The document discusses oxytocin and its effects on behavior and the brain. It notes that oxytocin is synthesized in the hypothalamus and released in response to social stimuli. Studies suggest oxytocin is involved in social cognition, stress response, and affiliative behaviors. The document also explores oxytocin's potential role in psychiatric disorders and as a treatment, though notes long term effects require more research.
PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY (PNI) is the study of the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the human body. PNI takes an interdisciplinary approach, incorporating psychology, neuroscience, immunology, physiology, genetics, pharmacology, molecular biology, psychiatry, behavioral medicine, infectious diseases, endocrinology, and rheumatology.
PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY (PNI) is the study of the interaction between psychological processes and the nervous and immune systems of the human body. PNI takes an interdisciplinary approach, incorporating psychology, neuroscience, immunology, physiology, genetics, pharmacology, molecular biology, psychiatry, behavioral medicine, infectious diseases, endocrinology, and rheumatology.
Psychotherapy the biological dimensionismail sadek
is it real word can affect your brain?
many people say not and don't believe that the psychotherapy change not only our behavior but also it can change the brain structure
Trauma at the End of Life: Somatic Experiencing and Other Touch Based Treatme...Michael Changaris
This paper explores the use of touch in working with elders. It explores neurodegenerative disorders, challenges working with individuals with cognitive changes and how to develop a treatment plan that includes safe therapeutic touch.
Breakout 3.4 Asthma and psychological problems - Mike ThomasNHS Improvement
Breakout 3.4 Asthma and psychological problems - Mike Thomas
Professor of Primary Care Research, University of Southampton
Chief Medical Advisor, Asthma UK
Part of a set of presentations from NHS Improvement event: Better value, better outcomes held on Thursday 21 February 2013,
Guoman Tower Hotel, London
How to deliver quality and value in chronic care:sharing the learning from the respiratory programme
The Neurobiology of Touch and Trauma Somatic Experiencing from Dysregulation ...Michael Changaris
This paper explores the role of touch in treatment. It explores the neurobiological impact of touch with a focus on the main neurological systems activated in touch. The paper attempts to outline tools to reduce symptoms of trauma through touch.
Drug addiction has been given the title of a "disease" when the earliest writings on addiction said it is "like a disease" and not a disease. There are those who claim that addiction is a "brain disease" when there actually is no direct research that proves this. This paper questions the disease concept in addiction.
Psychotherapy the biological dimensionismail sadek
is it real word can affect your brain?
many people say not and don't believe that the psychotherapy change not only our behavior but also it can change the brain structure
Trauma at the End of Life: Somatic Experiencing and Other Touch Based Treatme...Michael Changaris
This paper explores the use of touch in working with elders. It explores neurodegenerative disorders, challenges working with individuals with cognitive changes and how to develop a treatment plan that includes safe therapeutic touch.
Breakout 3.4 Asthma and psychological problems - Mike ThomasNHS Improvement
Breakout 3.4 Asthma and psychological problems - Mike Thomas
Professor of Primary Care Research, University of Southampton
Chief Medical Advisor, Asthma UK
Part of a set of presentations from NHS Improvement event: Better value, better outcomes held on Thursday 21 February 2013,
Guoman Tower Hotel, London
How to deliver quality and value in chronic care:sharing the learning from the respiratory programme
The Neurobiology of Touch and Trauma Somatic Experiencing from Dysregulation ...Michael Changaris
This paper explores the role of touch in treatment. It explores the neurobiological impact of touch with a focus on the main neurological systems activated in touch. The paper attempts to outline tools to reduce symptoms of trauma through touch.
Drug addiction has been given the title of a "disease" when the earliest writings on addiction said it is "like a disease" and not a disease. There are those who claim that addiction is a "brain disease" when there actually is no direct research that proves this. This paper questions the disease concept in addiction.
Running head PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER .docxtoltonkendal
Running head: PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER 1
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER 6
Psychiatric Disorder
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
Course Title
Date
Psychiatric disorder
Depression is one of the most common mental disorders found in the world. Current studies indicate that depression may result from genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. People of all ages are susceptible to depression but the elderly are at a high risk than the young. In the brain, depression starts with simple chemical imbalances. Communication within the brain and to and fro the rest of the body is via the chemical transmitter, known as neurotransmitters. The brain limbic system has been a key interest for many researchers as it comes to anxiety, stress and depression. There exists relationship between depression and the functioning of three primary neurotransmitters; serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that is associated with the control of many crucial bodily operations such as aggression, sleeping, sexual behavior, mood, and eating. The production of serotonin is in the serotonergic neurons. Some people are likely to suffer depression with a drop in the production of serotonin in the neurons. The resultant mood is one that is more particularly associated with individuals feeling suicidal.
