermeneutics (Session 4)Bong Baylon
The document discusses the canonization of scripture, specifically addressing questions about how we know which books belong in the Bible. It outlines several facts and fables regarding how canonicity is determined. The key facts are that prophetic nature, apostolic authority, and God alone determine canonicity. It also discusses the process of canonization for both the Old and New Testaments, highlighting the recognition of the canon by the early church rather than any formal decree.
The document discusses arguments that are commonly made against the reliability and authenticity of the Bible. It addresses claims that the Bible was mistranslated and miscopied over time, casting doubt on what the original text said. However, the document provides counterarguments noting that we have early manuscripts and copies that allow scholars to determine what was in the original autographs. It also argues that the Bible contains historical details that have been confirmed by archaeological findings and extra-biblical sources, indicating it provides an accurate historical record. The document disputes the idea that biblical books were arbitrarily picked by a committee, stating that early Church fathers recognized the books based on factors like authorship and consistency with doctrine. It proposes evidence that parts of the Bible display supernatural
Paran and the promised prophet by muhammad ashraf chheenahtopbottom1
This document discusses the location of Paran or the wilderness of Paran, which is mentioned several times in the Bible but with differing interpretations. The author argues that the traditional Jewish interpretation locating Paran in the Sinai Peninsula may be intentionally misleading. To find the truth, one must evaluate all evidence objectively without bias, as the advent of Prophet Muhammad in Arabia was a fulfillment of prophecies that Jews sought to conceal. The author aims to present all facts in their proper perspective to appreciate the truth about Paran's location.
Genesis ch 1, #1a, 2012, intro, why study gen., gen. & rev., torah, toledot,...Valley Bible Fellowship
The document discusses the relationship between the first book of the Bible, Genesis, and the last book, Revelation. It notes that they are like "bookends" that open and close the story of God. Several themes are presented in both, such as gardens, cities, trees, and rivers. The document argues that Genesis and Revelation should be studied together because they both focus on the work of Christ. It also explores terms used in both books, such as "Alpha and Omega" and discusses theories about the authorship of Genesis.
This document discusses the primary sources of teachings in Christianity and Islam. It states that the primary sources in Christianity are the Bible, and in Islam they are the Quran and hadith. It examines the authorship of books in the Bible and compares teachings around God, angels, prophets, scripture, and the afterlife between the Quran, Bible and hadith. It also compares acts of worship like prayer, fasting and alms-giving between the two faiths. The document concludes that while the New Testament and Islam share many similar beliefs, Islam specifies minimum requirements for acts of worship more clearly.
INT-460 Topic 1 Day 2: Contextualizing the GospelS Meyer
Ice Breaker: What movie transformed your thinking and how? (2) Clip from Mulan (2020); (3) Acts 17, Paul in Athens, (4) Contextualization, (5) the hermeneutical spiral, (6) case of Hudson Tayloer, (6) Don Richardson and Redemptive analogies.
The document provides background information on the apostasy and restoration of Christ's church. It discusses how the early apostles were martyred, leading to the loss of priesthood authority and spiritual darkness in the world. Specific truths were lost from the Bible and plain and precious parts were removed. Ancient texts like the Dead Sea Scrolls and Nag Hammadi library shed light on scriptures and traditions from early Christianity. The restoration was foretold to reestablish Christ's church and authority in the latter days.
Tabernacle Presentation 2003 Ppt Version Update 2010recordedmoving edge
The document outlines God's plan of salvation as revealed through various passages in the books of Exodus and Numbers. It describes how God called Moses to lead the Israelites out of Egypt, established a covenant with them at Mount Sinai, and instructed Moses to build the Tabernacle as a place where God could dwell among his people. Key events mentioned include the Israelites worshipping the golden calf, God providing instructions for sacrifices and priestly duties, and the significance of the Tabernacle furnishings pointing to Jesus as the fulfillment of God's salvation plan.
Jesus appoints seventy-two disciples in addition to the twelve apostles to travel in pairs ahead of him to cities and towns where he planned to go, to spread the message of the coming kingdom of God and perform healings. This was modeled after Moses appointing seventy elders to assist him and the seventy members of the Jewish Sanhedrin council. The seventy-two disciples were given temporary missions to prepare the way for Jesus, while the twelve apostles had ongoing roles as witnesses to teach and spread the gospel permanently after Jesus.
INT-244 World Religion Topic 5a Buddhism.pdfS Meyer
This document provides information about key aspects of Buddhism. It begins with demographics on the worldwide population of Buddhists, noting that most live in China, Japan, and the United States. It then discusses the history and origins of Buddhism, including details about the life of Siddhartha Gautama, his path to enlightenment, and the formation of the first Buddhist communities. The document also outlines some of Buddhism's core teachings such as the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and the Three Universal Truths of impermanence, suffering, and non-self.
INT-450 Cultural Anthropology Topic 4 Structure and Space.pdfS Meyer
The document discusses various aspects of cultural anthropology related to structure and space, including architecture and ethnography. It provides examples of Gothic cathedrals like Notre Dame, Moorish Revival synagogues in the US, neoclassical architecture like in the US Supreme Court, and concepts in Feng Shui about balancing energy forces through arrangement of spaces. Key principles in Feng Shui discussed include Qi or vital energy flow, the commanding position in a room, and the Bagua energy map representing eight life circumstances.
