Hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water through turbines to generate electricity. It works by collecting water in a reservoir at a higher elevation and releasing it through pipes to spin turbines connected to generators. There are three main types: impoundment, diversion, and pumped storage. Dams can operate sustainably for over 100 years with proper maintenance. Case studies on the Bakun Dam in Malaysia and Three Gorges Dam in China show hydro provides renewable energy but also causes environmental impacts. Advantages are renewable sources and reducing greenhouse gases, while disadvantages include disruption during droughts and effects on habitat and communities.

1. HYDROELECTRIC POWER
(RENEWABLE)
STAP 1032 Geologi & Kemanusiaan
Prepared by :
1. Ima
2. Pavi
3. Afiz
4. Asia
5. Izzat
6. Sarah
7. Alif
8. Fiza
9. Nik
10. Aina
11. Hana
12. Aisyah

2. Conte
nt
1. Introduction
● Renewable energy
● Hydroelectric energy
● How it works
● Types of hydroelectric
energy
2. Sustainability
4. Study case :
Empangan Bakun
4. Study case :
Sandouping, yichang,
hubei china
4. Advantages
4. Disadvantages

3. What is renewable energy
❏ Renewable energy is energy that is generated from natural processes that are continuously
replenished.
❏ This includes sunlight, geothermal heat, wind, tides, water, and various forms of biomass
which is cannot be exhausted and is constantly renewed.
❏ Renewable energy - 13.5% of the world’s total energy supply, and 22% of the world's electricity.
❏ Renewable energy systems are a major topic when discussing the globe's energy future for two
main reasons:
1. Renewable energy systems provide energy from sources that will never deplete.
2. Renewable energy systems produce less greenhouse gas emissions than fossil fuel
energy systems.

4. What is hydroelectric energy
❏ Hydroelectric energy, also called hydroelectric power or hydroelectricity, is a form of energy
that harnesses the power of water in motion
❏ It produced from generators driven by turbines that convert the potential energy of falling or
fast-flowing water into electrical energy.

5. What is hydroelectric energy
❏ Hydroelectric power plants are usually located in
dams that impound rivers.
❏ Water is collected or stored at a higher elevation
and led downward through large pipes or tunnels
(penstocks) to a lower elevation
.

6. HYDROELECTRIC
WORK?
● Have a reservoir, to control the
water flow.
● Water gains potential energy
just before it flows down a hill.
● The potential energy is then
converted into kinetic energy
as water flows.
● The water can be used to turn
the blades of a turbine to
generate electricity.

7. Types of Hydroelectic Energy Plants
1. IMPOUNDMENT FACILITY
-a dam is used to control the flow of water stored in a pool or reservoir. When more energy is
needed, water is released from the dam.
1. DIVERSION FACILITY
-unique.does not use dam.Instead,it uses a series of canals to channel flowing river water
toward the generator-powering turbines.
3. PUMPED-STORAGE FACILITY
-This plant collects the energy produced from solar,wind, and nuclear power and stores it for
future use.When there is a higher demand for electricity,water located in the higher pool is released.As
this water flows back down to lower reservoir,it turns a turbine to generate more electricity.

8. Sustainability?

9. How long do hydropower installations last?
❏ Hydropower systems, especially dams, have a very long operational
lives.
❏ The oldest operating hydropower systems are over 100 years old, in
Scotland.
❏ Hydro turbines by their nature are relatively low-stressed pieces of
machinery.
❏ Operate under very steady loading conditions with no sudden load
changes.

10. Factors affecting life-span dams
Changes in the
design criteria
Changes in method of
analysis and new
safety concepts
Results of risk
assessments
Ageing of construction
and foundation materials
and components

11. Safety criteria for assessment of the life-span of dams
Structural
safety
Safety
monitoring
Operational
safety
Emergency
planning

12. EMPANGAN BAKUN
Malaysia

13. BAKUN DAM
● Hydroelectric dam reaching across
Sungai Balui in Sarawak, Malaysia.
● Bakun dam is the biggest dam in
Malaysia with capacity of 43,300
million cubic meter.
● Bakun dam can generate about
2400MW of electricity.
● The 4th Largest CFRD (Concrete Face
Rockfills Dam) Dam in the world with
height reaching 205m and length
750m
● Longest underwater power cable
that is 1490 KM

14. ● Construction of the dam required the relocation of
more than 9,000 native residents (mainly
Kayan/Kenyah) who lived in the nearby area.
● The massive reservoir behind the dam put almost
700 km2 area underwater.
● 230 km2 of tropical rainforest had to be cut down
during dam construction

15. STUDY CASE 2 :
China

16. THREE GORGES
DAM, CHINA
SANDOUPING, YICHANG,
HUBEI, CHINA

17. THREE GORGES DAM
-located in sandouping, yichang, hubei
china
-was the largest dam in 2007
-constructed using concrete materials
-length: 2335 meters
-height: 185 meters
-able to reach 22400MW electricity in
2009
-electricity generation for the year:
84.7TW
-over 600km long(water
reservoirs)(39.3 km^2)
-

18. THREE GORGES DAM
ADVANTAGE
-Can generate a lot of energy for country
DISADVANTAGE
-loss of archaeological site and enviromental impact
-If the water level rises dramatically, almost 1.13 people
will move to safe place

19. Advantages
1. RENEWABLE
☆We cannot use up.
☆ There is only a limited number of suitable reservoirs where
hydroelectric power plants can be built and even less places where such
projects are profitable.
1. HELPS FIGHT CLIMATE CHANGES
☆Produce very small amounts of greenhouse gases.
☆The only pollution occurs during the construction of these massive
power plants.

20. 3. ECO-FRIENDLY
❏ Accounts a lower chunk of total
emissions
❏ Does not contain any toxic by-product
❏ Does not release pollutants into the air
that cause acid rain and smog

21. 4. ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE
❏ Promotes commerce, industry, and
assists build up infrastructure such as
roads and navigation
❏ Creation of leisure center, tourism
attractions and investments

22. Disadvantages

23. ❏ Directly related to how much water is
available.
❏ When water is not available, the
hydropower plants can't produce electricity.
❏ For example, at Folsom Lake, California.
1.Droughts
Sources : Nasa.gov

24. 2. Environmental
Effects
❏ Flora and fauna losing their natural
habitats
.
❏ Relocation of native residents.
❏ Change the water temperature and the
river's flow
Bakun Dam, Sarawak
Sources: bharian.com.my
Uma Doro Longhouse

25. 3. Floods in lower
areas
❏ Local populations - victims of floods
❏ Affect the livelihood of people
❏ As a result, more people are then
forced to move out
Fontana Dam Overflow-23 January
2013

26. 4. Shortage of water supply
❏ Huge dams are built across rivers
❏ the interruption of the natural flow of water from one direction to another.
❏ when there is scarcity of water supply in that particular area and the water
redirected to the dams must be stopped.

27. CONCLUSION
● How does hydroelectric works
○ Turbine - kinetic to mechanical / generator - mechanical to electrical
● Types of hydroelectrics? - impoundment / diversion / pumped storage
● How about its sustainability?
● Empangan Bakun
● Three Gorges China
● Advantages - renewable / fight climate change / eco
● Disadvantages - droughts / environmental effects / floods

28. Thank you