The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism. Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland is overactive and produces too many hormones. Some common causes include Graves' disease, infection, and excessive iodine intake. Symptoms include increased sweating, weight loss, rapid heartbeat, nervousness, and bulging eyes. The condition is diagnosed based on physical exam, hormone levels, and thyroid scans. Treatment options include antithyroid medications, beta blockers, radioactive iodine, or thyroid surgery if other options fail.

1. By: Azhar Manzoor

2. Overview
 The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine gland
in the body. It consists of two connected lobes. It is
found in the anterior of the neck below the laryngeal
prominence (Adam’s Apple)

3. Hyperthyroidism
 Hyperthyroidism is the hyperactivity of the thyroid
gland with the increase in synthesis and release of
thyroid hormones.

4. CAUSES
 Infection
 Emotional shock
 Stress
 Thyroiditis
 Excessive ingestion of thyroid hormones
 Excessive iodine intake
 Graves disease

5. Pathophysiology
Hypothalamus
Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)
Anterior Pituitary
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Thyroid gland
T3, T4

6. Clinical menifestations
 Increased sweating
 Weight loss
 Goiter
 Increased appetite
 Tachycardia
 Insomnia
 Nervousness
 Restlessness
 Bulging of eyeballs
 Drooping of eyelids
 Periorbital edema

8. Weight loss

9. Tachycardia

10. Periorbital edema

11. Goiter

12. Ptosis

13. Insomnia

14. Restlessness

15. Bulging of eyeball

16. Restlessness

17. Diagnosis
 History taking
 Physical examination
 Elevated serum T3 & T4 levels
 Low TSH level
 Radionuclide scanning of thyroid gland
 Thyroid scan

18. Management
 Pharmacological therapy
ANTITHYROID DRUGS
 Presently three thiourylene drugs sre used
 Propylthiouracil (PTU), Methimazole & Carbimazole.
 Dosage
 5-10mg/kg in three divided doses.

19.  Adjunctive therapy
 Saturated solution of potassium iodide (1-2 drops
thrice daily)
 Beta adrenergic blockers for relieving symptoms of
restlessness. Tachycardia and tremors,

20. Radioiodine treatment
 Adminstration of radioactive iodine-131 dissolved in
water or capsule.

21. Surgical management
 When other modes of treatment fail, thyriodectomy is
performed.
 Hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism and laryngeal
nerve injury may occur as complications of surgery

22. Nursing Diagnosis
 Diagnose 1
 Fear and anxiety related to medical or surgical intervention of
hyperthyroidism.

23.  Diagnosis 2
 Risk for imbalanced nutrition less than body requirements
related to increased metabolism (increased appetite)

24.  Diagnosis 3
 Risk of infection related to surgical intervention.

25. Summary and Conclusion
 Overview of thyroid gland.
 Definition of Hyperthyroidism
 Pathophysiology
 Causes
 Clinical menifestations
 Diagnosis
 management