INT-450 Cultural Anthrpology topic 4 Structure and Space.pdfS Meyer
The document provides an overview of architectural styles and concepts from different cultures and time periods. It discusses Gothic architecture and features of Notre Dame Cathedral, Moorish Revival synagogues in the US, neoclassical architecture influencing government buildings like the US Supreme Court, and concepts from Feng Shui regarding balancing energy forces through arrangement of spaces. Key elements like vaulted ceilings, stained glass windows, and emphasis on harmony are summarized.
INT-450 Cultural Anthropology Topic 4c Cultural ArtifactsS Meyer
This document discusses cultural artifacts and provides examples of different types of cultural artifacts, including myths, cultural texts, food, cultural/religious objects, and rituals/traditions. It focuses specifically on myths, providing definitions of myths, grand myths/meta-narratives, and examining the Christian worldview story as an example of a meta-narrative. It also discusses analyzing myths by looking at elements like characters, plot, themes, and how the myth shapes a culture's identity and worldview. National and religious myths are also examined. Finally, the document discusses cultural texts and provides guidance on analyzing cultural texts like literature, songs, art, and films.
INT-450 Chinese Tea Culture and Food EthnographyS Meyer
Tea originated in China over 2500 years ago when leaves from the Camellia Sinensis plant fell into water being drunk by the legendary Chinese emperor Shennong. Throughout Chinese history, tea became popularized as a medicine during the Han Dynasty and was used as a form of currency during the Song Dynasty. Chinese tea culture involves elaborate tea ceremonies and different types of tea are associated with Yin and Yang energies. Drinking tea is an important part of Chinese social and spiritual life.
This document provides an overview of Hinduism through its history, beliefs, and practices. It covers the major periods in Hinduism's development from the Indus Valley Civilization through modern India. Key beliefs discussed include Brahman, Atman, karma, and the concept of cyclic time through the Yuga cycle. The document also looks at Hindu scriptures, the Trimurti gods, and comparisons with Abrahamic religions. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive introduction to Hinduism for educational purposes.
MJTI PEP Unraveling the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Part 4S Meyer
The document discusses the unraveling of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. It provides context on key events like the Second Intifada and growth of Israeli settlements. The Second Intifada began after Ariel Sharon visited the Temple Mount, seen as a provocation by Palestinians. This led to widespread violence from 2000-2005. Efforts like the Roadmap for Peace and Sharm El-Sheikh Summit attempted to restart the peace process but faced challenges from the growth of Hamas and settler movement.
MJTI PEP Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Part 3S Meyer
The document discusses key players and spoilers in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It begins by reviewing previous weeks' topics on the origins of the conflict and the peace process. It then examines three major players: 1) UNRWA, the UN agency providing aid to Palestinian refugees, which faces criticism for its broad definition of refugees and descendants; 2) The Palestinian Authority led by Mahmoud Abbas, who has recognized Israel but also made controversial statements; 3) Israel's political parties including the left-leaning Labor Party. The document provides context on these groups' roles in the conflict and peace process.
Romans 10 discusses what constitutes true faith according to Paul. Paul argues that true belief leads to confession of faith, which is justified. True belief is not unconscious but rather a conscious and intentional choice to believe specific propositions about Jesus. Paul also stresses that true belief requires proclamation of the gospel so that people can hear and come to consciously believe. The passage emphasizes that salvation comes through a conscious faith in Christ alone, not unconscious belief or good works.
1. Early Zionists knew a Jewish state would displace Arabs but had no plan to expel them as they themselves had been refugees.
2. As fighting broke out in 1947-1948, upper and middle class Arabs fled cities, causing working class Arabs to panic.
3. Subsequent defeats of Arab militias by the IDF led to widespread panic and abandonment of villages.
4. Ben Gurion later ordered some expulsions of hostile villages to secure lines of communication and prevent return of refugees. Offers were made to allow return of some refugees but rejected by Arab leaders.
The document discusses the concept of ethnicity from a biblical and anthropological perspective. It begins by examining key biblical terms related to ethnicity like "goy" and "ethnos" and how they are used in a missiological sense in the New Testament. It then explores the components of ethnicity, noting that ethnic groups typically share a common lineage, culture, language, homeland, and religious beliefs. However, it notes that ethnic boundaries can change over time and are often defined by dominant cultures. The document also examines theories of ethnicity, including primordial, instrumentalist, and constructivist views, and discusses how ethnic identity develops over the lifespan according to Jean Phinney's model of ethnic identity development.
The document outlines 11 steps for effectively planning and carrying out a short-term missions trip over 9-12 months. It includes pre-planning tasks, selecting an established mission partner 6-12 months in advance, choosing team members 5-6 months out based on maturity and skills, fundraising starting 5-6 months out, arranging accommodations 4-5 months ahead, completing paperwork 4-5 months out, building community support 3 months ahead, training the team spiritually and practically 1-3 months out, preparing for challenges 1 month ahead, maintaining communication in the final month, and following up after the trip.
The document provides demographic information about Muslims worldwide and in the United States. It states that there are approximately 1.9 billion Muslims globally, making up 24% of the world's population. In the United States, there are over 4 million Muslims, with populations of 50,000-60,000 in Arizona. The document then discusses the Muslim community in the US, noting that most American Muslims are now established citizens who value education and hard work.
