To achieve better calculative performance in optical fiber communication and for simplicity of
implementation different digital modulation, detection and multiplexing techniques are used. These
techniques maximize the spectral efficiency. This paper reviews a tabular comparative analysis with 3D
graphical representation for different optical digital modulation formats and multiplexing techniques
within and beyond 400 Gb/s. In this particular article we survey about different parameters related to
digital fiber optic communication.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The increasing demand of ubiquitous multimedia service forces the future wireless communication for higher data rates to the dynamic wireless environment. Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the most common technique has received more attention due to its high spectral efficiency and its resistance to multipath fading in addition to high data rate and robust performance. Presence of large number of subcarriers leads to a large dynamic range with large Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) in OFDM. High PAPR is the major limitation of OFDM in the present scenario. The present research work utilizes conic and convex optimization filtering techniques in customized formulations. The first proposed technique uses Standard Deviation based Iterative Clipping and Filtering (SD-ICF) to minimize PAPR. The filtering simply removes the out-of band spectral re-growth without considering the effect on the time domain peak after the IFFT operation. The main aspect of the SD-ICF approach is that, oversampling increases the resolution of the OFDM symbol giving a closer approximation to the band limited signal after filtering. As a result, it tends to cause sizable time-domain peaks, requiring clipping and filtering to be repeated many iterations before achieving the desired PAPR. The filter response is modified by exploiting convex optimization. As the PAPR is reduced to an optimized value, the effect of oversampling is also minimal. The second approach utilizes a Custom Optimized Iterative Adaptive Clipping and Filtering (COIACF) technique for PAPR reduction. COIACF minimizes PAPR to a desired level in less number of iterations. Moreover, COIACF include an Improved FFT-based method of constructing the linear system of equations, an improved update procedure to reduce the number of iterations. The proposed method shows a greater reduction in PAPR in lesser iterations with reduced out-of-band distortion and bit error rate. Here COIACF uses FFT to reduce the number of iterations. The third proposed Tone Reservation (TR) based technique utilizes the few unused OFDM subcarriers. There are unused subcarriers called Peak Reduction Carriers (PRCs) which are reserved to minimize the BER of the transmitted OFDM signal.TR method is combined with customized convex optimization minimizes the PAPR and BER at a lower computational cost.
A Literature Survey on Comparative Analysis of RZ and NRZ Line Encoding over ...IJSRD
Modern world is the world of internet which requires more capacity and more bandwidth to modernize the world. Hence we move towards optical communication. When we talk about optical communication then chromatic dispersion is biggest obstacle for high speed optical channel. Chromatic dispersion can be reduced either by compensation technique [1, 2] or either by electronic dispersion compensation. In this paper, we make comparative analysis in RZ and NRZ line encoding over 40 Gbps system. Two different modulation formats including non-return-to-zero (NRZ), return-to-zero (RZ) is compared on the basis of Bit error rate and quality factor. The 40 Gbps signal is transmitted over 200 km in single mode fiber.
Raman Pumping as an Energy Efficient Solution for NyWDM Flexible-grid Elastic ...IJECEIAES
This paper investigates transparent wavelength routed optical networks using three dif- ferent fiber types NZDSF, SMF and PSCF - and validates the effectiveness of Hybrid Raman/EDFA Fiber Amplification (HFA) with different pumping levels, up to the moderate 60% pumping regime. Nodes operate on the basis of flexible-grid elastic NyWDM transponders able to adapt the modulation format to the quality-of-transmission of the available lightpath, exploiting up to five 12.5 GHz spectral slots. Results consider a 37node Pan-European network for variable Raman pumping level, span length and average traffic per node. We show that HFA in moderate pumping regime reduces the power consumption and enhances spectral efficiency for all three fiber types with particular evidence in NZDSF. In essence to that, introduction of HFA is also beneficial to avoid blocking for higher traffic loads.
