1. Hypnosis can enhance psychotherapy through building rapport and eliciting trance states, which activate inner healing resources.
2. Milton Erickson's approach to hypnosis and psychotherapy was pioneering and implicitly based on an evolutionary perspective, optimizing trance induction skills.
3. Hypnotic psychotherapy is a blend of hypnosis in psychotherapy and hypnosis as psychotherapy, based on rapport, trance, and conscious activation of theory of mind within a supportive clinical setting.
A fundamental process in the formation of an individual’s mentation is the associations of experience. These associations not only account for constructive behavior, but can also lead to deleterious or negative behavior, suggesting that some associations are negative and therefore the negative behavior can be remolded through contrasting positive associations; however, to understand what this really means and how it works, we must start at the beginning and define what exactly is this negative behavior that we refer to by the term “mental illness.”
As hundreds of so-called “psychotherapies” have been foisted onto the public, all claiming to treat “mental illness,” newer understandings of how the human brain actually works and the processes which drive the formations of mentation that we refer to as “the mind,” demand a reassessment of what exactly we are referring to by the term “mental illness” and what kinds of intervention would be feasible in both the prevention of and recovery from cognitive and behavioral disorder.
Epiphanies of right, Epiphanies of evil –eleogenetic practices as an alternat...Massimo Schinco
The word “epiphany” derives from the ancient Greek and means “manifestation”. Something similar is described in the modern language of Systems Theory with the term “emergence”. I claim that when we focus on human communities and societies, and even on the behavior of individuals, “epiphany” may be more fitting in order to describe an “emergence” with the adequate emphasis on the aesthetical, transcendent and ethical aspects that are required.
In the course of history and also of everyday life, epiphanies of evil and epiphanies of right occur and recur, at times in alternation and at times simultaneously.
Both for what concerns evil and right, epiphanies are discontinuous changes but come out of processes.
For what concerns evil, I focus on some characteristics and on the long-term deadly effects of a “problem-based” state of mind. Molding the world in terms of problems and solutions is necessary and appropriate in limited and practical domains. The adopting of this attitude as a general state of mind, shaping our whole presence in the world, blurs and ultimately denies the reality of persons, putting in foreground a pretended “reality” made of problems and solutions.
For what concerns right, I focus on what I call “eleogenetic” practices. “Eleos” is a Greek word that means “mercy”. “Mercy” is often mistaken for a sickly-sweetish attitude of turning a blind eye. I claim instead that mercy is a way to know reality with more precision and beauty, since reality is first of all a reality of persons, with their expressions, activities, encounters and contacts. Eleogenetic practices allow us to develop this kind of knowledge of oneself, of others, and ultimately of the world.
A fundamental process in the formation of an individual’s mentation is the associations of experience. These associations not only account for constructive behavior, but can also lead to deleterious or negative behavior, suggesting that some associations are negative and therefore the negative behavior can be remolded through contrasting positive associations; however, to understand what this really means and how it works, we must start at the beginning and define what exactly is this negative behavior that we refer to by the term “mental illness.”
As hundreds of so-called “psychotherapies” have been foisted onto the public, all claiming to treat “mental illness,” newer understandings of how the human brain actually works and the processes which drive the formations of mentation that we refer to as “the mind,” demand a reassessment of what exactly we are referring to by the term “mental illness” and what kinds of intervention would be feasible in both the prevention of and recovery from cognitive and behavioral disorder.
Epiphanies of right, Epiphanies of evil –eleogenetic practices as an alternat...Massimo Schinco
The word “epiphany” derives from the ancient Greek and means “manifestation”. Something similar is described in the modern language of Systems Theory with the term “emergence”. I claim that when we focus on human communities and societies, and even on the behavior of individuals, “epiphany” may be more fitting in order to describe an “emergence” with the adequate emphasis on the aesthetical, transcendent and ethical aspects that are required.
In the course of history and also of everyday life, epiphanies of evil and epiphanies of right occur and recur, at times in alternation and at times simultaneously.
Both for what concerns evil and right, epiphanies are discontinuous changes but come out of processes.