The document summarizes the ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas in Gaza. It provides background on the Jewish and Palestinian narratives surrounding claims to the land. On October 7, 2023, Hamas launched over 5,000 rockets into Israel, killed 1,200 civilians, and took 239 hostages in Gaza. Israel responded by bombing Hamas and invading Gaza to remove Hamas and rescue the hostages. There are calls for a ceasefire, but Hamas has vowed to continue attacking Israel until it no longer exists. The future of the conflict and governance of Gaza remain uncertain.
This document provides an overview of the origins of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It begins by outlining the conflicting worldviews between the post-colonial perspective and the Jewish and Palestinian narratives. It then discusses the origins of European Jewry, tracing their historical connection to the land of Israel through archaeological evidence, literary evidence, and their continuous presence in the land for over 2000 years. It also examines the origins of the Palestinian people, noting that the local Arab population increased in the 19th century as the region developed and others were displaced from neighboring lands. Finally, it discusses the origins of the Palestinian refugee crisis, with the Israeli perspective being that Arab leaders told inhabitants to flee in 1948 but promised citizenship to those who remained, while
The document discusses different views of the relationship between Christianity and culture. It describes 5 views proposed by Richard Niebuhr: 1) Christ above culture, where God works through culture but it is subordinate to Christ, 2) Christ of culture, where Christ is associated with cultural achievements, 3) Christ against culture, where Christians must reject culture, 4) Christ transforming culture, where Christians affirm and seek to reform culture, and 5) Christ and culture in paradox, where the conflict between God and culture is ever present.
Judaism is a complex topic with debates around whether it constitutes a religion, ethnicity, or culture. The document discusses that Judaism is best understood as encompassing all three. It notes there are approximately 15.7 million Jews worldwide, with over half living in either Israel or the United States. The history section outlines how Jews came to live in different parts of the world, facing oppression and expulsion from places like England, Spain, and Eastern Europe in centuries past. Key Jewish beliefs discussed include monotheism, an oral tradition alongside the written Torah, and emphasis on study, family, and social justice in cultural practices.
INT-450 Topic 2a Reading Social Scientific Studies.pdfS Meyer
This document provides an overview of foundational figures and approaches in cultural anthropology. It discusses Franz Boas, considered the father of cultural anthropology, and his development of the theory of cultural relativism, which argued that cultures should be understood within their own contexts rather than being judged by Western standards. It also covers Boas' students Margaret Mead and Zora Neale Hurston and their influential ethnographic works on Samoan culture and African American communities, respectively. The document outlines different types of social scientific studies including ethnography, case studies, quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research. It provides guidance on how to critically read and analyze social scientific studies by considering factors like the researcher, methodology, findings, and implications.
The document provides an overview of the evangelism of Christianity in India. It discusses how St. Thomas arrived in India in A.D. 52 and established churches along the Malabar coast before being martyred in A.D. 72. Early converts included Malabar Jews and lower caste Hindus. While coastal areas welcomed Christianity's teachings, persecution continued inland. It also reviews the origins and spread of St. Thomas Christians in India and common elements of identity across religions in India.
1. The document discusses the ongoing conflict between Israel and Hamas in Gaza, providing background on competing narratives and key events. It summarizes Hamas' attack on October 7th that killed over 1,200 Israelis and captured hostages.
2. It then outlines the origins and narratives of both Jewish and Palestinian identities, examining the establishment of Israel in 1948 and displacement of Palestinians.
3. More recently, it discusses Hamas taking control of Gaza in 2007 and ongoing cycles of violence, with the latest major confrontation occurring on October 7th, 2023, which prompted Israeli invasion of Gaza. The implications and potential outcomes moving forward are debated.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
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3. Now while Paul was waiting for them at Athens, his spirit was
provoked within him as he saw that the city was full of idols.
So he reasoned in the synagogue with the Jews and the
devout persons, and in the marketplace every day with those
who happened to be there. Some of the Epicurean and Stoic
philosophers also conversed with him. And some said, “What
does this babbler wish to say?” Others said, “He seems to be
a preacher of foreign divinities”—because he was preaching
Jesus and the resurrection. (Acts 17:16–18 ESV)
4. And they took him and brought him to the Areopagus,
saying, “May we know what this new teaching is that you
are presenting? For you bring some strange things to our
ears. We wish to know therefore what these things
mean.” Now all the Athenians and the foreigners who
lived there would spend their time in nothing except
telling or hearing something new. (Acts 17:19–21 ESV)
5. Paul, standing in the midst of the Areopagus, said:
“Men of Athens, I perceive that in every way you are
very religious. For as I passed along and observed
the objects of your worship, I found also an altar with
this inscription: ‘To the unknown god.’ What
therefore you worship as unknown, this I proclaim to
you. (Acts 17:22–23 ESV)
6. The God who made the world and everything in it,
being Lord of heaven and earth, does not live in
temples made by man…He made from one man
every nation of mankind to live on all the face of the
earth…Yet he is actually not far from each one of us,
for “‘In him we live and move and have our being’;
as even some of your own poets have said, “‘For we
are indeed his offspring.’ (Acts 17:24–28 ESV)
7. Being then God’s offspring, we ought not to think
that the divine being is like gold or silver or stone, an
image formed by the art and imagination of man…
He commands all people everywhere to repent,
because he has fixed a day on which he will judge
the world in righteousness by a man whom he has
appointed; and of this he has given assurance to all
by raising him from the dead.” (Acts 17:29–31 ESV)
8. Paul’s Redemptive Analogies
1. Altar to an unknown god (Acts 17:23)
2. In him we live, move, and have our being (Acts 17:28)
3. We are his offspring (Acts 17:28)
11. “In him we live, move, and have our being”
(Epimenides, 5th Century BC, “Cretica”)
“We are his offspring”
(Aratus, 3rd Century BC, “Phaenomena”)
12. I have seen the business that God has
given to the children of man to be busy with.