Early studies suggested that an existence of neurotransmitter norepinephrine deficiency in some certain areas of the brain resulted in depression. Recent follow up studies also shows that there is a group of individuals with a depression disorder who exhibit low levels of the chemical norepinephrine. In autopsy studies, it has been shown that in comparison, people who lives have been marred with a recurrence of depressive episodes possess lesser norepinephrinergic neurons unlike those who have not had depressive history. Norepinephrine assist our bodies detect and respond to stressful instances. People who are susceptible to depression have a norepinephrinergic system which does not take care of the effects of stress very efficiently.
Dopamine is another chemical transmitter in the brain associated with depression. The neurotransmitter plays a critical part in controlling our motivation to seek out reward, also the ability to get a sense of pleasure. Low levels of dopamine may partly explain as to why some individuals suffering from depression do not get the same pleasure sense from people are activities that they used to before falling into depression.
Evidence is ever increasing to support the hypothesis that stress and the accompanying depression could involve structural variations in the brain. The resultant changes of depression are known as remodeling. An occurrence of remodeling due to stress can be prevented or even potentially tu ...
Summary Report: "Mental Health Throughout Life"
Herrenhausen Conference on Mental Illnesses, Hanover, April 3-5, 2013
Mechanisms of vulnerability for mental illnesses over lifetime were the focus of the Volkswagen Foundation’s second Herrenhausen Conference. Concentrating on particularly sensitive and susceptible phases of mental development, renowned experts shared their latest research and insights into risk for and resilience against mental illnesses. Building on this material, in a concluding Session new approaches for improving mental health and treating mental disorders were highlighted.
Provide a 1-page description of a stressful event currently occurr.docxamrit47
Provide a 1-page description of a stressful event currently occurring in your life. Then, referring to information you learned throughout this course, address the following:
· What physiological changes occur in the brain due to the stress response?
· What emotional and cognitive effects might occur due to this stressful situation?
· Would the above changes (physiological, cognitive, or emotional) be any different if the same stress were being experienced by a person of the opposite sex or someone much older or younger than you?
· If the situation continues, how might your physical health be affected?
· What three behavioral strategies would you implement to reduce the effects of this stressor? Describe each strategy. Explain how each behavior could cause changes in brain physiology (e.g., exercise can raise serotonin levels).
· If you were encouraging an adult client to make the above changes, what ethical considerations would you have to keep in mind? How would you address those ethical considerations?
In addition to citing the online course and the text, you are also required to cite a minimum of two scholarly sources. Please see the Academic Resources section under Course Home to use the Argosy University online library to find appropriate scholarly sources. For reputable web sources, look for .gov or .edu sites as opposed to .com sites. Please do not use Wikipedia.
Your paper should be double-spaced, in 12-point Times New Roman font, and with normal 1-inch margins; written in APA style; and free of typographical and grammatical errors. It should include a title page with a running head, an abstract, and a reference page. The body of the paper should be at least 6 pages in length
Stress hormones increase blood pressure and have various other effects on the body that might not be adaptive over long periods.
Selye proposed the concept of the general adaptation syndrome to account for the effect of stress on the body
Currently, there are two primary systems for the classification of psychological disorders—The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013), and The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) (World Health Organization, 1992).
Major depressive disorder is characterized by a lowering of mood, energy, and activity that results in significant distress or impairment in life. There is much research focusing on imbalances in the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) in people suffering from depressive disorders
In the brain, the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex show structural and functional abnormalities in people with depression.
Bipolar disorder is characterized by an extremely elevated mood with increases in activity and energy (manic phase) followed by an equally low mood with decreases in activity and energy (depressive phase), resulting in significant distress or imp ...
Contributions of Neuroscience toOur Understanding of CognitiAlleneMcclendon878
Contributions of Neuroscience to
Our Understanding of Cognitive
Development
Adele Diamond1 and Dima Amso2
1
Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, Canada; and
2
Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology,
Weill Medical College of Cornell University
ABSTRACT—One major contribution of neuroscience to
understanding cognitive development has been in demon-
strating that biology is not destiny—that is, demonstrating
the remarkable role of experience in shaping the mind,
brain, and body. Only rarely has neuroscience provided
wholly new insights into cognitive development, but often
it has provided evidence of mechanisms by which obser-
vations of developmental psychologists could be explained.