For what concerns evil, I focus on some characteristics and on the long-term deadly effects of a “problem-based” state of mind. Molding the world in terms of problems and solutions is necessary and appropriate in limited and practical domains. The adopting of this attitude as a general state of mind, shaping our whole presence in the world, blurs and ultimately denies the reality of persons, putting in foreground a pretended “reality” made of problems and solutions.
For what concerns right, I focus on what I call “eleogenetic” practices. “Eleos” is a Greek word that means “mercy”. “Mercy” is often mistaken for a sickly-sweetish attitude of turning a blind eye. I claim instead that mercy is a way to know reality with more precision and beauty, since reality is first of all a reality of persons, with their expressions, activities, encounters and contacts. Eleogenetic practices allow us to develop this kind of knowledge of oneself, of others, and ultimately of the world.
EMDR and the Adaptive Information Processing Model: Integrative Treatment and...Espaço da Mente
EMDR and the Adaptive Information Processing Model: Integrative Treatment and Case Conceptualization - Shapiro and Laliotis
Material de Apoio curso online Plano de Tratamento e Conceitualização de Casos
By: Daryush Parvinbenam M.A., M.Ed., LPCC-S, LICDC
Core of Trauma: "Despite the human capacity to survive and adapt, traumatic experiences can alter people's psychological, biological, and social equilibrium to such a degree that the memory of one particular event comes to taint all other experiences, spoiling appreciation of the present."
Two method approach: A case conceptualization Model in the context of EMDR JonghEspaço da Mente
Two method approach: A case conceptualization Model in the context of EMDR Jongh
Material de Apoio curso online Plano de Tratamento e Conceitualização de Casos
EMDR and the Adaptive Information Processing Model: Integrative Treatment and...Espaço da Mente
EMDR and the Adaptive Information Processing Model: Integrative Treatment and Case Conceptualization - Shapiro and Laliotis
Material de Apoio curso online Plano de Tratamento e Conceitualização de Casos
By: Daryush Parvinbenam M.A., M.Ed., LPCC-S, LICDC
Core of Trauma: "Despite the human capacity to survive and adapt, traumatic experiences can alter people's psychological, biological, and social equilibrium to such a degree that the memory of one particular event comes to taint all other experiences, spoiling appreciation of the present."
Two method approach: A case conceptualization Model in the context of EMDR JonghEspaço da Mente
Two method approach: A case conceptualization Model in the context of EMDR Jongh
Material de Apoio curso online Plano de Tratamento e Conceitualização de Casos
Five Popular Theories of Counseling PsychologyShivaniPadole
Counseling psychology could be a specialty field at intervalsin the broader discipline of psychology. The distinctiveness of the specialty is processed in terms of its five unifying themes: specialization in intact personalities; specializationon human strengths; stress on relatively brief interventions; stress on person-environment interactions; and stress on education, environments, and career development.
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Traum.docxspoonerneddy
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Trauma
Melvin Coe
Capella University
Professor Theresa Crawford
Research Foundation of History Systems in Psych
June 7, 2020
Running Head: APPLICATION OF THE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 1
APPLICATION OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Trauma
Introduction
In the present times, the number of people suffering from mental challenges has been on the rise. It is a time that demands psychologists to have better and effective scientific methods that would help them handle the different psychological issues being brought to their attention. Cognitive psychology is one of the scientific methods that can be used by psychologists to study the mind as an information processor. Using the method, psychologists are able to develop cognitive theories and models that would align and seems applicable in individual cases they are handling for instance, how one perceives, understands, remembers, attentiveness, makes use of language and is conscious of things.
The principal goals of clinical psychology are to generate knowledge based on scientifically valid evidence and to apply this knowledge to the optimal improvement of mental and behavioral health (Baker, McFall, Shoham, 2008). The values, principles, and methods of cognitive psychology and psychodynamic psychotherapy are anticipated to be utilized in an investigation which replaces maladaptive behaviors. The interest in the study is centered around increasing social response while decreasing maladaptive behaviors by utilizing differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors is a procedure that reduces a problematic behavior by reinforcing an appropriate alternative behavior that serves the same function.