He has made everything beautiful in its time.
Also, he has put eternity into man’s heart,
(Eccl 3:10–11 ESV)
13. Redemptive Analogies
God, grants general revelation to every man & woman. He
imprinted individual human cultures in a variety of ways. A
missionary can discover how to explain the gospel to members of
a culture if they discover the particular way God imprinted that
culture.
Richardson, Don. (2006). Eternity in Their Hearts. p. 190
19. תנך Tanakh - Old Testament Canon
•תורה Torah (Law) - 5 Books of the Law
•נביים Neviim (Prophets) - 21 books including 12 prophets
•כותבים Kotviim (Writings) - 12 books beginning with the Psalms
21. And laid up the stones in the mountain of the temple in a convenient
place, until there should come a prophet to shew what should be
done with them. (1 Macc 4:46 KJV)
Also that the Jews and priests were well pleased that Simon should
be their governor and high priest for ever, until there should arise a
faithful prophet; (1 Macc 14:41 KJV)
Apocrypha (160 BC)
22. New Testament (50 AD)
[God said] I will send them prophets and apostles, some of
whom they will kill and persecute,’ so that the blood of all the
prophets, shed from the foundation of the world, may be charged
against this generation, from the blood of Abel to the blood
of Zechariah, who perished between the altar and the
sanctuary. (Luke 11:49–51 ESV)
23. Rabbinic Sources (200 - 400 AD)
Babylonian Talmud and the Mishnah
• Baba Batra 12a
• Yoma 9b
• Sotah 48b
• Sanhedrin 11a
24. Mishnah (Palestine, 200 AD) Talmud (Babylon, 400 AD)
Title of
Tractate
Mishnah
Chapter
Gemorah
Comments
Rashi’s
Comments
Rabbis
Comments
Page# (ex. 98a)
E E
A
B
C
D
F
F
25. Bava Batra 12a
Gemara reports that Rabbi Avdimi from Haifa says: From the day
that the Temple was destroyed prophecy was taken from the
prophets and given to the Sages. The Gemara expresses
astonishment: Is that to say that a Sage is not fit to be a prophet?
Rabbi Avdimi seems to say that these are two distinct categories
of people: Sages and Prophets
26. Yoma 9b
After the last prophets Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi died, the
Divine Spirit of prophetic revelation departed from the Jewish
people, and they were still utilizing a Divine Voice, which they
heard as an echo of prophecy.
27. Sotah 48b
From the time when Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi died the Divine Spirit
departed from the Jewish people, as these three were considered to be the
last prophets. And even after the Urim and Thumim ceased to exist, they
would nevertheless still make use of a Divine Voice to receive instructions
from Above, even after this time.
For on one occasion the Sages were reclining in the upper story of the
house of Gurya in Jericho. A Divine Voice from Heaven was issued to them,
and it said: There is one person among you for whom it is fitting that the Holy
Spirit should rest upon him as a prophet, but because his generation is not
fit for it, there will be no prophets in Israel.
28. Sanhedrin 11a
The Sages taught: After the last of the prophets, Haggai,
Zechariah, and Malachi, died, the Divine Spirit of prophetic
revelation departed from the Jewish people. But nevertheless,
they were still utilizing a Divine Voice, which they heard as a kind
of echo of prophecy.
30. New Testament
50 - 90 AD
“These are my words that I spoke to you while I was still
with you, that everything written about me in the Law of
Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be
fulfilled.” Then he opened their minds to understand the
Scriptures, and said to them, “Thus it is written, that the
Christ should suffer and on the third day rise from the dead,
and that repentance for the forgiveness of sins should be
proclaimed in his name to all nations, beginning from
Jerusalem. (Luke 24:44–47 ESV)
32. Among us there are not thousands of books in
disagreement and conflict with each other, but only
twenty-two books, containing the record for all time,
which are rightly trusted. Five of these are the books of
Moses, which contain both the laws and the tradition
from the birth of humanity up to his death; From the
death of Moses until Artaxerxes, king of the Persians
after Xerxes, the prophets after Moses wrote the history
of what took place in their own times in thirteen books;
the remaining four books contain hymns to God and
instructions for people on life.
(Against Apion, 94 AD, 1.38-42).
Gallagher, Edmon L.; Meade, John D. 2017. The Biblical Canon Lists from Early Christianity (p. 61)
33. After Artaxerxes, the exact line of succession of the
prophets did not continue [but ended]. Although such a
long time has now passed, no one has dared to add, to
take away, or to alter anything; and it is innate in every
Judean, right from birth, to regard them as decrees of
God, to remain faithful to them and, if necessary, gladly
to die on their behalf
(Against Apion, 94 AD, 1.38-42).