AN OVERVIEW OF PEAK-TO-AVERAGE POWER RATIO REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR OFDM SIGNALSijmnct
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) has been widely adopted for high data rate wireless
communication systems due to its advantages such as extraordinary spectral efficiency, robustness to
channel fading and better QoS (Quality of Service) performance for multiple users. However, some
challenging issues are still unresolved in OFDM systems. One of the issues is the high PAPR (peak-toaverage
power ratio), which results in nonlinearity in power amplifiers, and causes out of band radiation
and in band distortion. This paper reviews some conventional PAPR reduction techniques and their
modifications to achieve better PAPR performance. Advantages and disadvantages of each technique are
discussed in detail. And comparisons between different techniques are also presented. Finally, this paper
makes a prospect forecast about the direction for further researches in the area of PAPR reduction for
OFDM signals
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The increasing demand of ubiquitous multimedia service forces the future wireless communication for higher data rates to the dynamic wireless environment. Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the most common technique has received more attention due to its high spectral efficiency and its resistance to multipath fading in addition to high data rate and robust performance. Presence of large number of subcarriers leads to a large dynamic range with large Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) in OFDM. High PAPR is the major limitation of OFDM in the present scenario. The present research work utilizes conic and convex optimization filtering techniques in customized formulations. The first proposed technique uses Standard Deviation based Iterative Clipping and Filtering (SD-ICF) to minimize PAPR. The filtering simply removes the out-of band spectral re-growth without considering the effect on the time domain peak after the IFFT operation. The main aspect of the SD-ICF approach is that, oversampling increases the resolution of the OFDM symbol giving a closer approximation to the band limited signal after filtering. As a result, it tends to cause sizable time-domain peaks, requiring clipping and filtering to be repeated many iterations before achieving the desired PAPR. The filter response is modified by exploiting convex optimization. As the PAPR is reduced to an optimized value, the effect of oversampling is also minimal. The second approach utilizes a Custom Optimized Iterative Adaptive Clipping and Filtering (COIACF) technique for PAPR reduction. COIACF minimizes PAPR to a desired level in less number of iterations. Moreover, COIACF include an Improved FFT-based method of constructing the linear system of equations, an improved update procedure to reduce the number of iterations. The proposed method shows a greater reduction in PAPR in lesser iterations with reduced out-of-band distortion and bit error rate. Here COIACF uses FFT to reduce the number of iterations. The third proposed Tone Reservation (TR) based technique utilizes the few unused OFDM subcarriers. There are unused subcarriers called Peak Reduction Carriers (PRCs) which are reserved to minimize the BER of the transmitted OFDM signal.TR method is combined with customized convex optimization minimizes the PAPR and BER at a lower computational cost.
A Literature Survey on Comparative Analysis of RZ and NRZ Line Encoding over ...IJSRD
Modern world is the world of internet which requires more capacity and more bandwidth to modernize the world. Hence we move towards optical communication. When we talk about optical communication then chromatic dispersion is biggest obstacle for high speed optical channel. Chromatic dispersion can be reduced either by compensation technique [1, 2] or either by electronic dispersion compensation. In this paper, we make comparative analysis in RZ and NRZ line encoding over 40 Gbps system. Two different modulation formats including non-return-to-zero (NRZ), return-to-zero (RZ) is compared on the basis of Bit error rate and quality factor. The 40 Gbps signal is transmitted over 200 km in single mode fiber.
Raman Pumping as an Energy Efficient Solution for NyWDM Flexible-grid Elastic ...IJECEIAES
This paper investigates transparent wavelength routed optical networks using three dif- ferent fiber types NZDSF, SMF and PSCF - and validates the effectiveness of Hybrid Raman/EDFA Fiber Amplification (HFA) with different pumping levels, up to the moderate 60% pumping regime. Nodes operate on the basis of flexible-grid elastic NyWDM transponders able to adapt the modulation format to the quality-of-transmission of the available lightpath, exploiting up to five 12.5 GHz spectral slots. Results consider a 37node Pan-European network for variable Raman pumping level, span length and average traffic per node. We show that HFA in moderate pumping regime reduces the power consumption and enhances spectral efficiency for all three fiber types with particular evidence in NZDSF. In essence to that, introduction of HFA is also beneficial to avoid blocking for higher traffic loads.