Research topic (Cognitive Psychology in the influences of patient with trauma or mental illness)
The research paper revolves around understanding how cognitive psychology influences patients with trauma and mental illness. It is evident that cognitive psychology revolves around the study of the process within the brain and they vary from learning, perception, attention, memory, thinking, language, attention and problem-solving (Maslow, 1943). The mental illness and trauma are a result of some of the brain processes thus with embracing the school of cognitive psychology it is easier to understand and comprehend the potential solutions. The problem of mental illness has become complaisant in the current era and with the limited resources and technology in the past made it a challenge to contain it but the advancement in field of psychology has made it easier to find solutions to the problem. There is no specific treatment for trauma or mental illness in this era of medical advancement and technology but cognitive psychology is making it easier to help under.
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Traum.docxssusera34210
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Trauma
Melvin Coe
Capella University
Professor Theresa Crawford
Research Foundation of History Systems in Psych
June 7, 2020
Running Head: APPLICATION OF THE COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 1
APPLICATION OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2
Application of The Cognitive Psychology in Mental Illness or Trauma
Introduction
In the present times, the number of people suffering from mental challenges has been on the rise. It is a time that demands psychologists to have better and effective scientific methods that would help them handle the different psychological issues being brought to their attention. Cognitive psychology is one of the scientific methods that can be used by psychologists to study the mind as an information processor. Using the method, psychologists are able to develop cognitive theories and models that would align and seems applicable in individual cases they are handling for instance, how one perceives, understands, remembers, attentiveness, makes use of language and is conscious of things.
The principal goals of clinical psychology are to generate knowledge based on scientifically valid evidence and to apply this knowledge to the optimal improvement of mental and behavioral health (Baker, McFall, Shoham, 2008). The values, principles, and methods of cognitive psychology and psychodynamic psychotherapy are anticipated to be utilized in an investigation which replaces maladaptive behaviors. The interest in the study is centered around increasing social response while decreasing maladaptive behaviors by utilizing differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors is a procedure that reduces a problematic behavior by reinforcing an appropriate alternative behavior that serves the same function.
Research topic (Cognitive Psychology in the influences of patient with trauma or mental illness)
The research paper revolves around understanding how cognitive psychology influences patients with trauma and mental illness. It is evident that cognitive psychology revolves around the study of the process within the brain and they vary from learning, perception, attention, memory, thinking, language, attention and problem-solving (Maslow, 1943). The mental illness and trauma are a result of some of the brain processes thus with embracing the school of cognitive psychology it is easier to understand and comprehend the potential solutions. The problem of mental illness has become complaisant in the current era and with the limited resources and technology in the past made it a challenge to contain it but the advancement in field of psychology has made it easier to find solutions to the problem. There is no specific treatment for trauma or mental illness in this era of medical advancement and technology but cognitive psychology is making it easier to help under.
Animal Models from The Concise Corsini Encyclopedia of Ps.docxjustine1simpson78276
Animal Models
from The Concise Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science
When medical or psychological phenomena in animals are studied as analogues to those
phenomena in humans, one is said to be using an animal model. Models are basic and powerful
tools in biological and behavioral sciences, and this explains in part why so much research aimed
at understanding human physiology, brain, and behavior is actually done with animals. The key
word for understanding models is analogy. Use of a model is not a claim of identity with that
being modeled. Rather, a model is a convergent set of analogies between the human phenomenon
and the system that is being studied as a model for that phenomenon. Animal models are widely
used in neuroscience and psychology to explore and understand new relationships and
interactions among the environment, central nervous system, and behavior and to study these
interrelations under simpler and more controlled conditions than can be achieved
in research with humans. Animals models often allow for the discovery of causal relations not
possible in research on humans.
Animal models have a long and distinguished history in studies of both normal and abnormal
behavior. Life scientists (e.g., anatomists, physiologists, pharmacologists, and psychologists)
broadly accept the homological and analogical bases for the use of animal models that are rooted
in the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin. Evolutionary theory projects a continuity of
morphology, physiology, and the emergent emotions and ÒmindÓ from animals to humans.