Gallagher, Edmon L.; Meade, John D. 2017. The Biblical Canon Lists from Early Christianity (p. 61)
36. § The Sages taught: The order of the books of the Prophets as follows: Joshua
and Judges, Samuel and Kings, Jeremiah and Ezekiel, and Isaiah and the
Twelve Prophets…. The first of four prophets who prophesied…were Hosea
and Isaiah, Amos and Micah…In the book of the Twelve Prophets, Haggai,
Zechariah, and Malachi were the last of the prophets [21 Books]
Since the book of Kings ends with the destruction of the Temple, and the book
of Jeremiah deals entirely with prophecies of the destruction, and the book of
Ezekiel begins with the destruction of the Temple but ends with consolation and
the rebuilding of the Temple, and Isaiah deals entirely with consolation, as most
of his prophecies refer to the redemption, the books are ordered from
destruction to destruction and from consolation to consolation. This therefore is
the order of Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Isaiah.
(B Baba Batra 14b)
37. The order of the Writings is: Ruth and the book of Psalms, and Job and Proverbs;
Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, and Lamentations; Daniel and the Scroll of Esther; and
Ezra and Chronicles. [12 Books]
Who were the authors of the books of the Bible? Moses wrote the Torah, the portion
of Balaam in the Torah, and the book of Job. Joshua wrote The Book of Joshua, and
last eight verses in the Torah, describing the death of Moses. Samuel wrote The Book
of Samuel, Judges, and Ruth. David wrote The Book of Psalms by means of ten
elders of previous generations, assembling a collection that included compositions of
others along with his own. He included some psalms authored by Adam the first man,
by Melchizedek king of Salem, by Abraham, by Moses, and by Heman, and by
Jeduthun, and by Asaph,
(B Talmud Baba Batra 14b)
38. Baba Batra 14b
200 - 400 AD
• Torah (5) - Gen, Ex, Lev, Nu, Deut
• Neviim (21) - Josh, Jg, Sam, Kings, Jer, Ezek, Isa, 12 Minor prophets
• Kotviim (12) - Ruth, Ps, Job, Prov, Ecc, Song, Lam, Dan, Esther, Ezra, Chron
45. Early Lists of the Old Testament
• 100 BC - Septuagint Translation of most of the OT
• 50 BC - Targum Aramaic translation of most OT Books
• 95 AD - Josephus, Torah (5), Prophets (13), Writings (4)
• 100 AD - New Testament cites most of the OT
• 200 AD - Talmud (citing Tannaim) lists all OT Books (Bava Batra 14b)
• 400 AD - Latin Vulgate included all the OT Books
48. What books came after Malachi?
Philo
• Never claimed revelation
• Claimed commentary
• Theologically heterodox (Greek)
• Never embraced as Scripture
49. What books came after Malachi?
Dead Sea Scrolls -
• Pesher - commentaries on the canonical prophets
• Did not claim revelation or prophecy
• Theologically heterodox
50. What books came after Malachi?
Rabbinic Sources
• Clearly Commentary
• Relied on authority of other sages
• Clearly stated prophecy ended with Malachi
51. What books came after Malachi?
Pseudepigrapha
• No record of acceptance as inspired
• Pseudographs - authorship
• Theologically heterodox
• Written late (100 BC to 100 AD)
• Never attested to by other writers
52. Book of Enoch
Then I saw the One to whom belongs the time before time. And his
head was white like wool, and there was with him another individual,
whose face was like that of a human being. His countenance was
full of grace like that of one among the holy angels. And I asked the
angel: “Who is this?” And he answered me and said to me, “This is
the Son of Man, to whom belongs righteousness, and with whom
righteousness dwells. (1Enoch 46:1–3 Charlesworth)
Then an angel came to me and greeted me and said to me, “YOU,
are the son of man, who was born in righteousness and upon whom
all righteousness dwells, the righteousness of the Ancient of Days
will not forsake you.” (1Enoch 71:14–15, Charlesworth)
53. Book of 2 Maccabees
[After the Maccabeean victory over Antiochus] Judas
[the Maccabee] perceived that there was great favor
laid up for those that died in righteousness, they were
considered holy and good. Therefore, Judas prayed for
the dead [martyrs], that they may be delivered from sin
[and be saved].
