This study shows hybrid continuous-phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK)/optical quadrature-phase shift keying (OQPSK) modulation transmission techniques’ performance efficiency with return-to-zero (RZ) line coding scheme based fiber systems in passive optical networks. Max. Q factor/min. bit error rate variations versus modulation frequency and fiber length are studied in detail for various bits/symbol, based on hybrid proposed modulation transmission techniques. Also, optical power and received electrical power variations are simulated with fiber-length variations at a specified modulation frequency of 300GHz. Max. Q Factor, min. BER, max. signal power, and min. noise power variations are based on hybrid modulation techniques for CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol and a modulation frequency of 500GHz through a fiber length of 30km.
Advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver systems–based O...journalBEEI
This paper examines advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver systems–based optical wireless communication (OWC) channel model. These modulation techniquesinclude On-Off keying and return to zero (RZ)/non–return to zero (NRZ) coding. The signal power level against time and frequency spectral variations are measured. The max. Q factor and min. bit error rate (BER) are estimated and clarified for each modulation code scheme by using an optisystem simulation model. Transmission bit rates of up to 40 Gb/s can be achieved for possible distances up to 500 km with acceptable Q factor. The received power and max. Q factor are measured and clarified with OWC distance variations. The On-Off keying modulation code scheme resulted in better performance than the other modulation code schemes did.
Spatial optical transmitter based on on/off keying line coding modulation sch...nooriasukmaningtyas
This document presents a simulation of a spatial optical transmitter based on on-off keying line coding modulation for telecommunication systems. Key findings of the simulation include:
1) Signal power, fiber modes, and Q-factor were analyzed against transmission bit rates and fiber core radius.
2) Higher transmission bit rates resulted in lower signal gain, higher noise figure, and lower maximum Q-factor.
3) On-off keying modulation had better performance than NRZ modulation in terms of these metrics.
4) The study presented the transmitter's design and discussed results on signal optimization over 20km of fiber.
Duobinary modulation/predistortion techniques effects on high bit rate radio ...nooriasukmaningtyas
The work has presented duobinary modulation and predistortion techniques
for the radio over fiber system enhancement for achieving security level.
Duobinary modulation technique has more compact modulated spectral
linewidth with standard non return to zero modulation code. Different
NRZ/RZ rectangle shape employed that are namely exponential rectangle
shape (ERS), and Gaussian rectangle shape (GRS) for different transmission
bit rates. Switching bias voltage, and switching RF voltage based LiNbO3
modulator are changed to measure the performance parameters of the radio
over fiber (RoF) system. Predistortion technique improves the linearity of
transmitter amplifiers and it is considered as a power efficiency technique.
The optimum values of the Q-factor, data error rate (BER), electrical power,
signal gain, noise figure, and light signal/noise ratio are achieved with 8 Volt
for both switching biases/switching RF signal at 100 GHz. Signal
quality/BER and electrical power after the receiver enhancement ratio by
using this technique at different RF signal frequencies.
High speed pulse generators with electro-optic modulators based on different ...nooriasukmaningtyas
The paper outlines the simulation of various pulse generators for the
enhancement of optical fiber access transmission networks within flow rate
of 10 Gbps and transmission range of 100 km. The pulse generators are
gaussian, hyperbolic secant, triangle, sine, raised cosine in the transmission
stage. Proposed pulse generators are mixed with both electro-absorption
modulator (EAM) and Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) for efficient
transmission. We have compared the max. the quality factor with using
proposed pulse generators against nonreturn to zero (NRZ) return to zero
(RZ) pulse generators in the previous research works for different bit
sequences. The signal power amplitude is tested for both optical fiber and
PIN photodetector optical time-domain visualizer and RF spectrum analyzer
by using in the optimum cases for different bit sequence. It is observed that
proposed pulse generators/EAM have presented an efficient increase in Qfactor value compared with proposed pulse enerators/MZM for different bit sequences.
Performance analysis and monitoring of various advanced digital modulation an...IJCNCJournal
To achieve better calculative performance in optical fiber communication and for simplicity of
implementation different digital modulation, detection and multiplexing techniques are used. These
techniques maximize the spectral efficiency. This paper reviews a tabular comparative analysis with 3D
graphical representation for different optical digital modulation formats and multiplexing techniques
within and beyond 400 Gb/s. In this particular article we survey about different parameters related to
digital fiber optic communication.
High modulated soliton power propagation interaction with optical fiber and ...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper has presented high modulated soliton power transmission interaction with optical fiber and optical wireless communication channels at flow rate of 40 Gbps and 20 km link range. The proposed modulation schemes are continuous phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK), Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), differential phase shift keying (DPSK), frequency shift keying (FSK), pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), minimum shift keying (MSK), and optical quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK). CPFSK has presented better performance than other proposed modulation schemes for both optical fiber and optical wireless communication channels. The enhancement of optical signal/noise ratio at fiber/wireless channel, received electrical power and signal/noise ratio at optical receiver with increase of bits per symbol for different proposed modulation schemes except for CPFSK scheme. Therefore it is evident that CPFSK modulation scheme is more efficient and better performance than other modulation schemes for different communication channels. The obtained results are simulated with optisystem program version 13.
525Optimization of Inter-satellite Link (ISL) in Hybrid OFDM-IsOWC Transmissi...idescitation
Inter-satellite optical wireless communication
system (IsOWC), one of the important applications of FSO
(Free Space Optics) technology, will be deployed in space in
the near future because of providing power efficient and high
bandwidth allocation facilities unlike present microwave
satellite systems. In this paper, we have deliberated a novel
model of OFDM-IsOWC system using OPTISYSTEM T M
simulator to optimize an inter-satellite link (ISL) between
satellites with acceptable SNR and BER, which is not reported
in previous investigated work.
Empirical analysis of polarization division multiplexing-dense wavelength di...IJECEIAES
This paper exemplifies dense wavelength division multiplexing combined with polarization division multiplexing with C-band frequency range-based single-mode fiber. In the proposed link, 32 independent channels with 16 individual wavelengths are multiplexed with two different angles of polarization. Each carrying 130 Gbps dual-polarization data with 200 GHz channel spacing claiming a net transmission rate of 4.16 Tbits/s with spectral efficiency of 69% with 20% side-mode-suppression-ratio (SMSR) and optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) 40.7. The performance of the proposed techniques has been analyzed using optimized system parameters securing a minimum bit error rate (BER) 10-9 at a transmission distance up to 50 km.
Advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver systems–based O...journalBEEI
This paper examines advanced modulation coding schemes for an optical transceiver systems–based optical wireless communication (OWC) channel model. These modulation techniquesinclude On-Off keying and return to zero (RZ)/non–return to zero (NRZ) coding. The signal power level against time and frequency spectral variations are measured. The max. Q factor and min. bit error rate (BER) are estimated and clarified for each modulation code scheme by using an optisystem simulation model. Transmission bit rates of up to 40 Gb/s can be achieved for possible distances up to 500 km with acceptable Q factor. The received power and max. Q factor are measured and clarified with OWC distance variations. The On-Off keying modulation code scheme resulted in better performance than the other modulation code schemes did.
Spatial optical transmitter based on on/off keying line coding modulation sch...nooriasukmaningtyas
This document presents a simulation of a spatial optical transmitter based on on-off keying line coding modulation for telecommunication systems. Key findings of the simulation include:
1) Signal power, fiber modes, and Q-factor were analyzed against transmission bit rates and fiber core radius.
2) Higher transmission bit rates resulted in lower signal gain, higher noise figure, and lower maximum Q-factor.
3) On-off keying modulation had better performance than NRZ modulation in terms of these metrics.
4) The study presented the transmitter's design and discussed results on signal optimization over 20km of fiber.
Duobinary modulation/predistortion techniques effects on high bit rate radio ...nooriasukmaningtyas
The work has presented duobinary modulation and predistortion techniques
for the radio over fiber system enhancement for achieving security level.
Duobinary modulation technique has more compact modulated spectral
linewidth with standard non return to zero modulation code. Different
NRZ/RZ rectangle shape employed that are namely exponential rectangle
shape (ERS), and Gaussian rectangle shape (GRS) for different transmission
bit rates. Switching bias voltage, and switching RF voltage based LiNbO3
modulator are changed to measure the performance parameters of the radio
over fiber (RoF) system. Predistortion technique improves the linearity of
transmitter amplifiers and it is considered as a power efficiency technique.
The optimum values of the Q-factor, data error rate (BER), electrical power,
signal gain, noise figure, and light signal/noise ratio are achieved with 8 Volt
for both switching biases/switching RF signal at 100 GHz. Signal
quality/BER and electrical power after the receiver enhancement ratio by
using this technique at different RF signal frequencies.