At the more biological end of the continuum of behavioral neuroscience and
psychological research and application, the use of animal models finds general acceptance and is
largely noncontroversial. These uses include research on neural mechanisms of reflexes,
motivation, emotion, learning, perception, and memory. Animal models are an established
integral component of the progress of understanding in these areas. Contemporary animal models
make clear that neuroscience, emotion, and behavior do not exist in a linear chain from one to
the other but in a continuously interdependent interacting circle. More
controversially, animal models have been and continue to be extended with success into the
behavioral neuroscience of memory dysfunction in aging, problem solving and thinking, social
interactions and cultural structures, drug dependency and addiction, psychopharmacology, and
psychiatry.
Animal modeling is more difficult and controversial when it addresses dysfunctional behavior
and psychopathology. Animal models promise an understanding of human psychopathology, not
as bizarre distortions of behavior but, rather, as the consequence of lawful psychological
processes whose principles and mechanisms can be elucidated scientifically. Ivan Pavlov was
perhaps the first to argue that experimentally induced abnormal behavior in anim.
Seven Perspectives of Psychology – Terms ChecklistPsychodynami.docxklinda1
Seven Perspectives of Psychology – Terms Checklist
Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic
The psychodynamic approach was promoted by Sigmund Freud, who believed that many of our impulses are driven by sex. Freud, who was medically trained in neurology, developed a theory of personality that made the assumption that human motivation was propelled by conflicts between instinctual, mostly unconscious, psychological forces. He called these intrapsychic elements the id, ego and superego.
This psychodynamic theory caught on like wild fire and due to its explanatory power for human behavior, became very popular over the following century. Freud's therapeutic method, called psychoanalysis, was developed to identify the underlying conflicts between intrapsychic structures and resolve them by bringing them to consciousness. Insight therapy was one term used to describe Freud's treatment approach. Freud also contributed the first developmental theory of human personality. It suggests that human development progresses through psychosexual stages. Each stage is characterized by specific behavioral and psychodynamic developments and challenges.
Although Freud thought of himself as a scientist, and he was indeed very thorough in recording his methods and outcomes, he did not practice scientific methods. Psychoanalytic theory was developed through case study analysis, a qualitative, not scientific, method.
There are a lot of jokes about Freud and his now mostly outdated theories. But have you ever thought that something about who you are today comes from your experiences as a child? Say, you blame your smoking habit on an oral fixation that stems from being weaned from breastfeeding too early as a baby. Well, that also comes from Freud's theories, and it was an idea that revolutionized how we see ourselves.
Psychologists in this school of thought believe that unconscious drives and experiences from early childhood are at the root of your behaviors and that conflict arises when societal restrictions are placed on these urges.
Other psychodynamic theories arose, like those of Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, Margaret Mahler, and famous developmentalists like Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson, but all made the same basic assumption: There is a dynamic mind, conscious and unconscious, that influences the behavior of humans. Elements of the unconscious psyche interact to produce motives for behavior and thought processes.
Describe how the following concepts are linked to your thoughts, feelings and behaviors in your life event:
· The Unconscious – Id, Ego, Superego
· Stages of Psychosexual development – Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
Oedipus complex, Electra complex, identification, fixation
· Dreams – manifest and latent content
· Defense Mechanisms – repression, regression, displacement, denial, sublimation, projection. rationalization, reaction formation
· Inferiority complex
· Collective unconscious
Behavioral
In an attempt to bring scientific metho.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Ocular injury ppt Upendra pal optometrist upums saifai etawah
Hypnosis in psychotherapy and hypnosis as psicotherapy
1. HYPNOSIS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY AND HYPNOSIS AS PSICOTHERAPY:THE ERICKSONIAN APPROACH FROM AN EVOLUTIONARY POINT OF VIEW Ambrogio Pennati *, MD, psychiatrist, private practice, Milano, Italy pennati.ambrogio.md@fastwebnet.it Giampiero Mosconi §, MD, psychologist, private practice, Milano, Italy giampieromosconi@virgilio.it Italian Medical Association for the Study of Hypnosis (AMISI, www.amisi.it), §President and * Member of Board of Directors
2. EvolutionaryPsychology and Psychotherapy Evolutionarypsychologyseemstobe a euristically fertile approachto life sciences, suchas medicine, psychology, economics, sociology. Althoughthereisnot (and wehopethatwillneverbe) anevolutionarypsychotherapy, suchpointofviewcouldoffernewperspectives in psychotherapy, as some experiences in jungian and freudianpsychoanalisys, cognitive-behaviortherapy, systemictherapysuggest.