Behavioral findings have often remained controversial
until an underlying biological mechanism for them was
offered. Neuroscience has demonstrated promise for de-
tecting cognitive problems before they are behaviorally
observable—and, hence, promise for early intervention. In
this article, we discuss examples drawn from imitation and
mirror neurons, phenylketonuria (PKU) and prefrontal
dopamine, maternal touch and stress reactivity, and non-
genetic (behavioral) intergenerational transmission of bi-
ological characteristics.
KEYWORDS—plasticity; epigenesis; mothering; executive
functions; animal models; molecular genetics; memory
Neuroscience research has made its greatest contributions to the
study of cognitive development by illuminating mechanisms
(providing a ‘‘how’’) that underlie behavioral observations made
earlier by psychologists. It has also made important contribu-
tions to our understanding of cognitive development by dem-
onstrating that the brain is far more plastic at all ages than
previously thought—and thus that the speed and extent by which
experience and behavior can shape the brain is greater than al-
most anyone imagined. In other words, rather than showing that
biology is destiny, neuroscience research has been at the fore-
front of demonstrating the powerful role of experience throughout
life. Besides the surprising evidence of the remarkable extent
of experience-induced plasticity, rarely has neuroscience given
us previously unknown insights into cognitive development, but
neuroscience does offer promise of being able to detect some
problems before they are behaviorally observable.
PROVIDING MECHANISMS THAT CAN ACCOUNT FOR
BEHAVIORAL RESULTS REPORTED BY
PSYCHOLOGISTS
Here we describe two examples of behavioral findings by psy-
chologists that were largely ignored or extremely controversial
until underlying biological mechanisms capable of accounting
for them were provided by neuroscience research. One such
example concerns cognitive deficits documented in children
treated early and continuously for phenylketonuria (PKU). The
second example involves neonatal imitation observed b ...
i was interested in Autism and this semester i find a good opportunity to make a presentation about autism because we are studying a subject called Psychology of Handicap.
I hope you find this presentation useful.
Yahya Fehdi , Psychology major.
Running Head: DEPRESSION 1
DEPRESSION 3
Lana Eliot
Depression
Psychology 630
Professor Benton
August 25, 2018
Many people throughout the world experience some type of depression in their lives and it is one of the most common mental disorders. The current statistic show that depression is linked to genetic, environmental, biological and is also psychological. Depression can ben found with any age person. A small child or an adult may have to deal with the depression that is affecting them. Chemical imbalances in the brain is the leading cause for a person dealing with the depressive order. The neurotransmitter is the what we call the communicator between the brain and the limbic system. Researchers study the limbic system in the brain as this is where depression starts; especially for anxiety and stress. The 3 major neurotransmitters; serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine all have direct relations with a persons’ depression and anxiety.
Serotonin plays a crucial role in our brain. It is associated with many physical actions that we may portray. The actions associated with serotonin are mood altering, sleeping patterns, eating disorders, and aggression. If a persons’ serotonin levels decrease, they may experience these depressive symptoms. This can also make persons have a feeling of self-worth and suicidal feelings.
Another transmitter in the brain which is associated with the depressive disorder is dopamine. This is the part of the brain that deals with our motivation and how we gain the feeling of self-worth and self-pleasure. Early studies suggested that an existence of neurotransmitter norepinephrine deficiency in some certain areas of the brain resulted in depression. One main cause of depression is the reduction in the concentration of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin and dopamine. The decrease in the concentration of these neurotransmitters leads to disturbed neuronal signal processing which leads to alterations in the structure of the neuronal networks. These basic changes are accepted to be one of the fundamental purposes behind sorrow. The emergence of neuroimaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and functional fMRI, established the importance of the ‘neurocircuit of emotion’ which has been expanded to include other important brain areas and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). These brain sites and their connections, which have been widely studied, are responsible for maintaining emotional stability and their malfunction is considered central to the pathophysiology of depression (Palazidou, E., 2012).
Recent follow up studies also shows that there is a group of individuals with a depression disorder who exhibit low levels of the chemical norepinephrine. In autopsy studies, it has been shown that in comparison,.
Write a 625- to 700-word letter to your future self about what you.docxambersalomon88660
Write a 625- to 700-word letter to your future self about what you will need to know to be an effective adult educator.