High speed pulse generators with electro-optic modulators based on different ...nooriasukmaningtyas
The paper outlines the simulation of various pulse generators for the
enhancement of optical fiber access transmission networks within flow rate
of 10 Gbps and transmission range of 100 km. The pulse generators are
gaussian, hyperbolic secant, triangle, sine, raised cosine in the transmission
stage. Proposed pulse generators are mixed with both electro-absorption
modulator (EAM) and Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) for efficient
transmission. We have compared the max. the quality factor with using
proposed pulse generators against nonreturn to zero (NRZ) return to zero
(RZ) pulse generators in the previous research works for different bit
sequences. The signal power amplitude is tested for both optical fiber and
PIN photodetector optical time-domain visualizer and RF spectrum analyzer
by using in the optimum cases for different bit sequence. It is observed that
proposed pulse generators/EAM have presented an efficient increase in Qfactor value compared with proposed pulse enerators/MZM for different bit sequences.
Performance analysis and monitoring of various advanced digital modulation an...IJCNCJournal
To achieve better calculative performance in optical fiber communication and for simplicity of
implementation different digital modulation, detection and multiplexing techniques are used. These
techniques maximize the spectral efficiency. This paper reviews a tabular comparative analysis with 3D
graphical representation for different optical digital modulation formats and multiplexing techniques
within and beyond 400 Gb/s. In this particular article we survey about different parameters related to
digital fiber optic communication.
High modulated soliton power propagation interaction with optical fiber and ...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper has presented high modulated soliton power transmission interaction with optical fiber and optical wireless communication channels at flow rate of 40 Gbps and 20 km link range. The proposed modulation schemes are continuous phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK), Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), differential phase shift keying (DPSK), frequency shift keying (FSK), pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), minimum shift keying (MSK), and optical quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK). CPFSK has presented better performance than other proposed modulation schemes for both optical fiber and optical wireless communication channels. The enhancement of optical signal/noise ratio at fiber/wireless channel, received electrical power and signal/noise ratio at optical receiver with increase of bits per symbol for different proposed modulation schemes except for CPFSK scheme. Therefore it is evident that CPFSK modulation scheme is more efficient and better performance than other modulation schemes for different communication channels. The obtained results are simulated with optisystem program version 13.
525Optimization of Inter-satellite Link (ISL) in Hybrid OFDM-IsOWC Transmissi...idescitation
Inter-satellite optical wireless communication
system (IsOWC), one of the important applications of FSO
(Free Space Optics) technology, will be deployed in space in
the near future because of providing power efficient and high
bandwidth allocation facilities unlike present microwave
satellite systems. In this paper, we have deliberated a novel
model of OFDM-IsOWC system using OPTISYSTEM T M
simulator to optimize an inter-satellite link (ISL) between
satellites with acceptable SNR and BER, which is not reported
in previous investigated work.
Empirical analysis of polarization division multiplexing-dense wavelength di...IJECEIAES
This paper exemplifies dense wavelength division multiplexing combined with polarization division multiplexing with C-band frequency range-based single-mode fiber. In the proposed link, 32 independent channels with 16 individual wavelengths are multiplexed with two different angles of polarization. Each carrying 130 Gbps dual-polarization data with 200 GHz channel spacing claiming a net transmission rate of 4.16 Tbits/s with spectral efficiency of 69% with 20% side-mode-suppression-ratio (SMSR) and optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) 40.7. The performance of the proposed techniques has been analyzed using optimized system parameters securing a minimum bit error rate (BER) 10-9 at a transmission distance up to 50 km.
Raman Pumping as an Energy Efficient Solution for NyWDM Flexible-grid Elastic ...IJECEIAES
This paper investigates transparent wavelength routed optical networks using three dif- ferent fiber types NZDSF, SMF and PSCF - and validates the effectiveness of Hybrid Raman/EDFA Fiber Amplification (HFA) with different pumping levels, up to the moderate 60% pumping regime. Nodes operate on the basis of flexible-grid elastic NyWDM transponders able to adapt the modulation format to the quality-of-transmission of the available lightpath, exploiting up to five 12.5 GHz spectral slots. Results consider a 37node Pan-European network for variable Raman pumping level, span length and average traffic per node. We show that HFA in moderate pumping regime reduces the power consumption and enhances spectral efficiency for all three fiber types with particular evidence in NZDSF. In essence to that, introduction of HFA is also beneficial to avoid blocking for higher traffic loads.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a MATLAB SIMULINK model of a wavelength division multiplexed optical communication system using QPSK modulation. The model simulates transmission through single mode fiber both with and without reusing the wavelength from an upstream ultra-wideband signal. It generates Bernoulli binary data that is QPSK modulated and transmitted over increasing lengths of fiber. System performance is evaluated by measuring bit error rate and signal-to-noise ratio from the eye diagrams. The results show that wavelength reuse maintains nearly identical performance to the standard system in terms of these key metrics.
This document presents a MATLAB Simulink model of a QPSK modulated reusable UWB-based optical network. Key aspects include:
1) The model simulates a WDM PON system using QPSK modulation to transmit data over single mode fiber, with and without wavelength reuse from downstream UWB signals.
2) System performance is evaluated by measuring BER and SNR over increasing fiber lengths.
3) Results show that wavelength reuse does not degrade performance, as SNR and BER values closely resemble the non-reuse method over transmission lengths up to 40,000km.
4) The study demonstrates an effective method for wavelength reuse in optical networks to reduce implementation costs without compromising performance.
analysis on design and implementation of 4×10 gb s wdm tdm pon with disparate...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed the design and implementation of a 4×10 Gb/s WDM-TDM passive optical network (PON) with different receiver photodiodes. The PON was tested over varying link distances from 40km to 100km using 4 wavelengths to support a maximum of 32 users. Bit error rate (BER) and Q-factor were analyzed and found to decrease with increased distance. BER values were lower for an avalanche photodiode (APD) receiver compared to a PIN receiver. The optimal BER was obtained at 97km for APD and 96km for PIN receivers. Graphs showed BER decreased and Q-factor decreased with increased distance for
Coplanar waveguide low pass filter based on square complementary split ring r...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present a novel coplanar waveguide low pass filter (LPF)structure based on the use of square complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) in order to enhance the performances of a low pass filter. Especially, to enlarge the bandwidth of the LPF, the insertion losses and to increase the rejection of the LPF. The CSRRs are optimised and inserted periodically along the center conductor of the CPW line with a CPW ground integrating stubs permitting to enlarge the bandwidth. The simulation results of this filter show a -3 dB cut-off frequency equal to fc = 5.28 GHz. The designed filter has a good rejection in the stop band which below -20 dB and presents a good insertion loss in the bandwidth. The proposed filter has been fabricated and tested which give a good agreement between simulation and measurement results, the whole dimensions of the validated filter are 35.48x21.16 mm2. The originality of this work is the wide rejection band and the miniature dimensions.
Simulative analysis of power effects for 2.5×8 gbs wdm ponIAEME Publication
This document analyzes the performance of a 2.5×8Gb/s WDM-PON system using different modulation formats at varying power levels and transmission distances. It is observed that the system performs optimally at an input power of 20dBm. At this power level, CSRZ modulation provides better performance than DRZ and MDRZ formats. The Q-factor and eye opening are evaluated as the input power is varied from 0-20dBm and the transmission distance is varied up to 130km. The system is found to perform best at a bit rate of 2.5Gb/s.
Comparative Investigation Ofinter-Satellite Optical Wireless Communication By...theijes
The optical wireless communication systems have got greater popularity in the previous couple of years because of its benefit over conventional radio frequency conversation structures. This paper reviews the effect of the usage of NRZ ,RZ and Gaussian pulse generator modulation codecs on the performance of the optical wireless communique (OWC) channel in terms of Quality factor aspect and Minimum BERat bit rate of 10 Gbps. It has been watched that NRZ function generator gives better execution for optical wireless association conversely with RZ and Gaussian association for different values of aperture diameters and range.
This document summarizes research demonstrating a 10Gb/s duobinary transponder using an optical dispersion compensator (ODC) receiver to achieve transmission over 9000ps/nm of uncompensated fiber. The transponder uses an integrated ODC at the receiver to compensate for chromatic dispersion and restore the signal quality. Testing showed the ODC improved the required OSNR by 1.3dB compared to no ODC, extending the dispersion tolerance to ±6300ps/nm and achieving error-free transmission over 11,000ps/nm when the ODC was configured for double pass compensation. This approach removes the penalty from intersymbol interference in duobinary coding and provides transmission performance similar to high-quality NRZ
Performance evaluation of VLC system using new modulation approachjournalBEEI
This document evaluates the performance of a new modulation scheme called catenated-OFDM for visible light communications (VLC) systems. Catenated-OFDM involves transmitting multiple OFDM signals simultaneously over different optical bands. The proposed system is simulated using Optisys software. Results show the system can achieve transmission distances of up to 12 meters for 2 dBm input power with 3 optical bands and a data rate of 10 Gbps. Higher data rates, up to 15 Gbps, are also possible. Increasing the number of optical bands or decreasing the data rate improves the receiver sensitivity. The catenated-OFDM approach shows potential for high-speed optical wireless communications.
