By Dr. M Muzamil, Asstt Prof. SKUAT, J & K

1. Establishment of farm machinery
manufacturing unit to increase
employability in Hilly areas
Dr. M. Muzamil
Asstt. Prof. FMPE
COAE&T, SKUAST-K

2. Entrepreneurship
Ladder of Intention and reason of farming
 Manufacturing units
 Processing plants
 Apiculture
 Mushroom cultivation
 Vermicomposting unit

3. Agriculture and Global economy
World bank; FICCI, 2017

4. Urbanization – A trend

5. Trend of labour workforce engaged with
agriculture
Percentage
of
total
labour
force
Percentage of agricultural workers to the total workforce is expected to reach 25.7 %
by 2050.
Critical shortage of farm labour

6. Incentives for non-agricultural activities
Daily wage rate of agricultural labour Daily wage rate of non-agricultural labour
(FICCI, 2019)

7. Farm Mechanization
Mechanical interface with
appropriate power supply to
complete the agricultural
operations at right time, more
area bought under cultivation and
conservation of scarce resources.
GAPI, 2018 report highlighted that growth in agricultural productivity has not
advanced enough to sustain the demand of 10 billion (2050) people in terms of
food, fuel and fibre.

8. Why renewed thrust on Farm Mechanization?
 Drudgery consciousness of younger
generation - ARYA
 Depleting resources – Precision Agriculture
 High cost of raw materials
 Plummeting productivity of major crops
 Timeliness of operations
 Peak labour shortage
Asia will contribute 60% of the total agricultural
equipments

9. Distribution pattern of power sources

10. Agricultural Equipments

11. Level of farm mechanization
Dependence on traditional farm tools
34.2% injuries were due to hand tools like
sickle, spade.
70% of manual hand tool induced injuries
has a recovery time of more than seven
days.
Tools suitable for the crop and region is
essential
Mechanization of horticultural and
vegetable crops should be a priority

12. Crop-wise Mechanization Status
Crop Tillage Sowing Weed and
pest control
Harvesting
and
threshing
Paddy 85-90 5-10 80-90 70-80
Wheat 90-95 80-90 70-80 80-90
Potato 90-95 80-90 80-90 70-80
Fodder crop 80-90 20-40 80-90 < 1
Vegetable
crop
70-80 30-40 40-50 < 1
Horticulture
crop
60-70 30-40 40-50 < 1
Penetration of farm mechanization is lower with
small and marginal farmers. They constitute more
than 80% of the land holdings.

13. Mechanization model
 US model – Custom Hiring Center (CHC)
 Japanese model – Power Tiller
Two wheeled tractors are affordable and
maneuverable in sloped hilly areas and horticultural
fields with trees in the field.

14. Western Himalayan Region
The hill and mountainous zones
are located in 23 states of India –
Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Andhra
Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat,
Haryana, Manipur, Haryana,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Kerala, MP,
Assam, West Bengal, Nagaland,
Odisha, Tripura, Tamil Nadu.
Majority of the areas has slope of
more than 15%, covering 35 % of
total geographical area of the
country.

15. Future Prediction
States
Farm power requirement, kW ha-1
2016-17 2022 2030
Andhra Pradesh 2.14 2.52 3.72
Assam 0.99 1.18 1.97
Bihar 2.80 3.29 4.81
Jharkhand 1.21 1.54 2.65
Gujarat 2.57 3.04 4.52
Haryana 4.32 4.98 7.51
Himachal Pradesh 1.14 1.41 2.29
Jammu and Kashmir 1.12 1.47 2.70
Karnataka 2.14 2.67 4.43
Uttarakhand 2.64 3.32 5.58
Maharashtra 1.19 1.59 3.01
Madhya Pradesh 1.49 1.81 3.79
Chhattisgarh 1.25 1.61 2.86
Odisha 1.65 1,96 2,93
Punjab 4.40 5.45 7.89
Rajasthan 1.37 1.69 2.70
Tamil Nadu 2.91 3.72 6.46
Telangana 2.89 3.51 5.50
All India Average 2.03 2.50 4.00

16. Farm Power availability and crop yield
There is usually a direct correlation between power availability and crop yield