(2 Macc 12:45 KJV)
55. Early Lists of the New Testament
Marcion (130)
• Luke
• Galatians
• 1 Corinthians
• 2 Corinthians
• Romans
• 1 Thessalonians
• 2 Thessalonians
• Ephesians (called Laodiceans)
• Colossians
• Philemon
• Philippians
• NOT Matthew
• NOT John
• NOT Mark
56. Early Lists of the New Testament
• 110 AD - Ignatius of Antioch 8 (no Apocyph) Mt, Lk, Acts, Rom, For, Eph, Col, Thess
• 120 AD - Polycarp of Smyrna 17 Mt, Mk, Lk, Acts, and 13 Epistles, no apocrypha
• 130 AD - Marcion the heretic 11 (14?) Luke, 10 Epistles
• 150 AD - Justin Martyr 4 Gospels, and Revelation
• 170 AD - Muratorian Frag. 24 Books (missing Heb, Jas, Peter, 3 Jn)
• 200 AD - Syriac NT 23 Books (missing 2, 3 John, Jude, Rev)
• 250 AD - Origen Lists 27 Books (dispute Ja, 2 Pet, 2 Jn, 3 Jn)
• 300 AD - Codex Vaticanus 23 Books (missing 1, 2 Tim, Titus, Phil)
• 330 AD - Codex Sinaiticus 27 Books
• 367 AD - Athanasius, 27 Books
60. NT Books were not Picked but Recognized
1. Inspired by God - claimed or attested
2. Apostolic Origin - claim connection
3. Recognition by the Churches
4. Historical Content - accuracy
5. Theological Content - consistent
64. Gospel of Peter
Discovered Akhmim in Egypt
Found in 1886
Language Greek
Composed 150 AD
Attested by Bishop Serapion 200
Oldest ms 800
65. Gospel of Peter
And they brought two wrongdoers and crucified the Lord in the
middle of them. But Jesus was silent for he felt no pain (4:10)
And the Lord screamed out, saying: 'My power, O my power, my
power has left me!’ And having said this, he was taken up (5:19)
http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/gospelpeter-brown.html
66. Gospel of Peter
• Composed very late
• No apostolicity
• Not eyewitness
• Only two attestations
• Only one copy, cannot establish the text
• Gnostic theology
68. Gospel of Thomas
Nag Hammadi Gnostic Library
Coptic Language
Found 1945
Composed 100-140 AD
Attested by Origen 233 AD
Earliest ms 340 AD
69. Gospel of Thomas
And He said to them, "Whoever has ears, let him hear. There is light
within a man of light, and he lights up the whole world with his light.
(Gospel of Thomas 24)
Again Jesus spoke to them, saying, “I am the light of the world.
Whoever follows me will not walk in darkness, but will have the light of
life.
(John 8:12, ESV)
http://gnosis.org/naghamm/gthlamb.html
70. Saying 50: Humans are Pre-existent
Jesus said, "If they ask you, 'Where do you come from?' tell them, 'We've come from the light, the
place where light came into being by itself, [established] itself, and appeared in their image.’ "If they
ask you, 'Is it you?' then say, 'We are its children, and we're chosen by our living Father.’ "If they ask
you, 'What's the sign of your Father in you?' then say, 'It's movement and rest.'"
Saying 70: Salvation Comes From Within Humans
Jesus said, "If you give birth to what's within you, what you have within you will save you. If you
don't have that within [you], what you don't have within you [will] kill you.”
Saying 77: Pantheism
Jesus said, "I'm the light that's over all. I am the All. The All has come from me and unfolds toward
me. Split a log; I'm there. Lift the stone, and you'll find me there.”
Saying 88: Angels and Prophets Will Visit Humans
Jesus said, "The angels and the prophets will come to you and give you what belongs to you. You'll
give them what you have and ask yourselves, 'When will they come and take what is theirs?'"
https://www.gospels.net
71. Gospel of Thomas
• No apostolicity
• Not eyewitness
• Only two attestations
• Only one copy, cannot establish the text
• Gnostic theology
73. Gospel of Judas
Found in El Minya, Egypt 2005
Gnostic collection
Written in Coptic
Composed in 130-170 AD
Oldest mss 220-340 AD
Attested by Irenaeus in 180 AD
74. Chadwick A. 6 April 2006. “The Lost Gospel of Judas” Day to Day. NPR News
76. One day he was with his disciples in Judea. He found them sitting
together practicing their piety. When he [came up to] his
disciples 34 sitting together praying over the bread, [he] laughed.
The disciples said to him, "Master, why are you laughing at [our]
prayer? What have we done? [This] is what's right.” He answered
and said to them, "I'm not laughing at you. You're not doing this
because you want to, but because through this your God [will be]
praised.” They said, "Master, you […] are the Son of our God!” Jesus
said to them, "How do [you] know me? Truly [I] say to you, no
generation of the people among you will know me.” When his
disciples heard this, [they] started to get angry and furious and
started to curse him in their hearts
(Gospel of Judas 34)
https://www.gospels.net/judas
77. Jesus Reveals Everything to Judas
Jesus said, "[Come] and I'll teach you about the [mysteries that no] human [will] see,
because there exists a great and boundless realm whose horizons no angelic generation
has seen, [in] which is a [great] invisible Spirit, which no [angelic] eye has ever seen, no
heart has ever comprehended, and it's never been called by any name.
"And a luminous cloud appeared there. And he (the Spirit) said, 'Let an angel come into
being to attend me.' And a great angel, the Self-Begotten, the God of the Light, emerged
from the cloud. And because of him, another four angels came into being from another
cloud, and they attended the angelic Self-Begotten. And said 48 the [Self-Begotten], 'Let
[a realm] come into being,' and it came into being [just as he said]. And he [created] the
first luminary to rule over it. And he said, 'Let angels come into being to serve [it,' and
myriads] without number came into being. And he said, '[Let a] luminous realm come into
being,' and it came into being. He created the second luminary to rule over it, along with
myriads of angels without number to offer service. And that's how he created the rest of
the realms of light. And he made them to be ruled, and created for them myriads of angels
without number to assist them.
https://www.gospels.net
78. "Now the crowd of those immortals is called 'cosmos' – that is,
'perishable' – by the father and the seventy-two luminaries with the
Self-Begotten and his seventy-two realms. That's where the first human
appeared with his incorruptible powers. In the realm that appeared with
his generation is the cloud of knowledge and the angel who's
called 51 [Eleleth …] After these things [Eleleth] said, 'Let twelve angels
come into being [to] rule over Chaos and [Hades]. And look, from the
cloud there appeared an [angel] whose face flashed with [fire] and
whose likeness was [defiled] by blood. His name was Nebro, which
means 'Rebel.' Others call him Yaldabaoth. And another angel, Saklas,
came from the cloud too. So Nebro created six angels – and Saklas
(did too) – to be assistants. They brought out twelve angels in the
heavens, with each of them receiving a portion in the heavens.
https://www.gospels.net
79. "And the twelve rulers spoke with the twelve angels: 'Let each of
you 52 […] and let them […] generation [… five] angels:
The first [is Yaoth], who's called 'the Good One.'