AN OVERVIEW OF PEAK-TO-AVERAGE POWER RATIO REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR OFDM SIGNALSijmnct
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) has been widely adopted for high data rate wireless
communication systems due to its advantages such as extraordinary spectral efficiency, robustness to
channel fading and better QoS (Quality of Service) performance for multiple users. However, some
challenging issues are still unresolved in OFDM systems. One of the issues is the high PAPR (peak-toaverage
power ratio), which results in nonlinearity in power amplifiers, and causes out of band radiation
and in band distortion. This paper reviews some conventional PAPR reduction techniques and their
modifications to achieve better PAPR performance. Advantages and disadvantages of each technique are
discussed in detail. And comparisons between different techniques are also presented. Finally, this paper
makes a prospect forecast about the direction for further researches in the area of PAPR reduction for
OFDM signals
Spectrally efficient multicarrier modulation system for visible light communi...IJECEIAES
Visible Light Communication (VLC) has become an accolade to its radio frequency counterpart. In VLC system, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has drawn much attention, because of simple equalization, high spectral efficiency, high data rate and robustness to intersymbol interference (ISI). Besides, there are emerging applications that ought to be gotten with low latency and high reliability. To diminish power requirements with no transmission capacity extension, Trellis coded modulation (TCM) is utilized as a part of the framework in which the free distance of trellis diagram is equivalent to the minimum distance between the points of constellation focuses in partitioned subsets, which augments the coding gain up i.e. the performance parameter viably. TCM together with VLC-OFDM enhances the transmission execution in reasonable frameworks. In this paper, we propose OFDM which is based on TCM and is planned and exeuted for digitized OFDM frameworks by presenting delta sigma modulation (DSM) considering VLC channel. Simulation results show that the proposed TCM based VLC-OFDM offers incredible robustness against noises and nonlinear degradation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF OVERLAP-AND-ADD LENGTH OVER MIMO MBOFDM SYSTEM BASED ...ijwmn
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System. This role
show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing inter-carrier interference
(ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zero-padded suffix can be used to eliminate
ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform to FCC requirements. At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add (OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the channel.In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded suffixes. Then,we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add (OLA) equalization, on the performance of MIMO MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with AWGN channel and SalehValenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse response (CIR).
These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MIMO MBOFDM system. In fact wedeveloped a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR estimate. In our simulation
this technique improve to 0.6 dB at BER=10-2 with a multipath channels CM4
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System.
This role show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing
inter-carrier interference (ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zeropadded
suffix can be used to eliminate ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform
to FCC requirements.
At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add
(OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the
channel.
In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded
suffixes. Then, we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add
(OLA) equalization, on the performance of MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with
AWGN channel and Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.
In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse
response (CIR). These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.
Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MBOFDM system. In fact
we developed a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR
estimate(repetition). In our simulation this technique improve to 3 dB at BER=10-2 with a
multipath channels CM4.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Design of 4x4 optical MIMO using spatial ModulationSachin Talakeri
Utilizing illuminating LED arrays for visible light communication (VLC) in an indoor environment, an optical multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system has intrigued great interest. In order to increase the potential VLC data rates, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have been proposed. MIMO schemes show the spectral efficiency improvement using spatial modulation
Performance Evaluation and Simulation of OFDM in Optical Communication SystemsIJERA Editor
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is of prime importance nowadays in long haul
communication networks because of its higher spectral efficiency, immunity to multipath fading and its
resilience to interference. Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is considered as a promising
technology to satisfy the increased demand for bandwidth in broadband services. It is of two types based on the
detection techniques employed. They are direct detection and coherent detection. In direct detection OFDM, a
photodiode is used while in the latter the principle of optical mixing is utilized. This paper investigates the
architecture of single channel and four channel direct detection and coherent detection optical OFDM systems
and carries out performance analysis based on bit error rate and Q-factor. In the case of single channels, a date
rate of 10 Gbps is achieved while in 4 channel systems a data rate of 40 Gbps is achieved. Coherent Optical
OFDM (CO-OFDM) is the next generation technology for the optical communications, since it integrates the
advantages of both coherent systems and OFDM systems.
analysis on design and implementation of 4×10 gb s wdm tdm pon with disparate...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This article presents a design of wavelength division multiplexing/ Time division Multiplexing (WDM-TDM) in passive optical network with a data rate of 10 Gbps. The implementation has been carried out for varying link distance from 40km to 100km for 4 different wavelengths with a maximum of 32 supporting users with two different receiver photodiodes. The parameters such as BER and the Q-factor for PON network is being analyzed with the link distance. The BER is decreased as the distance of the network is increased when using the APD receivers than PIN receiver. Optimal value of BER is obtained for a distance of 97 Km in APD and 96 Km in pin receiver.