17. Span of Agricultural manufacturing Industry

18. Economic
Benefits
of
Farm
Mechanization
 Increase in productivity = 12-34 %
 Saving in seeds = 20 %
 Saving of fertilizer = 15-20 %
 Enhancement in cropping intensity = 5-22 %
 Increase in gross income = 29-49 %
Social
Benefits
of
Farm
Mechanization
 Conversion of uncultivable into cultivable land
 Decrease in workload
 Improvement in the safety of farm practices
 Attracting and retaining youth in agriculture (ARYA)

19. Potential of manufacturing sector
Population
Number
per
1000
hectare

20. Availability of Manufacturers of agricultural
Machinery
 Demand conditions
 Govt. subsidy to farmers for
purchase of agricultural
equipments
 Consolidation of farms
 Irrigation infrastructure
 Share of Industry to the economic
output
 Proximity to regional markets
Availability of Manufacturers
Green – Large
Pink - Medium
Red – Deficient

21. Mechanization problems associated with
mountainous agriculture
 Fields are small and undulating
 Less investing capacity of farmers
 Shortage of repair and maintenance
centers
 Lack of appropriate power source
 Availability of non-skilled labour force
 Short growing season
 Climatic limitations

22. Comparative analysis of mechanization in plains and
hills
Operation
Plains Hills/Mountainous areas
Manual Animal
drawn
Prime
mover
operated
Manual Animal
drawn
Prime
mover
operated
Tillage
Sowing
Irrigation and drainage
Intercultural operation
Fertilizer application
Spraying
Harvesting
Threshing
Other equipments

23. Income disparity with location
Hilly areas
offers
potential for
enhancement
in
agricultural
productivity

24. Agricultural machinery in Hilly areas
Climate:
Warm/hot
summers, moderate
monsoons and cold
winters
Major crops:
Wheat (42%),
Paddy (26.8%),
horticulture
Avg. farm size:
47% occupied by
small and marginal
farmers (<1 ha)
Climate:
Extreme summers,
heavy rains during
monsoons and mild
winters
Major crops: Paddy
(68%), wheat (9%)
Avg. farm size:
61.2% occupied by
small and marginal
farmers (<1 ha)

25. Concentration of manufacturers
Northern Region
Ludhiana, Moga, Jalandhar, Goraya,
Batala, Hoshiyarpur, Karnal, Panipat,
Faridabad, Delhi, Agra, Ghaziabad,
Meerut, Rudrapur, Muzaffarnagar,
Lucknow, Kanpur, Fatehpur and
Allahabad
Western Region
Bombay, Pune, Nagpur, Ahmed Nagar,
Sangli, Kolhapur, Sholapur,
Ahmedabad, Baroda, Anand,
Junagarh, Bhopal, Indore, Dewas,
Bina, Khurai, Raipur, Vidisha and
Gwalior.
Southern Region
Hyderabad, Guntur, Anantpur,
Kakinada, Coimbatore, Madurai,
Chennai, Salem, Palghat,
Ernakulam, Kochin and
Bangalore.
Eastern Region
Calcutta, Vardhaman, Durgapur,
Bhubaneswar, Sambhalpur,
Patna, Ranchi, Dhanbad and
Muzaffarpur.

26. Categorization of Agricultural machinery
Equipment and tool segment Key tools
Power operated equipment & tools Tractors, combine harvester, cultivator, power
chaff cutter, power engine/pumps, power reaper,
power sprayer
Animal operated equipment & tools Wooden plough, disc harrow, seed-cum fertiliser
drill, bullock cart, cane crusher
Hand operated equipment & tools Manual sprayers, hand seed driller, pedal operated
thresher, winnowing fan, chaff cutter, blade hoe,
cono weeder
Other equipment Sprinklers used for irrigation and drip irrigation
sets

27. • More women participation
in agricultural activities
• Drudgery of unit operations
• Status issues
Key Drivers for farm mechanization
Social
Agricultural
Economic