8th Sem Subject Ofc 8th chapter notes by Lohith kumar 11GUEE6018UVCE
This document discusses fiber optic communication links and components. It covers regenerative repeaters for digital links, including signal processing to amplify, reshape, retime and retransmit signals. It also discusses link power and rise time budget analysis for digital links, and C/N ratio analysis for analog links. Additionally, it covers wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and dense WDM (DWDM), explaining their operational principles and how they expand network capacity. Coherent detection schemes like homodyne and heterodyne are also summarized.
Analog and digital modulation formats of optical fiber communication within a...IAEME Publication
The document discusses various analog and digital modulation formats used in optical fiber communication systems for transmitting data at rates up to and beyond 100 Gb/s. It provides a classification of analog modulation techniques such as AM/IM, FM/IM, and PM and digital modulation techniques such as OOK, BPSK, DPSK, QPSK, DQPSK, RZ-DQPSK, RZ-DPSK-3ASK and PM-QPSK. For each technique, it summarizes advantages, disadvantages, spectral efficiency, tolerance to impairments, and application areas. It concludes that advanced digital modulation formats like PM-QPSK provide higher spectral efficiency and tolerance to transmission impairments compared to analog modulation, enabling multi-Tb/
This document summarizes a research paper about the development of a ground plane aperture technique to enhance capacitive coupling in parallel-coupled microstrip lines (PCMLs) and enable the design of broadband multi-pole microstrip bandpass filters. The technique involves forming an aperture in the ground plane of the PCML. Equivalent circuit models of the PCML indicate that the aperture increases the coupling factor in a frequency-dependent manner. A novel multi-pole broadband filter topology is proposed using a single microstrip line resonator connected between two PCML sections. Predicted and measured results confirm attractive properties such as 60% bandwidth, deep stop-band rejection, and compact size.
The document discusses Coherent Optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) and analyzes its performance at different data rates such as 1Gbps, 20Gbps, and 100Gbps. 4QAM-OFDM signals are generated and transmitted through 250km of fiber. The results show that distortions in the OFDM spectrum and QAM constellations increase as the data rate increases, due to nonlinearities in the fiber. CO-OFDM has advantages over other modulation formats as it provides both coherent detection and OFDM modulation, but its performance is affected by fiber nonlinearities at high data rates due to its high peak-to-average power ratio.
A Compact Reconfigurable Dual Band-notched Ultra-wideband Antenna using Varac...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a reconfigurable dual band-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is presented.
The antenna design consists of a circular shape with two pairs of the L-resonator. To realize the notch
characteristics in WLAN at 5.2 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands, the half wavelength of the L-resonator is
introduced in the design. The T-shaped notch is etched in the ground to enhance the bandwidth which
covers the UWB operating frequency range from 3.219–10.863 GHz. The proposed reconfigurable dual
band-notched UWB antenna shows good impedance matching for the simulated in the physical layout.
Furthermore, the proposed antenna has a compact size of 37.6x28 mm2. This proposed reconfigurable
design can provide an alternative solution for the wireless system in the designing of a band-notched
antenna with a good tuning capability.
Raised cosine/NRZ line coding techniques for upgrading free space optical com...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document examines raised cosine and NRZ line coding techniques for upgrading free space optical (FSO) communication systems through various levels of fog. The maximum Q factors and optical signal to noise ratios are simulated for clear air, light fog, and moderate fog conditions at 20 Gbps. Total power after the FSO channel and avalanche photodiode receiver is estimated for different weather conditions and distances. The results show that the maximum propagation distance is extended to 50 km in clear air, 2.25 km in light fog, and 1.6 km in moderate fog with acceptable maximum Q factors.
Nfoec Submission 100 G Submarine Trial FinalNestor Garrafa
1. Researchers successfully transmitted 125-Gb/s CP-QPSK signals over 2054km and 4108km of a submarine cable between Florida and Puerto Rico.
2. Optimization of transmission parameters such as channel input power and pre-compensation were performed. The optimal power was -5dBm for single channel transmission over 2054km and -7dBm for 4108km. The optimal pre-compensation was -300ps/nm and -500ps/nm respectively.
3. Performance was above the forward error correction threshold, demonstrating the feasibility of upgrading existing submarine cables to support 100G transmission rates.
1. The document describes a demonstration of a reconfigurable 32 x 10 Gb/s WDM system for metro-regional networks that can scale to over 500 km.
2. The system uses automatic optical power control and reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexing (ROADM) nodes to provide flexibility while maintaining optimal OSNR.
3. Testing showed the system could maintain error-free transmission over 409 km in an 8-node network and 500+ km in a 16-node network with non-uniform spans, exceeding prior demonstrations.
This document summarizes research on implementing a full adder circuit using two adiabatic logic techniques: Efficient Charge Recovery Logic (ECRL) and Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic (PFAL). The authors designed ECRL and PFAL versions of the carry and sum circuits for a full adder. They analyzed the designs using a circuit simulation tool for 1.25 micron and 0.18 micron technologies. For both technologies, the ECRL designs had lower power dissipation than the PFAL designs, with the ECRL carry circuit dissipating as little as 2.860176 μW for 1.25 micron technology. However, the PFAL outputs stabilized more quickly. The research
A 1.8 V 25 Mbps CMOS single-phase, phase-locked loop-based BPSK, QPSK demodul...IJECEIAES
A single-phase binary/quadrature phase-shift keying (BPSK/QPSK) demodulator basing on a phase-locked loop (PLL) is described. The demodulator relies on a linear characteristic a rising-edge RESET/SET flip-flop (RSFF) employed as a phase detector. The phase controller takes the average output from the RSFF and performs a sub-ranging/re-scaling operation to provide an input signal to a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The demodulator is truly modular which theoretically can be extended for a multiple-PSK (m-PSK) signal. Symbol-error rate analysis has also been extensively carried out. The proposed BPSK and QPSK demodulators
have been fabricated in a 0.18 m digital complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process where they operate from a single supply of 1.8 V. At a carrier frequency of 60 MHz, the BPSK and QPSK demodulators achieved maximum symbol rates of 25 and 12.5 Msymb/s while consuming 0.68 and 0.79 mW, respectively. At these maximum symbol rates, the BPSK and QPSK demodulators deliver symbol-error rates less than 7.9×10-10 and 9.8×10-10, respectively where their corresponding energy per bit figures were at 27.2 and 31.7 pJ.
In this work, high-speed transmission over the long-haul optical channel using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) was investigated. Furthermore, we recommend mixing polarization division multiplexing (PDM) with coherent OFDM (CO-OFDM) and quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) to improve spectral efficiency (SE) while transmitting over a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system.
An 800 Gb/s WDM PDM-CO-OFDM-16QAM transmission system with various channel spacing of 100 GHz, 50 GHz, and 25 GHz is examined utilizing the OptiSystem (2021) version 18.0 software package over ten spans of 60 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). Different channel spacing WDM systems have been compared in terms of performance and SE. The results reveal that the WDM system with 100 GHz channel spacing has a longer transmission range and needs minimal optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) at the reception. The 25 GHz channel spacing WDM system exceeds the others in terms of SE. Further, the effect of ultra-low loss and large effective area fiber in lowering span loss and nonlinear effects for
25 GHz channel spacing WDM system is investigated. The findings show that the system performance with the new fiber outperforms the SSMF.
The acceptable bit error rate (BER) for this study is 0.033 (20% concatenated forward error correction (FEC) threshold).
Development of depth map from stereo images using sum of absolute differences...nooriasukmaningtyas
This article proposes a framework for the depth map reconstruction using stereo images. Fundamentally, this map provides an important information which commonly used in essential applications such as autonomous vehicle navigation, drone’s navigation and 3D surface reconstruction. To develop an accurate depth map, the framework must be robust against the challenging regions of low texture, plain color and repetitive pattern on the input stereo image. The development of this map requires several stages which starts with matching cost calculation, cost aggregation, optimization and refinement stage. Hence, this work develops a framework with sum of absolute difference (SAD) and the combination of two edge preserving filters to increase the robustness against the challenging regions. The SAD convolves using block matching technique to increase the efficiency of matching process on the low texture and plain color regions. Moreover, two edge preserving filters will increase the accuracy on the repetitive pattern region. The results show that the proposed method is accurate and capable to work with the challenging regions. The results are provided by the Middlebury standard dataset. The framework is also efficiently and can be applied on the 3D surface reconstruction. Moreover, this work is greatly competitive with previously available methods.