Performance comparison of two clipping based filtering methods for papr reduc...ijmnct
The growth of wireless communication technologies has been producing the intense demand for high-speed,
efficient, reliable voice & data communication. As a result, third generation partnership project (3GPP)
has implemented next generation wireless communication technology long term evolution (LTE) which is
designed to increase the capacity and speed of existing mobile telephone & data networks. LTE has
adopted a multicarrier transmission technique known as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM). OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for
very wide carriers. One major generic problem of OFDM technique is high peak to average power ratio
(PAPR) which is defined as the ratio of the peak power to the average power of the OFDM signal. A
trade-off is necessary for reducing PAPR with increasing bit error rate (BER), computational complexity or
data rate loss etc. In this paper, two clipping based filtering methods have been implemented & also
analyzed their modulation effects on reducing PAPR.
Improving quality of service using ofdm technique for 4 th generation networkeSAT Journals
Abstract The migration to 4G networks will bring a new level of expectation to wireless communications. As after digital wireless revolution made mobile phones available for everyone, the higher speeds and packet delivery of 4G networks will make high quality multimedia available everywhere. The key to achieving this higher level of service delivery is a new air interface, OFDM, which is in turn enabled by the high level of performance. OFDM provides a robust signal that requires relatively little power yet uses bandwidth very efficiently. Carriers will benefit from greater flexibility by using OFDM, since in the same spectrum they will be able to offer more channels, including higher ‘bandwidth channels, with more types of services. Currently these systems are still being defined and prototyped. Achieving higher data rates requires OFDM systems to make more efficient use of the bandwidth than CDMA systems. One method of achieving this higher efficiency is through the use of higher order modulation. In this paper we have compared two digital modulation techniques 32QAM and 64QAM used for digital transmission of data. Our main objective to develop this configuration is to compare the performance of each modulation techniques. Comparison is done by Bit Error Rate analysis of both modulation techniques. We have developed existing configurations and improved them with high quality senders and receivers using MATLAB technology. In this paper we have also considered how OFDM can improve the real time video streaming over the wireless network. We have considered the problem of multiuser video streaming over OFDM. OFDM is a multi carrier modulation. The growing interest in Multicarrier Transmission by researchers and product developers motivated us to propose this topic for a special issue of Wireless Video transmission and Communications. Index Terms: QAM’ Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, OFDM' Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, QoS’ Quality of service
Improving quality of service using ofdm technique for 4 th generation networkeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Spectrally efficient multicarrier modulation system for visible light communi...IJECEIAES
Visible Light Communication (VLC) has become an accolade to its radio frequency counterpart. In VLC system, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has drawn much attention, because of simple equalization, high spectral efficiency, high data rate and robustness to intersymbol interference (ISI). Besides, there are emerging applications that ought to be gotten with low latency and high reliability. To diminish power requirements with no transmission capacity extension, Trellis coded modulation (TCM) is utilized as a part of the framework in which the free distance of trellis diagram is equivalent to the minimum distance between the points of constellation focuses in partitioned subsets, which augments the coding gain up i.e. the performance parameter viably. TCM together with VLC-OFDM enhances the transmission execution in reasonable frameworks. In this paper, we propose OFDM which is based on TCM and is planned and exeuted for digitized OFDM frameworks by presenting delta sigma modulation (DSM) considering VLC channel. Simulation results show that the proposed TCM based VLC-OFDM offers incredible robustness against noises and nonlinear degradation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF OVERLAP-AND-ADD LENGTH OVER MIMO MBOFDM SYSTEM BASED ...ijwmn
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System. This role
show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing inter-carrier interference
(ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zero-padded suffix can be used to eliminate
ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform to FCC requirements. At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add (OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the channel.In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded suffixes. Then,we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add (OLA) equalization, on the performance of MIMO MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with AWGN channel and SalehValenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse response (CIR).
These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MIMO MBOFDM system. In fact wedeveloped a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR estimate. In our simulation
this technique improve to 0.6 dB at BER=10-2 with a multipath channels CM4
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System.
This role show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing
inter-carrier interference (ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zeropadded
suffix can be used to eliminate ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform
to FCC requirements.
At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add
(OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the
channel.