3. EvolutionaryPsychology and Hypnosis As a matteroffact, onlypioneristic, short and merely speculative papersabout the relationshipbetweenevolutionarypsychology and hypnosis are available. Wethinkthatadopting the evolutionaryperspective in the studyofhypnoticphenomenacould generate newresearch and newconceptualizations in ourfield. Wethinkthat at the coreofEricksonian work thereisanimplicitevolutionary way ofthinking, notfullyblossomedbecauseof the zeitgeist in whichheoperated.
4. A paradigmaticshift Evolutionarypsycvhologysuggeststhat a shiftfrom the Standard Social Science Model (and itscorollaryofhuman mind asblankslate) to the NaturalisticModelcouldbeuseful in bypassingmostof the conceptualconundrumsofpsychotherapy. In our case thisshiftcould bypass the “state or process” issueofhypnosis. The evolutionaryapproachidentify the abilitytodevelop trance experienceasoneof the mostimportantadaptativemodule in the in the brainfor the individual, the group and the specie.
5. Definitionof Trance Weoperativelydefine the trance asanAltered State ofConsciousness (ASoC) in which the followingphenomena can consensuallyoccur in a statisticallysignificantpercentages: Dissociationbetween executive and monitoringfunctionof the Self High frequencyofideodinamicbehaviors Verbal and/or motor inhibition Extremefocusingofattention, internal or external Facilitationofautoreferentialthinking Mnesicalterations Changes in quality and quantityof the timeexperience Changes in quality and quantityofperceptualexperience
6. The AdaptativeValueof Trance Social value: increasedgroupidentity, dischargeamong the groupofpeersofotherwiseunacceptablefeelings, self-trascendence, facilitationofmeme-relatedcomplexes, facilitationofmimeticlearning Individualvalue: self trascendence, modulationofpain, modulationof immune system, modulationofautonomicresponse, increasedefficiencyoffight or flight response, increasedefficiencyofmatingstrategies, increased chance ofactivationofinternalhealingmodules (seebelow) Biologicalvalue: increasedprobabilityofselectionof the fittest gene or memebyreshufflingofgenetic and memetic pool (ritual and/or orgiastic trance)
7. The EvolutionaryValueofRapport The mirrorneuronssystemsseemsto play a determinantrole in the abilitytodevelopempathicrelationshipsamonghumans. Suchrelationships are essentialfor the survivalstruggle and reproductive success of the individual and the group, gene (kin) or memerelated. Empathiclearningmaybeactivatedwithoutawareness (procedural), and thereforeitcouldbe more efficient and resilientthan the declarativelearning, whichreliesuponlinguistic and eideticstructuresof information. WecoulddefineAlteredStatesofConsciousness (AsoC) inductors the multifacetedproceduresthat homo sapiens utilizedtoachieve trance states. Suchinductorsrelyupon the empathicrapport.
8. Trance, Rapport, Hypnosis Fromanhistoricpointofviewhypnosiscouldbedefinedas the processof the complex, bidirectional, fluctuactinginteractionsbetween ASoCinductorsrecognizedby the western scientificcomunityasempiricallyvalidated and useful in medicine and psychology , accordingto the scientificparadigmof the zeitgeist, and The trance statesobtainedfollowingsuchinductionprocedures
10. Hypnosis and Psychotherapy Psychotherapycouldbeoperationallydefinedaseverymodalityofhelping people in copingwith stress, emotionalproblems, relationalproblems, or problematichabits; suchmodalities share the factofbeingall treatment based on talkingotanother people and doingsomethingtogether” (RCPychiatrists). Hypnosiscouldbetherapeuticbecauseboth the induction procedure in sé (modeling, emotionaltuning, procedurallearning, based on rapport, ofnewbehavioral or cognitive adaptativestrategies) and hypnotic trance (emotionalreleaseofotherwiseunacceptablefeelings, activation on internalhealingmodules, self-trascendence).