Model predictive controller for a retrofitted heat exchanger temperature cont...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper aims to demonstrate the practical aspects of process control theory for undergraduate students at the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Bahrain. Both, the ubiquitous proportional integral derivative (PID) as well as model predictive control (MPC) and their auxiliaries were designed and implemented in a real-time framework. The latter was realized through retrofitting an existing plate-and-frame heat exchanger unit that has been operated using an analog PID temperature controller. The upgraded control system consists of a personal computer (PC), low-cost signal conditioning circuit, national instruments USB 6008 data acquisition card, and LabVIEW software. LabVIEW control design and simulation modules were used to design and implement the PID and MPC controllers. The performance of the designed controllers was evaluated while controlling the outlet temperature of the retrofitted plate-and-frame heat exchanger. The distinguished feature of the MPC controller in handling input and output constraints was perceived in real-time. From a pedagogical point of view, realizing the theory of process control through practical implementation was substantial in enhancing the student’s learning and the instructor’s teaching experience.
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Similar to Hybrid CPFSK/OQPSK modulation transmission techniques’ performance efficiency with RZ line coding based fiber systems in passive optical networks
Raman Pumping as an Energy Efficient Solution for NyWDM Flexible-grid Elastic ...IJECEIAES
This paper investigates transparent wavelength routed optical networks using three dif- ferent fiber types NZDSF, SMF and PSCF - and validates the effectiveness of Hybrid Raman/EDFA Fiber Amplification (HFA) with different pumping levels, up to the moderate 60% pumping regime. Nodes operate on the basis of flexible-grid elastic NyWDM transponders able to adapt the modulation format to the quality-of-transmission of the available lightpath, exploiting up to five 12.5 GHz spectral slots. Results consider a 37node Pan-European network for variable Raman pumping level, span length and average traffic per node. We show that HFA in moderate pumping regime reduces the power consumption and enhances spectral efficiency for all three fiber types with particular evidence in NZDSF. In essence to that, introduction of HFA is also beneficial to avoid blocking for higher traffic loads.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a MATLAB SIMULINK model of a wavelength division multiplexed optical communication system using QPSK modulation. The model simulates transmission through single mode fiber both with and without reusing the wavelength from an upstream ultra-wideband signal. It generates Bernoulli binary data that is QPSK modulated and transmitted over increasing lengths of fiber. System performance is evaluated by measuring bit error rate and signal-to-noise ratio from the eye diagrams. The results show that wavelength reuse maintains nearly identical performance to the standard system in terms of these key metrics.
This document presents a MATLAB Simulink model of a QPSK modulated reusable UWB-based optical network. Key aspects include:
1) The model simulates a WDM PON system using QPSK modulation to transmit data over single mode fiber, with and without wavelength reuse from downstream UWB signals.
2) System performance is evaluated by measuring BER and SNR over increasing fiber lengths.
3) Results show that wavelength reuse does not degrade performance, as SNR and BER values closely resemble the non-reuse method over transmission lengths up to 40,000km.
4) The study demonstrates an effective method for wavelength reuse in optical networks to reduce implementation costs without compromising performance.
analysis on design and implementation of 4×10 gb s wdm tdm pon with disparate...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed the design and implementation of a 4×10 Gb/s WDM-TDM passive optical network (PON) with different receiver photodiodes. The PON was tested over varying link distances from 40km to 100km using 4 wavelengths to support a maximum of 32 users. Bit error rate (BER) and Q-factor were analyzed and found to decrease with increased distance. BER values were lower for an avalanche photodiode (APD) receiver compared to a PIN receiver. The optimal BER was obtained at 97km for APD and 96km for PIN receivers. Graphs showed BER decreased and Q-factor decreased with increased distance for
Coplanar waveguide low pass filter based on square complementary split ring r...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present a novel coplanar waveguide low pass filter (LPF)structure based on the use of square complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) in order to enhance the performances of a low pass filter. Especially, to enlarge the bandwidth of the LPF, the insertion losses and to increase the rejection of the LPF. The CSRRs are optimised and inserted periodically along the center conductor of the CPW line with a CPW ground integrating stubs permitting to enlarge the bandwidth. The simulation results of this filter show a -3 dB cut-off frequency equal to fc = 5.28 GHz. The designed filter has a good rejection in the stop band which below -20 dB and presents a good insertion loss in the bandwidth. The proposed filter has been fabricated and tested which give a good agreement between simulation and measurement results, the whole dimensions of the validated filter are 35.48x21.16 mm2. The originality of this work is the wide rejection band and the miniature dimensions.
Simulative analysis of power effects for 2.5×8 gbs wdm ponIAEME Publication
This document analyzes the performance of a 2.5×8Gb/s WDM-PON system using different modulation formats at varying power levels and transmission distances. It is observed that the system performs optimally at an input power of 20dBm. At this power level, CSRZ modulation provides better performance than DRZ and MDRZ formats. The Q-factor and eye opening are evaluated as the input power is varied from 0-20dBm and the transmission distance is varied up to 130km. The system is found to perform best at a bit rate of 2.5Gb/s.
Comparative Investigation Ofinter-Satellite Optical Wireless Communication By...theijes
The optical wireless communication systems have got greater popularity in the previous couple of years because of its benefit over conventional radio frequency conversation structures. This paper reviews the effect of the usage of NRZ ,RZ and Gaussian pulse generator modulation codecs on the performance of the optical wireless communique (OWC) channel in terms of Quality factor aspect and Minimum BERat bit rate of 10 Gbps. It has been watched that NRZ function generator gives better execution for optical wireless association conversely with RZ and Gaussian association for different values of aperture diameters and range.
This document summarizes research demonstrating a 10Gb/s duobinary transponder using an optical dispersion compensator (ODC) receiver to achieve transmission over 9000ps/nm of uncompensated fiber. The transponder uses an integrated ODC at the receiver to compensate for chromatic dispersion and restore the signal quality. Testing showed the ODC improved the required OSNR by 1.3dB compared to no ODC, extending the dispersion tolerance to ±6300ps/nm and achieving error-free transmission over 11,000ps/nm when the ODC was configured for double pass compensation. This approach removes the penalty from intersymbol interference in duobinary coding and provides transmission performance similar to high-quality NRZ
Performance evaluation of VLC system using new modulation approachjournalBEEI
This document evaluates the performance of a new modulation scheme called catenated-OFDM for visible light communications (VLC) systems. Catenated-OFDM involves transmitting multiple OFDM signals simultaneously over different optical bands. The proposed system is simulated using Optisys software. Results show the system can achieve transmission distances of up to 12 meters for 2 dBm input power with 3 optical bands and a data rate of 10 Gbps. Higher data rates, up to 15 Gbps, are also possible. Increasing the number of optical bands or decreasing the data rate improves the receiver sensitivity. The catenated-OFDM approach shows potential for high-speed optical wireless communications.
8th Sem Subject Ofc 8th chapter notes by Lohith kumar 11GUEE6018UVCE
This document discusses fiber optic communication links and components. It covers regenerative repeaters for digital links, including signal processing to amplify, reshape, retime and retransmit signals. It also discusses link power and rise time budget analysis for digital links, and C/N ratio analysis for analog links. Additionally, it covers wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and dense WDM (DWDM), explaining their operational principles and how they expand network capacity. Coherent detection schemes like homodyne and heterodyne are also summarized.
Analog and digital modulation formats of optical fiber communication within a...IAEME Publication
The document discusses various analog and digital modulation formats used in optical fiber communication systems for transmitting data at rates up to and beyond 100 Gb/s. It provides a classification of analog modulation techniques such as AM/IM, FM/IM, and PM and digital modulation techniques such as OOK, BPSK, DPSK, QPSK, DQPSK, RZ-DQPSK, RZ-DPSK-3ASK and PM-QPSK. For each technique, it summarizes advantages, disadvantages, spectral efficiency, tolerance to impairments, and application areas. It concludes that advanced digital modulation formats like PM-QPSK provide higher spectral efficiency and tolerance to transmission impairments compared to analog modulation, enabling multi-Tb/
This document summarizes a research paper about the development of a ground plane aperture technique to enhance capacitive coupling in parallel-coupled microstrip lines (PCMLs) and enable the design of broadband multi-pole microstrip bandpass filters. The technique involves forming an aperture in the ground plane of the PCML. Equivalent circuit models of the PCML indicate that the aperture increases the coupling factor in a frequency-dependent manner. A novel multi-pole broadband filter topology is proposed using a single microstrip line resonator connected between two PCML sections. Predicted and measured results confirm attractive properties such as 60% bandwidth, deep stop-band rejection, and compact size.
The document discusses Coherent Optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) and analyzes its performance at different data rates such as 1Gbps, 20Gbps, and 100Gbps. 4QAM-OFDM signals are generated and transmitted through 250km of fiber. The results show that distortions in the OFDM spectrum and QAM constellations increase as the data rate increases, due to nonlinearities in the fiber. CO-OFDM has advantages over other modulation formats as it provides both coherent detection and OFDM modulation, but its performance is affected by fiber nonlinearities at high data rates due to its high peak-to-average power ratio.
A Compact Reconfigurable Dual Band-notched Ultra-wideband Antenna using Varac...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a reconfigurable dual band-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is presented.