The second is Harmathoth, [the eye of fire].
The [third] is Galila.
The fourth [is] Yobel.
The fifth is Adonaios.
"These are the five who ruled over Hades and are the first over Chaos.
"Then Saklas said to his angels, 'Let's create a human being after the
likeness and the image.' And they fashioned Adam and his wife Eve,
https://www.gospels.net
81. Shepherd of Hermas
Composed 140 - 150 AD
Contained in Codex Sinaiticus
Earliest date 330-350 AD
Found in 1844
Attested Muratorian frag. In 170 AD
Published by Lightfood in Fathers
82. The Shepherd of Hermas
140 AD
But how that the lord took his son and the glorious angels as advisers concerning the inheritance of the
servant, listen.
6[59]:5 The Holy Pre-existent Spirit. Which created the whole creation, God made to dwell in flesh that He
desired. This flesh, therefore, in which the Holy Spirit dwelt, was subject unto the Spirit, walking honorably in
holiness and purity, without in any way defiling the Spirit.
6[59]:6 When then it had lived honorably in chastity, and had labored with the Spirit, and had cooperated with
it in everything, behaving itself boldly and bravely, He chose it as a partner with the Holy Spirit; for the career
of this flesh pleased [the Lord], seeing that, as possessing the Holy Spirit, it was not defiled upon the earth.
6[59]:7 He therefore took the son as adviser and the glorious angels also, that this flesh too, having served
the Spirit unblamably, might have some place of sojourn, and might not seem to hare lost the reward for its
service; for all flesh, which is found undefiled and unspotted, wherein the Holy Spirit dwelt, shall receive a
reward.
http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/shepherd-lightfoot.html
83. Ninth Similitude, Chapter 1
After I had written down the commandments and similitudes of the Shepherd,
the angel of repentance, he came to me and said, "I wish to explain to you
what the Holy Spirit that spoke with you in the form of the Church showed
you. Because the Holy Spirit is the same as the Son of God. For, as you were
somewhat weak in the flesh, it was not explained to you by the angel. When,
however, you were strengthened by the Spirit, and your strength was
increased, so that you were able to see the angel also, then accordingly was
the building of the tower shown you by the Church. In a noble and solemn
manner did you see everything as if shown you by a virgin; but now you see
[them] through the same Spirit as if shown by an angel. However, you must
now learn everything from me with greater accuracy. For I was sent for this
purpose by the glorious angel to dwell in your house for ever, that you might
see all things with power, entertaining no fear, even as it was before.”
http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/shepherd.html
85. Stimson, Henry 1947. “The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb” in Harper’s Magazine
On July 28 the Premier of Japan, Suzuki, rejected the Potsdam ultimatum [calling for
unconditional surrender] by announcing that it was “unworthy of public notice.” In the
face of this rejection we could only proceed to demonstrate that the ultimatum had
meant exactly what it said when it stated that if the Japanese continued the war, “the
full application of our military power, backed by our resolve, will mean the inevitable
and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter
devastation of the Japanese homeland.”
For such a purpose the atomic bomb was an eminently suitable weapon. The New
Mexico test occurred while we were at Potsdam, on July 16. It was immediately clear
that the power of the bomb measured up to our highest estimates. We had developed
a weapon of such a revolutionary character that its use against the enemy might well
be expected to produce exactly the kind of shock on the Japanese ruling oligarchy
which we desired, strengthening the position of those who wished peace, and
weakening that of the military party.
Henry Stimson, former Secretary of War under President Truman
86. Truman, Harry. 6 Aug 1945. “Statement Announcing the Use of the Atomic Bomb
at Hiroshima”. NBC News.
Sixteen hours ago an American airplane dropped one bomb on Hiroshima, an important
Japanese Army base. That bomb had more power than 20,000 tons of T.N.T. It had more than
two thousand times the blast power of the British "Grand Slam" which is the largest bomb ever
yet used in the history of warfare.
The Japanese began the war from the air at Pearl Harbor. They have been repaid many fold.
And the end is not yet. With this bomb we have now added a new and revolutionary increase
in destruction to supplement the growing power of our armed forces. In their present form
these bombs are now in production and even more powerful forms are in development. It is an
atomic bomb. It is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe. The force from which the
sun draws its power has been loosed against those who brought war to the Far East…
We are now prepared to obliterate the Japanese! We shall destroy their docks, their factories,
and their communications. Let there be no mistake; we shall completely destroy Japan. We
shall eradicate their evil race. America will demonstrate to the world that the Anglo-Saxon race
is superior and that the Asian race must be subjugated to our nation as the voice of
democracy and Judeo-Christian superiority.
https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/august-6-1945-statement-president-announcing-use-bomb
87. Morrow, Edward R. 20 Sep 1945. “Interview with President Roosevelt”. See It Now.
Show #18. CBS News
Morrow: Mr. President, why don’t you begin by telling me the reasons for dropping the Atomic Bomb.