28. SOCIAL DRIVING FACTORS
PARAMETER FEATURES
Participation of women
Declining share of family labour
• Migration of men left the agriculture for
women.
• Routine and physically demanding activities
Drudgery of farm activities • High energy demanding operations induce
fatigue and drudgery to agricultural labour
• Unit operations with bending postures
Status issues • Heavy work associated with agriculture
pushes the youth away.
• Social dignity

29. AGRICULTURAL DRIVING FACTORS
PARAMETER FEATURES
Increasing farm production • More farm power per unit area, higher the crop
yield
Contract farming • Participation of corporates in the farming
activities induces money, leading to increased
use of machines.
Cropping intensity • More cropping intensity demands timeliness of
operations
• Crop diversification
Contingency farming • Protection against vagaries of climate

30. ECONOMIC DRIVING FACTORS
PARAMETER FEATURES
Cost and time efficiency • Saving of money and time
• Profitability of operations
Service sector growth • Shift of labour towards service sector
• Change in the ratio of agricultural workforce to the
total work force.

31. Stages of farm enterprise development
Establishment
Survival
Rapid Growth Maturity
Pre-
establishment
Decline
Dynamics of manufacturing unit

32. Entrepreneur and Uncertainities
An entrepreneur is someone who produces for the market.
Entrepreneur
Agent
Technology
support
Commercial
services
Input
supplier
Competitors
Extension
worker
Government
Finance
agencies
Market
Weather Economy
Social environment Political environment

33. Opportunities and threats
 Well defined supplier
industry
 Most suppliers are small
 Low investing capacity
 Current manufacturers are well established
 New manufacturers need an appropriate strategy
 New innovations
 Managemental skills
 Wide variety of
choice for customers
 Many customers
do not have access to
organized finance
 Number of well
established
manufacturers, new
manufacturers entering
 More mechanization
provide more growth
opportunities
Supplier Side Customer Side
Competitive Rivalry
Threats

34. Key factors and their impact on Agricultural
Equipment Manufacturing
FACTORS IMPACT
Improved availability of credit
Emergence of contract farming and dedicated
sourcing with corporate partnership
Focus on productivity to maximize return on
investment in agriculture
Opportunity for employment on short term basis

35. Major manufacturing players in India
Mahindra and
Mahindra
(M&M)
Major player in the distribution and sale of farm
equipments
It has its own manufacturing units in India, USA,
Canada and Australia
Tractors and farm
equipment limited
(TAFE)
Collaboration with AGCO corporation, Georgia and
has the largest manufacturers, designers and
distributors of agricultural equipment
More than 800 dealers, branches and service outlets
all over India
John Deere
It is also a major player in the manufacturing of
farm equipments at national and Global level.

36. Parts of manufacturing Unit
Management service -
Assistance to product feasibility, design, evaluation
Farm machinery Management service
Product design and development service -
Product adaptation, drawing and design
Product development and prototype fabrication
Procurement, finance and marketing service -
Procurement of small parts and raw material
Rural financing through loan facilities and schemes
Marketing though cooperatives, material banks, export houses
-
Technological advisory service -
Machinery layout, process planning
Machine selection quality control
Engineering service –
Central foundry and forging shop
Tools, jigs and fixtures
Repair and maintenance unit
Heat treatment section
Manufacturing unit –
Gears, wheels, tyres, electrical components, instruments and gauges

37. Requisites for Manufacturing Unit
 Land
 Main Building
 Machinery
 Power press
 Lathe machine
 Welding set
 Bench grinders and drilling machine
 Tools, dies, Jigs and Fixtures
 Measuring Instruments
 Material and labours

38. How to proceed?
Identification
of the
operations that
need
machinery
Capital
requirement
Availability of
the machinery
Gaps
Labour force
involved
Distance from
CHC
Market
Accessibility

39. Classification of manufacturers
Category Number Features
Village-level
craftsman
> 100,000
 Fabrication of hand tools and animal drawn
implements
 Repair and maintenance of hand tools
 Invest is very low.
Small and
medium scale
Industries
2500
 Capable to fabricate farm equipments
 Supplier of spare parts for tractor and power tiller
 Investment is low.
Large
manufacturing
units
1500
 Mass production of individual components..
 High employment potential.
 Repetitive job.
Large Industries 250
 Development of sophisticated farm machinery.
 Provision of after-sale service to distributors
 Involved in product upgrade and technological
interventions through their own R&D wings.
(AMMA, 2014)