In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded
suffixes. Then, we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add
(OLA) equalization, on the performance of MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with
AWGN channel and Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.
In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse
response (CIR). These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.
Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MBOFDM system. In fact
we developed a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR
estimate(repetition). In our simulation this technique improve to 3 dB at BER=10-2 with a
multipath channels CM4.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Design of 4x4 optical MIMO using spatial ModulationSachin Talakeri
Utilizing illuminating LED arrays for visible light communication (VLC) in an indoor environment, an optical multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system has intrigued great interest. In order to increase the potential VLC data rates, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have been proposed. MIMO schemes show the spectral efficiency improvement using spatial modulation
Performance Evaluation and Simulation of OFDM in Optical Communication SystemsIJERA Editor
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is of prime importance nowadays in long haul
communication networks because of its higher spectral efficiency, immunity to multipath fading and its
resilience to interference. Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is considered as a promising
technology to satisfy the increased demand for bandwidth in broadband services. It is of two types based on the
detection techniques employed. They are direct detection and coherent detection. In direct detection OFDM, a
photodiode is used while in the latter the principle of optical mixing is utilized. This paper investigates the
architecture of single channel and four channel direct detection and coherent detection optical OFDM systems
and carries out performance analysis based on bit error rate and Q-factor. In the case of single channels, a date
rate of 10 Gbps is achieved while in 4 channel systems a data rate of 40 Gbps is achieved. Coherent Optical
OFDM (CO-OFDM) is the next generation technology for the optical communications, since it integrates the
advantages of both coherent systems and OFDM systems.
analysis on design and implementation of 4×10 gb s wdm tdm pon with disparate...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This article presents a design of wavelength division multiplexing/ Time division Multiplexing (WDM-TDM) in passive optical network with a data rate of 10 Gbps. The implementation has been carried out for varying link distance from 40km to 100km for 4 different wavelengths with a maximum of 32 supporting users with two different receiver photodiodes. The parameters such as BER and the Q-factor for PON network is being analyzed with the link distance. The BER is decreased as the distance of the network is increased when using the APD receivers than PIN receiver. Optimal value of BER is obtained for a distance of 97 Km in APD and 96 Km in pin receiver.
Performance comparison of two clipping based filtering methods for papr reduc...ijmnct
The growth of wireless communication technologies has been producing the intense demand for high-speed,
efficient, reliable voice & data communication. As a result, third generation partnership project (3GPP)
has implemented next generation wireless communication technology long term evolution (LTE) which is
designed to increase the capacity and speed of existing mobile telephone & data networks. LTE has
adopted a multicarrier transmission technique known as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM). OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for
very wide carriers. One major generic problem of OFDM technique is high peak to average power ratio
(PAPR) which is defined as the ratio of the peak power to the average power of the OFDM signal. A
trade-off is necessary for reducing PAPR with increasing bit error rate (BER), computational complexity or
data rate loss etc. In this paper, two clipping based filtering methods have been implemented & also
analyzed their modulation effects on reducing PAPR.
Improving quality of service using ofdm technique for 4 th generation networkeSAT Journals
Abstract The migration to 4G networks will bring a new level of expectation to wireless communications. As after digital wireless revolution made mobile phones available for everyone, the higher speeds and packet delivery of 4G networks will make high quality multimedia available everywhere. The key to achieving this higher level of service delivery is a new air interface, OFDM, which is in turn enabled by the high level of performance. OFDM provides a robust signal that requires relatively little power yet uses bandwidth very efficiently. Carriers will benefit from greater flexibility by using OFDM, since in the same spectrum they will be able to offer more channels, including higher ‘bandwidth channels, with more types of services. Currently these systems are still being defined and prototyped. Achieving higher data rates requires OFDM systems to make more efficient use of the bandwidth than CDMA systems. One method of achieving this higher efficiency is through the use of higher order modulation. In this paper we have compared two digital modulation techniques 32QAM and 64QAM used for digital transmission of data. Our main objective to develop this configuration is to compare the performance of each modulation techniques. Comparison is done by Bit Error Rate analysis of both modulation techniques. We have developed existing configurations and improved them with high quality senders and receivers using MATLAB technology. In this paper we have also considered how OFDM can improve the real time video streaming over the wireless network. We have considered the problem of multiuser video streaming over OFDM. OFDM is a multi carrier modulation. The growing interest in Multicarrier Transmission by researchers and product developers motivated us to propose this topic for a special issue of Wireless Video transmission and Communications. Index Terms: QAM’ Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, OFDM' Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, QoS’ Quality of service
Improving quality of service using ofdm technique for 4 th generation networkeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
White Paper-Evolution from 10Gbps to 100Gbps for a Metro Network-hsSusmita Adhikari Joshi
Overlaying flourishing 10 Gb/s services with additional co-propagating 10 Gb/s channels in different colors, or wavelengths, is already common practice. Network operators eager to increase capacity have begun overlaying 40 Gb/s channels onto available fiber without leasing more dark fibers as the best pragmatic approach. With the advent of 100G technology, the interest is now shifting from 40G to 100G installations.