12. Hypnosis and EthiopatogeneticalModelsofIllnesses The majorityofpsychotherapeuticapproachestriedtodevelopetiopathogeneticalmodelsofdisorderscoherentwiththeirpostulates, butallthesemodelslackofstatistical and scientificvalidation. Hypnosistoosearchedfor a coherentmodel (neodissociative theory), butalso in this case empiricalvalidationisinsufficient or absent. Metaanalysises show thatthereis no evidence (ie, directlylinkedto the model) of the superiorityof a theoreticalmodelamong the others, and thataspecificvariables are the key factors in the efficacyofpsychotherapies. Therefore, everytheoreticalapproachtopsychotherapyseemstobemerely speculative.
13. Recentempirical data Data fromclinicalfieldsuggestthatempatethicalsharingofmemes (beliefs, values, social rituals, ideasabout the cause of the illness) with the clients can enhance the responsetodifferenttreatments. Sincethere are no evidencesofsuperiorityof a modelofpsychotherapyamong the otherswe can suppose that building a memeticrapportempatheticallybasedis the best operative option in psychotherapy.
14. The Ericksonian way Nowadayswe can think at Milton Erickson’s work as a pionieristic, revolutionary way ofthinking and workingbased on implicit, intuitive evolutionaryapproachtoclinicalactivity. Suchapproachisrooted in shamanictraditions and overtlyproposedby ME in his look and style. ME optimizedhisskillswithanthropological and psychiatricstudies, lookingfor social and biologicalbasisof trance induction and trance states.
15. Whichparadigm? The linear, cause-effect, newtonian, thre-dimensionsparadigmseems obsolete to help ustounderstandhypnoticclinicalphenomena The holistic way ofthinking, based on the complexitytheory, seems more useful in explaining the fuzzy nature of life sciences
17. Hypnosis in Psychotherapy and HypnosisasPsychotherapy Hypnosis in psychotherapycouldenhance the effectivenessofdifferentapproachesthroughelicitationofrapportmodules; itisbased on empathiccommunicationskills Hypnosisaspsychotherapycouldenhanceself-trascendence and innerhealermodulesthroughactivationof trance states
18. Hypnosis and Theoryof Mind Recentneurophysiological data suggestthat the abilitytomakeinference on the mental state of the others and toempathizewiththemislinkedto a decrease in activityof the cortexofanteriorcingulus; hypnoticinductionseemsto generate the sameeffect. We can thereforeaffirmthatHypnosisdoesn’t need a theoryof mind, sinceitisTheoryof Mind in Action.
19. Placebo, Hypnosis, InternalHealer As “internalhealer” we can identify the biochemical and neurophysiologicalmodulesof placebo: increasedopioid and dopaminergicactivity reduction in anteriorcingulatecortexactivity modulationof immune system modulationof social neuroendocrine pathways
20. HypnoticPsychotherapy Hypnoticpsychotherapy can bedefinedas the structuralblendbetweenhypnosis in psychotherapy and hypnosisaspsychotherapy. Itisbased on Rapport Trance Theoryof Mind consciousactivation In the contextof the aspecificfactorsthatconstitute the goodclinicalsetting.
21. Suggestionsfor future work Integrationofclinical and theoreticalresearchwith the recentbiochemical and neuropshysiological (EEG, PET, f-NMR) data Integrationofbehavioral and emotive hypnoticpatterns in anevolutionary interpretative frame Integrationofclinicalpracticelanguagewith the traditional western and easternhealingapproachestoreconciliatedifferenttherapeuticexperiences Assumptionof a newholisticparadigmofhealth