Address the following in your letter:
· Current developments in workplace learning in both formal and informal settings
· Challenges regarding motivation that facilitators might face, and how to motivate adult learners in an adult learning environment
· Digital age benefits and challenges
· Ethics and values in the adult learning environment
Include at least two citations and references.
Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
Running Head: SCHIZOPHRENIA
SCHIZOPHRENIA 2
Critical Review: Schizophrenia
Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Course:
Professor’s name:
Date:
Introduction
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder that affects almost all elements of a patient's life. The disease is characterized by hallucination, cognitive impairment, social withdrawal, delusions. All these characteristics are usually seen in Schizophrenia patients. In most cases, a patient is unable to think straight, distinguish fantasy from reality and also can be over-reactive when they interact with others. All the above symptoms can be explained based on the neurological mechanisms of a patient's mental illness. Over the recent past, there have been various researches linking psychology and neuroscience in search of information on the causes of schizophrenia in patients. “There has been evidence that the disorder is as a result of impaired activation on three brain networks between frontotemporal, front parietal and front striatal that serve in cognitive functioning and coordinating cognition and emotion” (Tritsch et al., 2016).
Theory
Neurotransmitters are basically chemical elements that are secreted by the neurons. The function of these neurotransmitters is actually found in the name of the elements, and that is to transmit messages from one neuron to the other. There are several types of these neurotransmitters and our main point of focus in this case will be those that are actually associated with schizophrenia and the very first and common one is Dopamine. As we have seen this condition affects the thinking of the patient and at some point are not in a position to distinguish between fantasy and the realities of life, now this is one element of an individual that is controlled by dopamine, dopamine is actually responsible for the movement of thoughts within an individual now these thoughts are actually what helps an individual to make some distinction between the facts and fantasy that is why you find an individual is not actually able to make distinction between fantasy and reality when they are affected as a result of schizophrenia.
The other neurotransmitter that is involved with this disorder is glutamate,.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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2. Prof. Hani Hamed Dessoki, M.D.Psychiatry
Prof. Psychiatry
Chairman of Psychiatry Department
Beni Suef University
Supervisor of Psychiatry Department
El-Fayoum University
APA member
3. WINDOWS TO THE BRAIN | March 01, 2013
Oxytocin and Behavior: Evidence for Effects in
the Brain
Francis L. Stevens, Ph.D.; Omri Wiesman, Ph.D.;
Ruth Feldman, Ph.D.; Robin A. Hurley, M.D.;
Katherine H. Taber, Ph.D.
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical
Neurosciences 2013;25:96-102.
4. Agenda
Introduction
Biological Correlates
Clinical Perspectives
Could Oxytocin Be Useful in Treating
Psychiatric Disorders?
A Cautionary Note On Oxytocin as a
Treatment for Psychiatric Disorders
Take home message
5. INTRODUCTION
OT is a nine amino acid peptide, synthesized primarily in
the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei (SON and
PVN) of the hypothalamus.
Neurons in both the SON and PVN project to the posterior
pituitary gland, where OT is released into the bloodstream
in response to specific physiological events (e.g., sexual
stimulation, nursing, stress) and exerts multiple peripheral
effects.
6. The posterior pituitary gland hormones
Posterior pituitary gland releases 2
hormones:
1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), or
arginine vasopressin (AVP).
2. Oxytocin
Both hormones are produced in
hypothalamic nuclei:
- Supraoptic nucleus
(ADH + 1/6
oxytocin)
- Paraventricular nucleus
(Oxytocin + 1/6 ADH)
7. Action of oxytocin
1. Contraction of smooth muscles of the uterus
enhance labor.
2. Contraction of mammary gland myoepithelial cells of
the alveoli & the ducts
Ejection of milk as a reflex in
lactating women.
3. In men
ejaculation.
Remember: Oxytocin is concerned with releasing or
ejection of milk, while prolactin is concerned with
synthesis & production of milk.
8. INTRODUCTION
The few available studies of OT fiber staining in human
brain suggest a generally similar pattern to the receptor
mapping, with fibers present in the basal forebrain (e.g.,
septal nucleus, diagonal band of Broca, bed nucleus
of the stria terminalis) and brainstem, but not in
amygdala or hippocampus.
9. INTRODUCTION
Knowledge about the oxytocin (OT) system in the brain
has increased greatly over the past decade.