The antenna design consists of a circular shape with two pairs of the L-resonator. To realize the notch
characteristics in WLAN at 5.2 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands, the half wavelength of the L-resonator is
introduced in the design. The T-shaped notch is etched in the ground to enhance the bandwidth which
covers the UWB operating frequency range from 3.219–10.863 GHz. The proposed reconfigurable dual
band-notched UWB antenna shows good impedance matching for the simulated in the physical layout.
Furthermore, the proposed antenna has a compact size of 37.6x28 mm2. This proposed reconfigurable
design can provide an alternative solution for the wireless system in the designing of a band-notched
antenna with a good tuning capability.
Raised cosine/NRZ line coding techniques for upgrading free space optical com...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document examines raised cosine and NRZ line coding techniques for upgrading free space optical (FSO) communication systems through various levels of fog. The maximum Q factors and optical signal to noise ratios are simulated for clear air, light fog, and moderate fog conditions at 20 Gbps. Total power after the FSO channel and avalanche photodiode receiver is estimated for different weather conditions and distances. The results show that the maximum propagation distance is extended to 50 km in clear air, 2.25 km in light fog, and 1.6 km in moderate fog with acceptable maximum Q factors.
Nfoec Submission 100 G Submarine Trial FinalNestor Garrafa
1. Researchers successfully transmitted 125-Gb/s CP-QPSK signals over 2054km and 4108km of a submarine cable between Florida and Puerto Rico.
2. Optimization of transmission parameters such as channel input power and pre-compensation were performed. The optimal power was -5dBm for single channel transmission over 2054km and -7dBm for 4108km. The optimal pre-compensation was -300ps/nm and -500ps/nm respectively.
3. Performance was above the forward error correction threshold, demonstrating the feasibility of upgrading existing submarine cables to support 100G transmission rates.
1. The document describes a demonstration of a reconfigurable 32 x 10 Gb/s WDM system for metro-regional networks that can scale to over 500 km.
2. The system uses automatic optical power control and reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexing (ROADM) nodes to provide flexibility while maintaining optimal OSNR.
3. Testing showed the system could maintain error-free transmission over 409 km in an 8-node network and 500+ km in a 16-node network with non-uniform spans, exceeding prior demonstrations.
This document summarizes research on implementing a full adder circuit using two adiabatic logic techniques: Efficient Charge Recovery Logic (ECRL) and Positive Feedback Adiabatic Logic (PFAL). The authors designed ECRL and PFAL versions of the carry and sum circuits for a full adder. They analyzed the designs using a circuit simulation tool for 1.25 micron and 0.18 micron technologies. For both technologies, the ECRL designs had lower power dissipation than the PFAL designs, with the ECRL carry circuit dissipating as little as 2.860176 μW for 1.25 micron technology. However, the PFAL outputs stabilized more quickly. The research
A 1.8 V 25 Mbps CMOS single-phase, phase-locked loop-based BPSK, QPSK demodul...IJECEIAES
A single-phase binary/quadrature phase-shift keying (BPSK/QPSK) demodulator basing on a phase-locked loop (PLL) is described. The demodulator relies on a linear characteristic a rising-edge RESET/SET flip-flop (RSFF) employed as a phase detector. The phase controller takes the average output from the RSFF and performs a sub-ranging/re-scaling operation to provide an input signal to a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). The demodulator is truly modular which theoretically can be extended for a multiple-PSK (m-PSK) signal. Symbol-error rate analysis has also been extensively carried out. The proposed BPSK and QPSK demodulators
have been fabricated in a 0.18 m digital complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process where they operate from a single supply of 1.8 V. At a carrier frequency of 60 MHz, the BPSK and QPSK demodulators achieved maximum symbol rates of 25 and 12.5 Msymb/s while consuming 0.68 and 0.79 mW, respectively. At these maximum symbol rates, the BPSK and QPSK demodulators deliver symbol-error rates less than 7.9×10-10 and 9.8×10-10, respectively where their corresponding energy per bit figures were at 27.2 and 31.7 pJ.
In this work, high-speed transmission over the long-haul optical channel using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) was investigated. Furthermore, we recommend mixing polarization division multiplexing (PDM) with coherent OFDM (CO-OFDM) and quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) to improve spectral efficiency (SE) while transmitting over a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system.
An 800 Gb/s WDM PDM-CO-OFDM-16QAM transmission system with various channel spacing of 100 GHz, 50 GHz, and 25 GHz is examined utilizing the OptiSystem (2021) version 18.0 software package over ten spans of 60 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). Different channel spacing WDM systems have been compared in terms of performance and SE. The results reveal that the WDM system with 100 GHz channel spacing has a longer transmission range and needs minimal optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) at the reception. The 25 GHz channel spacing WDM system exceeds the others in terms of SE. Further, the effect of ultra-low loss and large effective area fiber in lowering span loss and nonlinear effects for
25 GHz channel spacing WDM system is investigated. The findings show that the system performance with the new fiber outperforms the SSMF.
The acceptable bit error rate (BER) for this study is 0.033 (20% concatenated forward error correction (FEC) threshold).
Similar to Hybrid CPFSK/OQPSK modulation transmission techniques’ performance efficiency with RZ line coding based fiber systems in passive optical networks (20)
Development of depth map from stereo images using sum of absolute differences...nooriasukmaningtyas
This article proposes a framework for the depth map reconstruction using stereo images. Fundamentally, this map provides an important information which commonly used in essential applications such as autonomous vehicle navigation, drone’s navigation and 3D surface reconstruction. To develop an accurate depth map, the framework must be robust against the challenging regions of low texture, plain color and repetitive pattern on the input stereo image. The development of this map requires several stages which starts with matching cost calculation, cost aggregation, optimization and refinement stage. Hence, this work develops a framework with sum of absolute difference (SAD) and the combination of two edge preserving filters to increase the robustness against the challenging regions. The SAD convolves using block matching technique to increase the efficiency of matching process on the low texture and plain color regions. Moreover, two edge preserving filters will increase the accuracy on the repetitive pattern region. The results show that the proposed method is accurate and capable to work with the challenging regions. The results are provided by the Middlebury standard dataset. The framework is also efficiently and can be applied on the 3D surface reconstruction. Moreover, this work is greatly competitive with previously available methods.
Model predictive controller for a retrofitted heat exchanger temperature cont...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper aims to demonstrate the practical aspects of process control theory for undergraduate students at the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Bahrain. Both, the ubiquitous proportional integral derivative (PID) as well as model predictive control (MPC) and their auxiliaries were designed and implemented in a real-time framework. The latter was realized through retrofitting an existing plate-and-frame heat exchanger unit that has been operated using an analog PID temperature controller. The upgraded control system consists of a personal computer (PC), low-cost signal conditioning circuit, national instruments USB 6008 data acquisition card, and LabVIEW software. LabVIEW control design and simulation modules were used to design and implement the PID and MPC controllers. The performance of the designed controllers was evaluated while controlling the outlet temperature of the retrofitted plate-and-frame heat exchanger. The distinguished feature of the MPC controller in handling input and output constraints was perceived in real-time. From a pedagogical point of view, realizing the theory of process control through practical implementation was substantial in enhancing the student’s learning and the instructor’s teaching experience.
Control of a servo-hydraulic system utilizing an extended wavelet functional ...nooriasukmaningtyas
Servo-hydraulic systems have been extensively employed in various industrial applications. However, these systems are characterized by their highly complex and nonlinear dynamics, which complicates the control design stage of such systems. In this paper, an extended wavelet functional link neural network (EWFLNN) is proposed to control the displacement response of the servo-hydraulic system. To optimize the controller's parameters, a recently developed optimization technique, which is called the modified sine cosine algorithm (M-SCA), is exploited as the training method. The proposed controller has achieved remarkable results in terms of tracking two different displacement signals and handling external disturbances. From a comparative study, the proposed EWFLNN controller has attained the best control precision compared with those of other controllers, namely, a proportional-integralderivative (PID) controller, an artificial neural network (ANN) controller, a wavelet neural network (WNN) controller, and the original wavelet functional link neural network (WFLNN) controller. Moreover, compared to the genetic algorithm (GA) and the original sine cosine algorithm (SCA), the M-SCA has shown better optimization results in finding the optimal values of the controller's parameters.
Decentralised optimal deployment of mobile underwater sensors for covering la...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper presents the problem of sensing coverage of layers of the ocean in three dimensional underwater environments. We propose distributed control laws to drive mobile underwater sensors to optimally cover a given confined layer of the ocean. By applying this algorithm at first the mobile underwater sensors adjust their depth to the specified depth. Then, they make a triangular grid across a given area. Afterwards, they randomly move to spread across the given grid. These control laws only rely on local information also they are easily implemented and computationally effective as they use some easy consensus rules. The feature of exchanging information just among neighbouring mobile sensors keeps the information exchange minimum in the whole networks and makes this algorithm practicable option for undersea. The efficiency of the presented control laws is confirmed via mathematical proof and numerical simulations.
