The document provides information about hydroelectric power plants. It discusses the key components of hydroelectric plants including dams, reservoirs, penstocks, turbines, and generators. It explains how hydroelectric plants work by harnessing the potential and kinetic energy of flowing water to turn turbines and generate electricity. The document also provides statistics on global hydroelectric production and discusses the history and environmental impacts of hydroelectric power.

1. HYDRO POWER PLANT
SUBMITTTED BY-
AYUSH SONI
BRANCH –ELECTRICAL
SEM/YEAR- 5th/3rd
KID- K11564
SUBMITTED TO-
MR. KAMAL ARORA
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
DEPARMENT
CAREER POINT UNIVERSITY

2. Hydro Power (Hydroelectric Inflow Dam System).wmv(1

3. 1. Introduction
2. Components of hydroelectric power plants
3. How hydropower works
4. Hydropower generation by country
5. Types of gates
6. History of hydroelectric power plants
7. Environmental effects

4.  Hydroelectric power comes from water, when
it’s falling by the force of gravity, then can
be used to turn turbines and generators that
produce electricity.
 The fall and movement of water is part of a
continuous natural cycle called the water
cycle.
 As people discovered years ago, the flow of
water represents a huge supply of kinetic
energy that can be put to work.

5.  Hydro power plants are different. They
use modern turbine generators to
produce electricity, just as
thermal(coal, oil, nuclear) power plants
do, except that they do not produce
heat to spin the turbines.
 Hydropower is an essential contributor
in the national power grid because of
it’s ability to respond quickly to rapidly
varying loads or system disturbances.

7. 1.Dam-
 It is the most important component of
hydroelectric power plant.
 It is built on a large river that has abundant
quantity of water throughout the year.
 It should be built at a location where the
height of the river is sufficient to get the
maximum possible potential energy from
water.

8.  The water reservoir is the place behind the
dam where water is stored.
 The water in the reservoir is located higher
than the rest of the dam structure.
 The higher the height of water, the more its
potential energy. The high position of water
in the reservoir also enables it to move
downwards effortlessly.
 This also helps to increase the overall
potential energy of water, which helps
ultimately produce more electricity in the
power generation unit.

9.  These are the gates built on the inside of the
dam. The water from reservoir is released
and controlled through these gates.
 These are called inlet gates because water
enters the power generation unit through
these gates.
 When the control gates are opened the
water flows due to gravity through the
penstock and towards the turbines.
 The water flowing through the gates
possesses potential as well as kinetic energy.

10.  The penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that
carries the water flowing from the reservoir
towards the power generation unit, comprised of
the turbines and generator.
 The water in the penstock possesses kinetic
energy due to its motion and potential energy
due to its height.
 The total amount of power generated in the
hydroelectric power plant depends on the height
of the water reservoir and the amount of water
flowing through the penstock.
 The amount of water flowing through the
penstock is controlled by the control gates.

12.  Water flowing from the penstock is allowed to enter
the power generation unit, which houses the turbine
and the generator.
 When water falls on the blades of the turbine the
kinetic and potential energy of water is converted
into the rotational motion of the blades of the
turbine.
 The rotating blades causes the shaft of the turbine to
also rotate. The turbine shaft is enclosed inside the
generator.
 In most hydroelectric power plants there is more
than one power generation unit.
 There are various types of water turbines such as
Kaplan turbine, Francis turbine, Pelton wheels etc.
 The type of turbine used in the hydroelectric power
plant depends on the height of the reservoir, quantity
of water and the total power generation capacity.

13.  It is in the generator where the electricity is
produced.
 The shaft of the water turbine rotates in the
generator, which produces ac in the coils of the
generator.
 It is the rotation of the shaft inside the
generator that produces magnetic field which is
converted into electricity by electromagnetic
field induction.
 Hence the rotation of the shaft of the turbine is
crucial(important) for the production of
electricity and this is achieved by the kinetic and
potential energy of water.
 Thus in hydroelectricity power plants potential
energy of water is converted into electricity.

14.  Hydropower can be seen as a form of solar
energy, as the sun powers the hydrologic
cycle which gives the earth its water.
 In the hydrologic cycle, atmospheric water
reaches the earth’s surface as precipitation.
 Some of this water evaporates, but much of
it either percolates into the soil or becomes
surface runoff.
 Water from rain and melting snow eventually
reaches ponds, lakes, reservoirs, or oceans
where evaporation is constantly occurring.

16.  Moisture percolating into the soil may
become ground water(subsurface water),
some of which also enters water bodies
through springs or underground streams.
Ground water may move upward through soil
during dry periods and may return to the
atmosphere by evaporation.
 Water vapor passes into the atmosphere by
evaporation then circulates, condenses into
clouds, and some returns to the earth as
precipitation. Thus, the water cycle is
complete. Nature ensures that water is a
renewable resource.

17. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
France
Japan
Venezuela
Norway
India
Russia
United States
Brazil
Canada
China
2013
2012
2011

18.  Hydropower has been used since ancient
times to grind flour and perform other
tasks. In the mid-1770s, French engineer
Bernard Forest de Belidor published
Architecture Hydraulique which described
vertical- and horizontal-axis hydraulic
machines.
 In 1878 the world's first hydroelectric
power scheme was developed at Cragside
in Northumberland, England by William
George Armstrong.

19. • At the beginning of the 20th century,
many small hydroelectric power plants
were being constructed by commercial
companies in mountains near
metropolitan areas.
• As the power plants became larger, their
associated dams developed additional
purposes to include flood control,
irrigation and navigation
• The United States currently has over
2,000 hydroelectric power plants which
supply 49% of its renewable electricity

20. 1) Silt buildup fills reservoir (Yangtze; levees)
2) Fish migration disrupted (Columbia)
3)Water temperature decreases (Colorado)
4) Water gets more saline (Colorado)
5) Water loses oxygen (Brazil)
6) Water slows down, increases disease
(mosquitos, schitosomiasis (Aswan))
7) Water traps pollution, slows pollution
flushing
8) Induced seismicity may occur

21. • Water turbines are generally considered a
clean power producer, as the turbine causes
essentially no change to the water
• They use a renewable energy source and
are designed to operate for decades
• They produce significant amounts of the
world's electrical supply
• Historically there have also been negative
consequences, mostly associated with the
dams normally required for power
production
• Dams alter the natural ecology of rivers,
potentially killing fish, stopping migrations,
and disrupting peoples' livelihoods.

22.  The amount of energy E, released when an
object of mass m, drops a height h, in a
gravitational field of strength g, is given by
E=mgh
 The energy available to hydroelectric dams is
the energy that can be liberated by lowering
water in a controlled way.
 In these situations, the power is related to the
mass flow rate.

23.  Substituting P for E⁄t and expressing m⁄t in terms of the
volume of liquid moved per unit time (the rate of fluid
flow, φ) and the density of water, we arrive at the usual
form of this expression:
 A simple formula for approximating electric power
production at a hydroelectric plant is:
 P = hrgk
Where - P is Power in kilowatts,
- h is height in meters,
- r is flow rate in cubic meters per second,
- g is acceleration due to gravity of 9.8 m/s2, and
- k is a coefficient of efficiency ranging from 0 to
1.
 Efficiency is often higher with larger and more modern
turbines.

24.  Some hydropower systems such as water wheels
can draw power from the flow of a body of water
without necessarily changing its height. In this
case, the available power is the kinetic energy of
the flowing water.
 where v is the speed of the water, or with

25.  where A is the area through which the water
passes, also
 Over-shot water wheels can efficiently capture
both types of energy.