Although this neuropeptide is best known for its peripheral
effects, direct modulation of central nervous system (CNS)
areas has also been implicated in OT’s actions, which
include a major role in a wide range of affiliative
behaviors.
Often referred to as the “social bonding” hormone,
speculations are being made as to its applications and
potential uses in enhancing human relationships.
10. INTRODUCTION
Alterations in the OT system have been implicated in
several neuropsychiatric disorders.
Multiple types of psychopathology manifest in deficits in
social functioning, including inability to maintain
interpersonal relationships and engage in socially
appropriate behavior.
The OT system may influence the efficacy of
psychotherapy, as research has repeatedly shown that the
therapeutic relationship is one of the largest predictors of
therapeutic change.
OT may also have value as a therapeutic intervention.
11. Introduction
Understanding how the brain processes social information
and regulates social behavior helps us understand
psychiatric disorders specifically affecting social behavior.
Animal models provide an opportunity for experimental
manipulations that are not possible in human patients.
12. Social Recognition and the Neural
Processing of Social Stimuli
Several studies suggest that the brain has specific neural
circuits involved in processing social information rather
than nonsocial stimuli.
Human brain imaging studies have demonstrated that the
brain processes social visual stimuli differently from
nonsocial stimuli.
For example, the lateral fusiform gyrus is activated to a
greater degree when subjects view faces than when
viewing nonface objects
14. Critical areas of the brain for love
and attachment
Hypothalamus
(Oxytocin
Response)
Hippocampus
(Short-term
Memory)
Orbitofrontal Cortex
(Social/Emotional Control
Center)
Pituitary Gland
Amygdala
(Fight, Flight, or
Freeze)
Neural Circuitry
Adrenal Glands
Brain Stem
(Lower
Limbic/Reptilian)
Spinal Cord
14
15. Peripheral Oxytocin
Numerous studies in humans have reported correlations between
peripheral levels of OT (i.e., in blood, saliva, or urine) and sociallyrelevant behaviors.
Plasma OT levels of pregnant women in the first trimester predict
the amount of postpartum maternal–infant bonding behavior, and
the increase in OT from the first to third trimester predicts thirdtrimester strength of maternal bonding.
Mothers at higher risk for postpartum depression, based on selfreported symptoms pre- and postpartum, had lower plasma OT
during pregnancy.
16. Postpartum “blues”: biological
attachment hypothesis
Neurobiological systems foster attachment between
mammalian mothers & infants.
Oxytocin activates limbic structures (e.g. the ACG) that
mediate the interface between attention & emotion.
Postpartum reactivity may stem from this.
With stressors, depression may result.
18. Social stress and anxiety
Recent neuroimaging studies suggest a modulatory role of OT on
amygdala responsiveness to unconditioned and conditioned
socially relevant stimuli.
The attenuating effect on amygdala activity in response to both
positive and negative stimuli might reflect reduced uncertainty about
the predictive value of a social stimulus and thereby facilitate social
approach behavior.
19. Social cognition and social approach
To summarize, there is accumulating evidence that in humans, OT
modulates social perception, social cognition, and social
behavior, thereby promoting social approach and affiliation.
Besides the stress-reducing and anxiolytic effects, OT modulates
social cognitive functions such as trust, emotion recognition and
social memory.
20. Autism Spectrum Disorder
There is increasing evidence that both OT gene might be
involved in the development of ASD.
Furthermore, a number of studies show that the availability
of OT is associated with socio-cognitive functioning in
ASD.
Finally, two studies suggest that systemic infusions of OT
reduce repetitive behavior and improve emotion
recognition in ASD (however, better intranasal).
21. Social Anxiety Disorder
Intranasal oxytocin was found to suppress fear-related
activation of the amygdala in healthy subjects.
As oxytocin in humans was also associated with both an
enhanced ability to interact socially and a better central
nervous control of stress and anxiety in social
interactions.
Patients administered with oxytocin showed improved selfevaluations of appearance and speech performance.
Future research is needed.
22. Early Trauma and Associated
Disorders
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with a
remarkably high prevalence of severe childhood trauma and neglect
and by a pervasive pattern of instability in affect and interpersonal
relationships, (auto-) aggressive behaviors as well as unresolved,
preoccupied, and fearful types of attachment.
In particular, BPD has been associated with excessive socioaffective vigilance and enhanced reactivity to emotional and
social stimuli.
Thus, neuropeptides might play a significant role in the development
of the insecure attachment and the fundamental distrust in others
that many BPD patients report.
23. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Although an initial case study reported symptomatic
improvement in OCD patients treated with intranasal OT,
subsequent controlled studies were not able to confirm
therapeutic effects of systemic or intranasal
administration of OT in OCD.
24. Depression
To date, only a small number of studies have
investigated the role of OT in the development of affective
disorders, in particular in unipolar depression.
It might also be the case that some characteristics in
depression (e.g., social withdrawal) are associated with
blunted OT, but this hypothesis clearly needs further
investigation.
25. Schizophrenia
The empirical evidence of OTfunctioning in schizophrenia
is limited and controversial, although recent studies in
humans and animals suggest impairments of OT
metabolism in schizophrenia that might be related to
impaired social cognitive functioning.
26. Could Oxytocin Be Useful in Treating
Psychiatric Disorders?
Oxytocin could be a useful treatment for certain mental
health diagnoses -- particularly those involving impaired
social functioning.
Oxytocin's involvement in "social decision making,
evaluating and responding to social stimuli, mediating
social interactions, and forming social memories" in
humans.
Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2013
27. Could Oxytocin Be Useful in Treating
Psychiatric Disorders?
Possible Treatment Benefits in Autism and Schizophrenia Based on
initial trials, oxytocin may one day "be a useful treatment agent for
improving some aspects of social cognition and for reducing
repetitive behaviors" in patients with autism spectrum disorders,
although studies are only in the early stages to fully evaluate clinical
effectiveness.
Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2013
28. Could Oxytocin Be Useful in Treating
Psychiatric Disorders?
Studies of oxytocin's relationship to schizophrenia have yielded
conflicting results -- associations with oxytocin-related genes
don't appear as strong as for autism.
Because oxytocin is involved in responses to stress, studies have
also looked at its potential role in mood disorders and anxiety
disorders.
Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2013
29. Could Oxytocin Be Useful in Treating
Psychiatric Disorders?
For example, there's evidence that oxytocin may be involved in
beneficial responses to electroconvulsive therapy for severe
depression.
But so far, there's little evidence that oxytocin is a useful treatment
for anxiety and depression.
The same is true for early studies of oxytocin for treatment of
obsessive-compulsive disorder and borderline personality
disorder.
Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2013
30. Method of Adminstration
Thus despite some promising results, it's much too early to conclude
that oxytocin is a helpful treatment for autism, schizophrenia, or any
other psychiatric disorder.
Even if the evidence were stronger, there's currently no reliable way of
giving oxytocin treatment so that it gets to the brain in a predictable
way.
Nasal administration seems to be the most promising alternative, but
larger studies are needed to understand how it gets to the brain
receptors necessary for its effects.
Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2013
31. Could Oxytocin Be Useful in Treating
Psychiatric Disorders?
“Proper clinical trials are only recently being undertaken," which
"should provide a better understanding of the extent and limitations of
the clinical effects of externally delivered oxytocin."
Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2013
32. A Cautionary Note On Oxytocin as a
Treatment for Psychiatric Disorders
A new study now published in Biological Psychiatry indicates that
the promising short-term effects often observed after a single
dose of oxytocin may not translate to positive effects after longterm administration.
Science News ,2013
33. A Cautionary Note On Oxytocin as a
Treatment for Psychiatric Disorders
The fact that long term treatment with oxytocin had the opposite
impact of initial doses with the same substance suggests that special
strategies will be needed if oxytocin is ever to become a long-term
treatment for autism or schizophrenia,"
Science News ,2013
34. Take Home Massage
OT is associated with the regulation of the behavioral and
endocrine stress response, i.e., OT is released in response to
socially relevant challenges and attenuates endocrine and
autonomic responses to stress.
OT is released in response to positive social interactions, such
as social support or social proximity, thus possibly representing a
mediator for the well-known stress-protective effects of social
support.
The neural substrate for the anxiolytic effects of OT has been
suspected in limbic areas, in particular in the amygdala
(attenuate amygdala reactivity ).
35. Take Home Massage
Finally, there is initial evidence that the central OT system is
altered in several mental disorders that are characterized by
severe social disturbances, such as ASD, OCD, personality
disorders, and following early trauma.
Although still in the early stages of development as a treatment,
OT’s ability to increase trust and enhance emotional empathy
suggests considerable potential in neuropsychiatry, either as an
addition to other medications or in combination with
psychotherapy.
Despite a general consensus that oxytocin (OT) has prosocial
effects, there is no clear agreement on how these effects are
achieved.