Evaluation quality of service for internet of things based on fuzzy logic: a ...nooriasukmaningtyas
The development of the internet of thing (IoT) technology has become a major concern in sustainability of quality of service (SQoS) in terms of efficiency, measurement, and evaluation of services, such as our smart home case study. Based on several ambiguous linguistic and standard criteria, this article deals with quality of service (QoS). We used fuzzy logic to select the most appropriate and efficient services. For this reason, we have introduced a new paradigmatic approach to assess QoS. In this regard, to measure SQoS, linguistic terms were collected for identification of ambiguous criteria. This paper collects the results of other work to compare the traditional assessment methods and techniques in IoT. It has been proven that the comparison that traditional valuation methods and techniques could not effectively deal with these metrics. Therefore, fuzzy logic is a worthy method to provide a good measure of QoS with ambiguous linguistic and criteria. The proposed model addresses with constantly being improved, all the main axes of the QoS for a smart home. The results obtained also indicate that the model with its fuzzy performance importance index (FPII) has efficiently evaluate the multiple services of SQoS.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Smart monitoring system using NodeMCU for maintenance of production machinesnooriasukmaningtyas
Maintenance is an activity that helps to reduce risk, increase productivity, improve quality, and minimize production costs. The necessity for maintenance actions will increase efficiency and enhance the safety and quality of products and processes. On getting these conditions, it is necessary to implement a monitoring system used to observe machines' conditions from time to time, especially the machine parts that often experience problems. This paper presents a low-cost intelligent monitoring system using NodeMCU to continuously monitor machine conditions and provide warnings in the case of machine failure. Not only does it provide alerts, but this monitoring system also generates historical data on machine conditions to the Google Cloud (Google Sheet), includes which machines were down, downtime, issues occurred, repairs made, and technician handling. The results obtained are machine operators do not need to lose a relatively long time to call the technician. Likewise, the technicians assisted in carrying out machine maintenance activities and online reports so that errors that often occur due to human error do not happen again. The system succeeded in reducing the technician-calling time and maintenance workreporting time up to 50%. The availability of online and real-time maintenance historical data will support further maintenance strategy.
Design and simulation of a software defined networkingenabled smart switch, f...nooriasukmaningtyas
Using sustainable energy is the future of our planet earth, this became not only economically efficient but also a necessity for the preservation of life on earth. Because of such necessity, smart grids became a very important issue to be researched. Many literatures discussed this topic and with the development of internet of things (IoT) and smart sensors, smart grids are developed even further. On the other hand, software defined networking is a technology that separates the control plane from the data plan of the network. It centralizes the management and the orchestration of the network tasks by using a network controller. The network controller is the heart of the SDN-enabled network, and it can control other networking devices using software defined networking (SDN) protocols such as OpenFlow. A smart switching mechanism called (SDN-smgrid-sw) for the smart grid will be modeled and controlled using SDN. We modeled the environment that interact with the sensors, for the sun and the wind elements. The Algorithm is modeled and programmed for smart efficient power sharing that is managed centrally and monitored using SDN controller. Also, all if the smart grid elements (power sources) are connected to the IP network using IoT protocols.
Efficient wireless power transmission to remote the sensor in restenosis coro...nooriasukmaningtyas
In this study, the researchers have proposed an alternative technique for designing an asymmetric 4 coil-resonance coupling module based on the series-to-parallel topology at 27 MHz industrial scientific medical (ISM) band to avoid the tissue damage, for the constant monitoring of the in-stent restenosis coronary artery. This design consisted of 2 components, i.e., the external part that included 3 planar coils that were placed outside the body and an internal helical coil (stent) that was implanted into the coronary artery in the human tissue. This technique considered the output power and the transfer efficiency of the overall system, coil geometry like the number of coils per turn, and coil size. The results indicated that this design showed an 82% efficiency in the air if the transmission distance was maintained as 20 mm, which allowed the wireless power supply system to monitor the pressure within the coronary artery when the implanted load resistance was 400 Ω.
Grid reactive voltage regulation and cost optimization for electric vehicle p...nooriasukmaningtyas
Expecting large electric vehicle (EV) usage in the future due to environmental issues, state subsidies, and incentives, the impact of EV charging on the power grid is required to be closely analyzed and studied for power quality, stability, and planning of infrastructure. When a large number of energy storage batteries are connected to the grid as a capacitive load the power factor of the power grid is inevitably reduced, causing power losses and voltage instability. In this work large-scale 18K EV charging model is implemented on IEEE 33 network. Optimization methods are described to search for the location of nodes that are affected most due to EV charging in terms of power losses and voltage instability of the network. Followed by optimized reactive power injection magnitude and time duration of reactive power at the identified nodes. It is shown that power losses are reduced and voltage stability is improved in the grid, which also complements the reduction in EV charging cost. The result will be useful for EV charging stations infrastructure planning, grid stabilization, and reducing EV charging costs.
Topology network effects for double synchronized switch harvesting circuit on...nooriasukmaningtyas
Energy extraction takes place using several different technologies, depending on the type of energy and how it is used. The objective of this paper is to study topology influence for a smart network based on piezoelectric materials using the double synchronized switch harvesting (DSSH). In this work, has been presented network topology for circuit DSSH (DSSH Standard, Independent DSSH, DSSH in parallel, mono DSSH, and DSSH in series). Using simulation-based on a structure with embedded piezoelectric system harvesters, then compare different topology of circuit DSSH for knowledge is how to connect the circuit DSSH together and how to implement accurately this circuit strategy for maximizing the total output power. The network topology DSSH extracted power a technique allows again up to in terms of maximal power output compared with network topology standard extracted at the resonant frequency. The simulation results show that by using the same input parameters the maximum efficiency for topology DSSH in parallel produces 120% more energy than topology DSSH-series. In addition, the energy harvesting by mono-DSSH is more than DSSH-series by 650% and it has exceeded DSSHind by 240%.
Improving the design of super-lift Luo converter using hybrid switching capac...nooriasukmaningtyas
In this article, an improvement to the positive output super-lift Luo converter (POSLC) has been proposed to get high gain at a low duty cycle. Also, reduce the stress on the switch and diodes, reduce the current through the inductors to reduce loss, and increase efficiency. Using a hybrid switch unit composed of four inductors and two capacitors it is replaced by the main inductor in the elementary circuit. It’s charged in parallel with the same input voltage and discharged in series. The output voltage is increased according to the number of components. The gain equation is modeled. The boundary condition between continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) has been derived. Passive components are designed to get high output voltage (8 times at D=0.5) and low ripple about (0.004). The circuit is simulated and analyzed using MATLAB/Simulink. Maximum power point tracker (MPPT) controls the converter to provide the most interest from solar energy.
Third harmonic current minimization using third harmonic blocking transformernooriasukmaningtyas
Zero sequence blocking transformers (ZSBTs) are used to suppress third harmonic currents in 3-phase systems. Three-phase systems where singlephase loading is present, there is every chance that the load is not balanced. If there is zero-sequence current due to unequal load current, then the ZSBT will impose high impedance and the supply voltage at the load end will be varied which is not desired. This paper presents Third harmonic blocking transformer (THBT) which suppresses only higher harmonic zero sequences. The constructional features using all windings in single-core and construction using three single-phase transformers explained. The paper discusses the constructional features, full details of circuit usage, design considerations, and simulation results for different supply and load conditions. A comparison of THBT with ZSBT is made with simulation results by considering four different cases
Power quality improvement of distribution systems asymmetry caused by power d...nooriasukmaningtyas
With an increase of non-linear load in today’s electrical power systems, the rate of power quality drops and the voltage source and frequency deteriorate if not properly compensated with an appropriate device. Filters are most common techniques that employed to overcome this problem and improving power quality. In this paper an improved optimization technique of filter applies to the power system is based on a particle swarm optimization with using artificial neural network technique applied to the unified power flow quality conditioner (PSO-ANN UPQC). Design particle swarm optimization and artificial neural network together result in a very high performance of flexible AC transmission lines (FACTs) controller and it implements to the system to compensate all types of power quality disturbances. This technique is very powerful for minimization of total harmonic distortion of source voltages and currents as a limit permitted by IEEE-519. The work creates a power system model in MATLAB/Simulink program to investigate our proposed optimization technique for improving control circuit of filters. The work also has measured all power quality disturbances of the electrical arc furnace of steel factory and suggests this technique of filter to improve the power quality.