40. Economic classification and level of employment
Category Maximum Capital
Investment
Level of employment
(No. of persons involved)
Village Artisans Unorganized in rural areas 1-5
Small Industries Rs. 15 Lakhs
30 – 200
Medium scale
industries Rs. 1 Crore
Large scale industries Rs. 5 Crore > 200

41. Technological criteria for manufacturing units
Tyre Machine tools Production techniques Supporting Industries
Village-level
craftsman
• Manual tools
• Conventional
machines
• Manual operations
• Hand forging with heat
treatment
• Hardware industries
• Wood working
industries
Small and
Medium type
o Conventional
machine tools
o Inspection
tools
o Advanced heat treatment
facilities
o Quality control
o Jigs and fixtures
o Disc manufacturing
industry
o Foundry and steel
industry
o Hardware industry
o Jig and tool
manufacturing industry
Large units  Conventional,
automatic and
special-
purpose tools
 Continuous production
system
 Setting of standards
 Advanced tools for high
speed operations
 Forging and die casting
 Tyres, wheel and rim
manufacturing
 Electrical and
Instrument industry
 Automotive parts
industry
 Rubber manufacturing
industry

42. Total parts
requirement for
capital-intensive
farm equipment
manufacturing
unit
Imports Ancillary
Industries
Indigenous
plant
manufacturer
Small-
scale
rural
Industry
Handicrafts
enterprises
15%

43. Manufacturing capability of manufacturers
Operation Village level
craftsman
Small and medium
type
Large cartelized
industries
Seeding Manual wheel
seeder
Animal drawn
seeder
Tractor drawn seed
drill
Fertilizer application Manual single row
fertilizer drill
Animal drawn seed
drill
Tractor/power tiller
operated ferti-drill
Crop protection Granule applicator,
Rotary duster
Knapsack sprayer Blower sprayer,
Aircraft based
sprayer
< 2 ha
2 – 5 ha
5 – 50 ha

44. Status of farm mechanization Industry In
India
Farm Machinery Number of Units
Agricultural Tractors 22
Power tillers 5
Irrigation pumps 600
Plant protection equipments 300
Combine harvesters 48
Reapers 60
Threshers 6000
Seed drills and planters 2500
Diesel oil engines 200
Plough, cultivators, harrows 5000
Chaff cutters 50
Rural artisans > 1 Mn
(AMMA, 2014)

45. Standardization and Quality
BIS with its centers and laboratories ensure quality manufacture
of agricultural machinery
Type of Machinery BIS Code
Tractors and power tillers and engines 160
Soil working equipment 47
Sowing and fertilizer application 28
Irrigation & drainage equipment and system 30
Crop protection 27
Harvesting and threshing 24
Horticulture and plantation 55
Processing machinery 25
Dairy and animal husbandry equipment 58
Farm transport 14
Storage structure 53

46. Collaboration with Custom Hiring Centres
o Make modernised farm equipment available
to small and marginal farmers
o Bring mechanisation to places that face low
farm power availability
o Provide advanced machinery for high-value
crop specific operations
o Expand the current farming abilities for
farmers on need based requirements
OBJECTIVES Pan-India
based
‘Samadhan
Kendras’
Library
model,
Radio-taxi
model
Tie-up with
local agro
service
provider
Trringo
Pay per
use
model

47. Village blacksmith shop for production of
agricultural hand tools
Product
Without electricity
(20 x 15 ft)
With electricity
(40 x 30 ft)
Daily
production
Annual
production
Daily
production
Number of
workers
Spade 4 1000 12 3000
Hoe 4 1000 12 3000
Fork 4 1000 12 3000
Sickle 4 1000 12 3000
Labour
requirement
Skilled labour = 3
Unskilled = 1
Skilled labour = 5
Semi-skilled = 2
Unskilled = 1

48. Layout of small-scale agricultural
Implement manufacturing plant
Product
Daily
production
Annual
production
Single hand
wheel hoe
24 6000
Animal drawn
disc harrow
8 2000
Animal drawn
mould board
plough
8 2000
Additional Springs, plough beam,
shares, mower, binder
section twine, cutting tools