Roosevelt: Well, at the time, our chiefs of staff had drawn up plans for the invasion of Japan. They
warned us that the losses will exceed 100,000 soldiers. Furthermore, the ongoing bombing of Japanese
cities would lead to the deaths of 500,000 Japanese civilians. Mr. Stimson and I believed that there
needed to be a quick end to this war. We had the technology and believed that a demonstration of the
destructiveness of this bomb would lead to the psychological shock the Japanese leadership needed.
Morrow: But there are those who argue that the allies might have provided a demonstration for the
Japanese, perhaps an uninhabited target.
Roosevelt: Yes, that is something we considered. However, we felt that if the Japanese government was
able to reject the Potsdam resolution after experiencing destructive bombing of their industrial centers, then
a demonstration of the Atomic bomb’s destructive ability would not have been persuasive either.
Morrow: Mr. President, do you believe that the use of this destructive weapon has ushered in a new era of
warfare and threat to human civilization?
Roosevelt: Sadly, I do. I feel that now that this weapon has not been used the world has entered a new
age—an atomic age. And with it will be new questions we all will need to ask.
Edward R. Morrow was the chief CBS war correspondent during World War II
88. Oppenheimer, Robert. February 1946. “The Open Mind” in The Atlantic.
We have unleashed a powerful new weapon, one capable of more destruction
than has ever been imagined. We now find ourselves in a Cold War with the
very nation we fought alongside over the last five years. It is clear that the rules
of war have changed. It is clear that the rules of politics have changed. But
have our values changed? For us we seek a “Great Society”, one in which
poverty may be eliminated, a society of racial justice, and one in which there is
justice for people of all colors. Shall we not seek the same justice abroad?
Shall we not seek the same justice for those who are yellow, red, brown, and
black? But this new weapon, and this new Cold War threaten justice for by it
the ability for self-determination among emerging nations is limited. We must
declare firmly and with conviction: Black Live Matter, Asian Lives Matter. The
voices of all those whose paths of self-determination have been interrupted by
the dawn of this nuclear age matter.
Robert Oppenheimer was the scientific director of the Manhattan Project during World War II
89. Einstein, Albert. November 1947. “Atomic War or Peace”. The Atlantic
Since the completion of the first atomic bomb nothing has been
accomplished to make the world more safe from war, while much has
been done to increase the destructiveness of war… The bombing of
civilian centers was initiated by the Germans and adopted by the
Japanese. The Allies responded in kind…with greater effectiveness…
Now, in our current nuclear standoff with the Soviet Union who have as
many Hydrogen bombs as the United States, our leaders have promised
that the threat of mutually assured destruction will act as a deterrent to
nuclear war. They claim that neither country will launch intercontinental
ballistic missiles at the other. For such a strike would lead to the
eradication of the human race as well as the end of life on earth. I am
not so convinced.
92. Thus says Yhwh, the King of Israel and his Redeemer, the LORD of
hosts: “I am the first and I am the last; besides me there is no god. Who
is like me? Let him [predict the future]. Let him declare [what will be] and
set it before me, since I appointed an ancient people. Let them declare
what is to come, and what will happen. I am the LORD, who made all
things, who alone stretched out the heavens, who spread out the earth
by myself, who frustrates the signs of…fortune tellers, who turns wise
men back and makes their knowledge foolish, who confirms the word of
his servants and fulfills the counsel of his messengers.
(Isa 44:4–28 ESV)
93. It is I…who says of Jerusalem, ‘She shall be inhabited,’ and
of the cities of Judah, ‘They shall be built, and I will raise up
their ruins’; who says to the deep, ‘Be dry; I will dry up your
rivers’; who says of Cyrus, ‘He is my shepherd, and he
shall fulfill all my purpose’; saying of Jerusalem, ‘She shall
be built,’ and of the temple, ‘Your foundation shall be laid.’”
(Isa 44:4–28 ESV)
94. Isaiah
750 BC
• First Temple
• Kings Uzziah & Hezekiah
• Before Nebuchadnezzar
• Before the Babylonian Exile
100. O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, the city that kills the
prophets and stones those who are sent to
it…Behold, your house is forsaken. And I tell
you, you will not see me until you say:
“Blessed is he who comes in the name of the
Lord!”
(Luke 13:34–35 ESV)
101. When you see Jerusalem surrounded by
armies, then know that its destruction has
arrived…Flee to the mountains, and let those
who are inside [Jerusalem] escape.
(Luke 21:20–24 ESV)
102. The Christians in Jerusalem were commanded
by a prophecy before the war to escape and
go to the city of Pella in Perea. Those who
believed in Christ left Jerusalem…all Jesus’
followers abandoned Jerusalem and Judea.
(Eusebius, Church History 3.5.3, 4th Century)
104. And the LORD will scatter you among all peoples,
from one end of the earth to the other.
(Deut. 28:64 ESV)
Then the LORD your God…will gather you again from
all the peoples where the LORD your God has
scattered you… And will return you the land that your
fathers possessed.
(Deut. 30:3–5 ESV)