Studies enhancement of transient stability by single machine infinite bus sys...nooriasukmaningtyas
Maintaining network synchronization is important to customer service. Low fluctuations cause voltage instability, non-synchronization in the power system or the problems in the electrical system disturbances, harmonics current and voltages inflation and contraction voltage. Proper tunning of the parameters of stabilizer is prime for validation of stabilizer. To overcome instability issues and get reinforcement found a lot of the techniques are developed to overcome instability problems and improve performance of power system. Genetic algorithm was applied to optimize parameters and suppress oscillation. The simulation of the robust composite capacitance system of an infinite single-machine bus was studied using MATLAB was used for optimization purpose. The critical time is an indication of the maximum possible time during which the error can pass in the system to obtain stability through the simulation. The effectiveness improvement has been shown in the system
Renewable energy based dynamic tariff system for domestic load managementnooriasukmaningtyas
To deal with the present power-scenario, this paper proposes a model of an advanced energy management system, which tries to achieve peak clipping, peak to average ratio reduction and cost reduction based on effective utilization of distributed generations. This helps to manage conventional loads based on flexible tariff system. The main contribution of this work is the development of three-part dynamic tariff system on the basis of time of utilizing power, available renewable energy sources (RES) and consumers’ load profile. This incorporates consumers’ choice to suitably select for either consuming power from conventional energy sources and/or renewable energy sources during peak or off-peak hours. To validate the efficiency of the proposed model we have comparatively evaluated the model performance with existing optimization techniques using genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. A new optimization technique, hybrid greedy particle swarm optimization has been proposed which is based on the two aforementioned techniques. It is found that the proposed model is superior with the improved tariff scheme when subjected to load management and consumers’ financial benefit. This work leads to maintain a healthy relationship between the utility sectors and the consumers, thereby making the existing grid more reliable, robust, flexible yet cost effective.
Energy harvesting maximization by integration of distributed generation based...nooriasukmaningtyas
The purpose of distributed generation systems (DGS) is to enhance the distribution system (DS) performance to be better known with its benefits in the power sector as installing distributed generation (DG) units into the DS can introduce economic, environmental and technical benefits. Those benefits can be obtained if the DG units' site and size is properly determined. The aim of this paper is studying and reviewing the effect of connecting DG units in the DS on transmission efficiency, reactive power loss and voltage deviation in addition to the economical point of view and considering the interest and inflation rate. Whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is introduced to find the best solution to the distributed generation penetration problem in the DS. The result of WOA is compared with the genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and grey wolf optimizer (GWO). The proposed solutions methodologies have been tested using MATLAB software on IEEE 33 standard bus system
Intelligent fault diagnosis for power distribution systemcomparative studiesnooriasukmaningtyas
Short circuit is one of the most popular types of permanent fault in power distribution system. Thus, fast and accuracy diagnosis of short circuit failure is very important so that the power system works more effectively. In this paper, a newly enhanced support vector machine (SVM) classifier has been investigated to identify ten short-circuit fault types, including single line-toground faults (XG, YG, ZG), line-to-line faults (XY, XZ, YZ), double lineto-ground faults (XYG, XZG, YZG) and three-line faults (XYZ). The performance of this enhanced SVM model has been improved by using three different versions of particle swarm optimization (PSO), namely: classical PSO (C-PSO), time varying acceleration coefficients PSO (T-PSO) and constriction factor PSO (K-PSO). Further, utilizing pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS)-based time domain reflectometry (TDR) method allows to obtain a reliable dataset for SVM classifier. The experimental results performed on a two-branch distribution line show the most optimal variant of PSO for short fault diagnosis.
A deep learning approach based on stochastic gradient descent and least absol...nooriasukmaningtyas
More than eighty-five to ninety percentage of the diabetic patients are affected with diabetic retinopathy (DR) which is an eye disorder that leads to blindness. The computational techniques can support to detect the DR by using the retinal images. However, it is hard to measure the DR with the raw retinal image. This paper proposes an effective method for identification of DR from the retinal images. In this research work, initially the Weiner filter is used for preprocessing the raw retinal image. Then the preprocessed image is segmented using fuzzy c-mean technique. Then from the segmented image, the features are extracted using grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). After extracting the fundus image, the feature selection is performed stochastic gradient descent, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) for accurate identification during the classification process. Then the inception v3-convolutional neural network (IV3-CNN) model is used in the classification process to classify the image as DR image or non-DR image. By applying the proposed method, the classification performance of IV3-CNN model in identifying DR is studied. Using the proposed method, the DR is identified with the accuracy of about 95%, and the processed retinal image is identified as mild DR.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
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Hybrid CPFSK/OQPSK modulation transmission techniques’ performance efficiency with RZ line coding based fiber systems in passive optical networks
1. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2021, pp. 263~270
ISSN: 2502-4752, DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp263-270 263
Journal homepage: http://ijeecs.iaescore.com
Hybrid CPFSK/OQPSK modulation transmission techniques’
performance efficiency with RZ line coding based fiber systems
in passive optical networks
Aadel M. Alatwi1
, Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed2
1
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
2
Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering,
Menoufia University, Egypt
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Apr 3, 2020
Revised Jun 27, 2020
Accepted Jul 12, 2020
This study shows hybrid continuous-phase frequency shift keying
(CPFSK)/optical quadrature-phase shift keying (OQPSK) modulation
transmission techniques’ performance efficiency with return-to-zero (RZ)
line coding scheme based fiber systems in passive optical networks. Max. Q
factor/min. bit error rate variations versus modulation frequency and fiber
length are studied in detail for various bits/symbol, based on hybrid proposed
modulation transmission techniques. Also, optical power and received
electrical power variations are simulated with fiber-length variations at a
specified modulation frequency of 300GHz. Max. Q Factor, min. BER, max.
signal power, and min. noise power variations are based on hybrid
modulation techniques for CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol and a
modulation frequency of 500GHz through a fiber length of 30km.
Keywords:
CPFSK
Fiber system
OQPSK
Passive optical networks
RZ line coding This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed
Faculty of Electronic Engineering
Menoufia University
Menouf 32951, Menouf, Egypt
E-mail: ahmed_733@yahoo.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Equalization can significantly help increase the overall communication bandwidth over copper
channels with a severe frequency-dependent loss [1-5]. As the communication distance grows while the
bandwidth requirement keeps scaling [6-8], equalized channels exceed the power envelope and become
inadequate for delivering the required data in a power-efficient manner [9-13]. The optical transmitter and
receiver electronics’power consumption and area can limit the number of possible on-chip interconnections. An
example of such limitation is board-to-board communication in data centers and high-performance computers
[14-19]. A promising solution to this IO bandwidth requirement is the use of optical signaling [20-23].
The primary motivation for such a radical input/output architecture modification as optical signaling
is the magnitude of potential bandwidth that occurs with an optical channel. In conventional optical data
transmission, data is transmitted by modulating the high-frequency optical carrier signal’s optical intensity or
amplitude. In order to achieve high fidelity over the most common optical channels that is, optical fiber high-
speed optical communication systems typically use infrared light from source lasers with wavelengths
ranging from 850nm to 1.550nm [24-34].
2. ISSN: 2502-4752
Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2021 : 263 - 270
264
2. MODEL DESCRIPTION AND RESEARCH METHOD
Figure 1 shows the basic simulation model for the proposed model. The electrical modulators
namely, electrical CPFSK/OQPSK are combined together to modulate the user-defined data generators’ two
stream bits sequences. CPFSK is employed with different bits per symbol: 8 bits/symbol, 16 bits/symbol, and
16 bits/symbol, respectively. The carrier signal is generated from a directly modulated laser measured with a
frequency of 193.1 THz, a power of 10 mW, and an extinction ratio of 10 dB. Data sequences’ stream bits are
encoded with an RZ coding line. The modulated electrical signal with the modulated carrier signal is injected
into LiNbO3 electro-optic modulators.
The modulated electro-optic signal is injected into a fiber cable with a length of 30 km. An optical
power meter is used to show the total power through the fiber cable. Signal power levels versus
time/wavelength are shown using optical time domain/optical spectrum analyzers. The Bessel light filter is
used to filter the modulated light signal from the ripples, which are then converted to the electrical signal
form through APD photo-detectors. The low-pass Bessel filter is used to show the modulated electrical signal
from the noise (unwanted signals with high frequencies). The signal is modified (retiming, reshaping), and
the max. Q factor and min. data error rate can be calculated through eye diagram analyzers.
Figure 1. Proposed simulation model description
3. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS WITH DISCUSSIONS
The optical power and received electrical power variations are simulated with fiber length variations
at a specified modulation frequency of 300GHz. Max. Q Factor, min. BER, max. signal power, and min.
noise power variations are based on hybrid modulation techniques for CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol and
a modulation frequency of 500GHz through a fiber length 30km. All the results are assured, depending upon
the variables in Table 1.
Figure 2 shows the max. Q Factor variations based on hybrid modulation techniques for
CPFSK/OQPSK of 16 and 32 bits/symbol with modulation frequency variations through a fiber length of
30km. The max. Q factor is 18.12 with CPFSK/OQPSK of 16 bits/symbol and 24.65 with CPFSK/OQPSK of
32 bits/symbol at a modulation frequency of 300MHz. Moreover, the max. Q factor is 24.12 with
CPFSK/OQPSK of 16 bits/symbol and 22.14 with CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol at a modulation
frequency of 400MHz. Additionally, the max. Q factor is 32.97 with CPFSK/OQPSK of 16 bits/symbol and
32.675 with CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol at a modulation frequency of 500MHz. The max. Q factor is
10.14 with CPFSK/OQPSK of 16 bits/symbol and 20.15 with CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol at a
modulation frequency of 600MHz.
3. Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752
Hybrid CPFSK/OQPSK modulation transmission techniques’ performance efficiency… (Aadel M. Alatwi)
265
Table 1. Variables used in this work
Variables Values/Units
Laser Source Specifications
Frequency 193.1 THz
Power 10 mW
Extinction ratio 10 dB
Bit rate 10 Gb/s
Threshold current 20 mA
Electrical Modulators Specifications
Modulation frequency 300 GHz-600 GHz
Bits/symbol 8, 16, 32
Frequency separation 1 MHz
Fiber Specifications
Loss 0.2 dB/km
Length 30 km
Wavelength 1550 nm
Dispersion 16.75 ps/nm.km
Differential group delay 0.2 ps/km
Receiver Specifications
APD photodetector
Ionization ratio 0.9
Responsitivity 1 A/W
Figure 3 depicts the max. Q factor variations based on hybrid modulation techniques for
CPFSK/OQPSK of 8, 16, and 32 bits/symbol with a modulation frequency 300GHz through fiber length
variations. The max. Q factor is 13 with CPFSK/OQPSK of 8 bits/symbol, 24 with CPFSK/OQPSK of 16
bits/symbol, and 40 with CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol at a distance of 5km. The max. Q factor is 12.32
with CPFSK/OQPSK of 8 bits/symbol, 21 with CPFSK/OQPSK of 16 bits/symbol, and 30 with
CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol at a distance of 20km. The max. Q factor is 11.79 with CPFSK/OQPSK of
8 bits/symbol, 18 with CPFSK/OQPSK of 16 bits/symbol, and 24.74 with CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol
at a distance of 30km. The graph shows that the max. Q factor degrades with an increase in distance.
Figure 4 indicates the optical power variations based on hybrid modulation techniques for
CPFSK/OQPSK of 8, 16, and 32 bits/symbol with a modulation frequency of 300GHz through fiber length
variations. The optical power is 0.668mW with CPFSK/OQPSK of 8 bits/symbol, 0.6mW with
CPFSK/OQPSK of 16 bits/symbol, and 0.56mW with CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol at a distance of
5km. The optical power is 0.342mW with CPFSK/OQPSK of 8 bits/symbol, 0.312mW with CPFSK/OQPSK
of 16 bits/symbol, and 0.3mW with CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol at a distance of 20km. The optical
power is 0.1986mW with CPFSK/OQPSK of 8 bits/symbol, 0.19mW with CPFSK/OQPSK of 16
bits/symbol, and 0.18mW with CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol at a distance of 30km. The graph confirms
that the optical power degrades with an increase in distance.
Figure 5 demonstrates the received electrical power variations based on hybrid modulation
techniques for CPFSK/OQPSK of 8, 16, and 32 bits/symbol with a modulation frequency of 300GHz through
fiber length variations. The electrical power is 10μW with CPFSK/OQPSK of 8 bits/symbol, 9.23μW with
CPFSK/OQPSK of 16 bits/symbol, and 8.65μW with CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol at a distance of 5
km. The electrical power is 5.54μW with CPFSK/OQPSK of 8 bits/symbol, 4μW with CPFSK/OQPSK of 16
bits/symbol, and 3μW with CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol at a distance of 20 km. The electrical power is
0.633μW with CPFSK/OQPSK of 8 bits/symbol, 0.6μW with CPFSK/OQPSK of 16 bits/symbol, and 0.5μW
with CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol at a distance of 30km. The graph shows that the electrical power
degrades with an increase in distance.
Figure 6 depicts the max. Q factor and min. BER values based on hybrid modulation techniques for
CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol and a modulation frequency of 500GHz through a fiber length of 30km.
The max. Q factor is 32.675 with a min. bit error rate of 1.74 x 10-234
. Figure 7 illustrates the max. signal
power and min. noise power variations with wavelength variations based on hybrid modulation techniques
for CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol and a modulation frequency of 500 GHz through a fiber length of
30km. The max. signal power is -6.798dBm, and the max. noise power is -104.438dBm. Figure 8 indicates
the max. signal power and min. noise power variations with time variations based on hybrid modulation
techniques for CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol and a modulation frequency 500GHz through a fiber length
of 30km. The max. signal power is 0.0010494, and the min. noise power is -4.977 x 10-5
.
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Figure 2. Max. Q Factor variations based hybrid modulation techniques CPFSK/OQPSK (16, 32 bits/symbol)
with modulation frequency variations through fiber length (30km)
Figure 3. Max. Q Factor variations based hybrid modulation techniques CPFSK/OQPSK
(8, 16, 32 bits/symbol) with modulation frequency (300GHz) through fiber length variations
Figure 4. Optical power variations based hybrid modulation techniques CPFSK/OQPSK
(8, 16, 32 bits/symbol) with modulation frequency (300GHz) through fiber length variations
5. Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752
Hybrid CPFSK/OQPSK modulation transmission techniques’ performance efficiency… (Aadel M. Alatwi)
267
Figure 5. Received electrical power variations based hybrid modulation techniques CPFSK/OQPSK
(8, 16, 32 bits/symbol) with modulation frequency (300GHz) through fiber length variations
Figure 6. Max. Q Factor and min. BER values based hybrid modulation techniques CPFSK/OQPSK
(32 bits/symbol) and modulation frequency (50GHz) through fiber length (3km)
Figure 7. Max. signal power and min. noise power variations with wavelength variations based hybrid
modulation techniques CPFSK/OQPSK (32 bits/symbol) and modulation frequency (50GHz)
through fiber length (3km)
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268
Figure 8. Max. signal power and min. noise power variations with time variations based hybrid modulation
techniques CPFSK/OQPSK (32 bits/symbol) and modulation frequency (50GHz)
through fiber length (3km)
4. CONCLUSION
This study has demonstrated the positive engagement between the CPFSK/OQPSK modulation
transmission techniques for upgrading fiber systems in passive optical networks. The max. signal power,
max. Q factor, and min. noise power variations with time/spectral wavelength variations are simulated and
estimated based on hybrid modulation techniques for CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol and a modulation
frequency of 500GHz through a fiber length of 30km. As well as optical power, received electrical power
variations are simulated and studied based on hybrid modulation techniques for CPFSK/OQPSK of 8, 16, and
32 bits/symbol with a modulation frequency of 300GHz through fiber length variations. Max. Q factor
variations have been studied and sketched based on hybrid modulation techniques for CPFSK/OQPSK of 16
and 32 bits/symbol with a modulation frequency/fiber length variation at a specified modulation
frequency/fiber length. The max. Q factor is enhanced with a modulation frequency of 500MHz and a
32 bits/symbol CPFSK modulation transmission technique.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Dr. Aadel Alatwi was born in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia, in 1980. He received the B.S. degree from
King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in 2004, the M.S. and Ph.D degrees from
Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia, in 2008 and 2018 respectively, both in communication
engineering. He is currently assistant professor in the School of Engineering at Tabuk
University, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. His current research interests include speech coding, speech
and speaker recognition, speech enhancement, face recognition, image coding, pattern
recognition and artificial neural networks. His email: aadel.alatwi@ut.edu.sa.
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Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 21, No. 1, January 2021 : 263 - 270
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Assoc. Prof. Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed was born in Menouf city, Menoufia State, Egypt
country in 23 July 1976. Received the B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. scientific degrees in the
Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Department from Faculty of Electronic
Engineering, Menoufia University in 1999, 2005, and 2010 respectively. Currently, his job
carrier is a scientific lecturer in Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering
Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia university, Menouf. Postal Menouf
city code: 32951, EGYPT. His scientific master science thesis has focused on polymer fibers in
optical access communication systems. Moreover, his scientific Ph. D. thesis has focused on
recent applications in linear or nonlinear passive or active in optical networks. His interesting
research mainly focuses on transmission capacity, a data rate product and long transmission
distances of passive and active optical communication networks, wireless communication, radio
over fiber communication systems, and optical network security and management. He has
published more than 220 published scientific papers in international journals and conferences.
He has published many high scientific research papers in high quality and technical international
journals in the field of advanced communication systems, optoelectronic devices, and passive
optical access communication networks. His areas of interest and experience in optical
communication systems advanced optical communication networks, wireless optical access
networks, analog communication systems, optical filters and Sensors. As well as he is editorial
board member in high academic scientific International research Journals. Moreover, he is a
reviewer member in high impact scientific research international journals in the field of
electronics, electrical communication systems, optoelectronics, information technology and
advanced optical communication systems and networks. His personal electronic mail ID (E-mail:
ahmed_733@yahoo.com). His published paper under the title "High reliability optical
interconnections for short range applications in high performance optical communication
systems" in Optics and Laser Technology, Elsevier Publisher has achieved most popular
download articles in 2013.