49. Manpower requirement for small-scale
manufacturing unit
Area Skilled Semi-skilled Unskilled Total
Cutting - 1 - 1
Forging and
heat treatment
2 - - 2
Tool room and
maintenance
3 1 - 4
Machine shop 9 2 1 12
Welding 5 4 2 11
Sub-assembly 2 4 1 7
Assembly 4 2 1 7
Paint shop 1 - - 1
TOTAL 26 14 4 44

50. Layout of manufacturing plant

51. Tractor manufacturing plant

52. SWOT analysis of mechanization programme
STRENGTH  Manufacturing of farm tools and agricultural machineries
through village artisans, is gaining momentum
• Tradition of custom servicing and hiring is being promoted
WEAKNESS • Land holdings are very small, topography is
undulating and terraced irregular shape fields
• Safety and ergonomic considerations have not
adequately permeated in available designs
OPPORTUNITIES • Farmers are keen to have improved tools,
implements and machines to reduce drudgery.
• Mechanization can create jobs for educated rural
youth.
• Stunted rural economy and political
vulnerabilities
• Exodus to urban areas creating labour shortages
and drain on rural skills and entrepreneurship.
THREATS

53. Intricacies related with manufacturing units
 Demand for agricultural machinery is seasonal,
causing an extra financial and management burden.
 Small manufacturers have difficulty in obtaining
proper quality material
 No strict quality control measures.
 No reliable data and method to decide the
manufacturing capacity of the unit.

54. Limitations
o Inadequate finance and unstable markets
o Lack of low-cost improved production
facilities.
o Lack of suitable production technologies.
o Lack of suitable materials and hardware
o Uncertainties in supply of spare parts,
which often lead to machine breakdowns
and plant stoppages

55. Future suggestions
 Bulk purchase of raw materials and subsequent
distribution at reduced prices
 Customized machinery for diverse soil conditions
 Training for efficient usage and selection of
appropriate machinery.
 Financial assistance through credit for purchase of
high tech machinery
 Introduction of product mix operations
 Intensification of training facilities

56. STRATEGIES FOR MECHANIZATION
IMPROVEMENT IN HILLY AREAS
o National centre for hill farm mechanization.
o Introduction of improved prime movers and matching
equipment as per agro-climatic and topographic situation.
o Gender neutral technologies for socio-economic
development.
o Establishment of small agro service centers with provision
of spare parts.
o Multiplication of R&D at prototype manufacturing
workshops for multi-location trials.

57. o Promotion of high-capacity equipment custom hiring to
enable small, marginal and medium farmers to benefit from
mechanization.
o Power operated weeders needs to be promoted.
o Establishment of farm machinery bank to supply at remote
places.
o Promotion of farm mechanization technologies through FLD
(front line demonstrations), Kissan Mela, Field days,
Radio/TV talks.
STRATEGIES FOR MECHANIZATION
IMPROVEMENT IN HILLY AREAS

58. Manufacturing of Chilli Seed Extractor
for agricultural and Industrial
applications

59. Identification of the machinery
Chilli Capsicum
Manual method of seed extraction adversely affects human health as it results in
inhalation of fine particle, continuous sneezing and irritation.
The area under chilli crop in Kashmir valley is about 3080 hectares with
production of 48072 metric tonnes

60. MANUFACTURING UNIT OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY
Size = 1200 m2
Lathe machine
Drilling
machine
Pipe bending
machine
Cutter

61. Engineering Drawings

62. Fabrication of Individual Parts
Preparation of solid shafts on lathe machine Spacers

63. Activities for the development of Chilli seed extractor
Welding Cutting metal
sheets
Drilling

64. Assembling of individual components

65. Chilli Seed Extractor

66. Maize Planter

67. Divergent Roller type Apple Grader
Grading efficiency of 84.2% with throughput capacity of 530 Kg per hour.
Cost saving of Rs. 1782/- per tonne and 17 fold reduction in grading time in
comparison to manual method of grading.

68. Vermicomposting Unit

69. THANK YOU