An Efficient Data Communication Using Conventional CodesIJERA Editor
The BER performance of conventional FFT-OFDM system is compared with DWT-OFDM system and DCT-OFDM system in an AWGN environment and Saleh-Valenzuela (SV) channel model at 60 GHz. Several wavelets such as Haar, Daubechies, Symlet, biorthogonal are considered. The BER is calculated for signaling format BPSK and the performance is analyzed at 60 GHz. Simulation results show that DCT based scheme yields the lowest average bit error rate. While out of all wavelet mother used Haar and Daubechies wavelet based scheme yields lower BER than FFT-OFDM for an AWGN channel. But it may include the implementation of forward error correction techniques such as convolution codes. An efficient channel estimation algorithm may be included for performance evaluation of DCT-OFDM and DWT- OFDM working at 60 GHz band. We introduce the Interfacing Techniques for Accessing data transfer data delivery. By using our approach we are increasing the efficiency of the data communication.
Analysis of System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency of Fixed-Grid NetworkIJCNCJournal
In this article, the performance of a fixed grid network is examined for various modulation formats to estimate the system's capacity and spectral efficiency. The optical In-phase Quadrature Modulator (IQM) structure is used to build a fixed grid network modulation, and the homodyne detection approach is used for the receiver. Data multiplexing is accomplished using the Polarization Division Multiplexed (PDM) technology. 100 Gbps, 150 Gbps, and 200 Gbps data rates are transmitted under these circumstances utilizing various modulation formats. Various pre-processing and signal recovery steps are explained by using modern digital signal processing systems. The achieved spectrum efficiencies for PM-QPSK, PM-8 QAM, and PM-16 QAM, respectively, were 2, 3, and 4 (bits/s)/Hz. Different modulation like PM-QPSK, PM-8-QAM, and PM-16-QAM each has system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps and it reaches transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 kilometers with acceptable Bit Error Rate (BER≤ 2× 10-3) respectively. Peak optical power for received signal detection and full width at half maximum is noted for the different modulations under a fixed grind network.
Analysis of System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency of Fixed-Grid NetworkIJCNCJournal
In this article, the performance of a fixed grid network is examined for various modulation formats to estimate the system's capacity and spectral efficiency. The optical In-phase Quadrature Modulator (IQM) structure is used to build a fixed grid network modulation, and the homodyne detection approach is used for the receiver. Data multiplexing is accomplished using the Polarization Division Multiplexed (PDM) technology. 100 Gbps, 150 Gbps, and 200 Gbps data rates are transmitted under these circumstances utilizing various modulation formats. Various pre-processing and signal recovery steps are explained by using modern digital signal processing systems. The achieved spectrum efficiencies for PM-QPSK, PM-8 QAM, and PM-16 QAM, respectively, were 2, 3, and 4 (bits/s)/Hz. Different modulation like PM-QPSK, PM-8-QAM, and PM-16-QAM each has system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps and it reaches transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 kilometers with acceptable Bit Error Rate (BER≤ 2× 10-3) respectively. Peak optical power for received signal detection and full width at half maximum is noted for the different modulations under a fixed grind network.
Duobinary modulation/predistortion techniques effects on high bit rate radio ...nooriasukmaningtyas
The work has presented duobinary modulation and predistortion techniques
for the radio over fiber system enhancement for achieving security level.
Duobinary modulation technique has more compact modulated spectral
linewidth with standard non return to zero modulation code. Different
NRZ/RZ rectangle shape employed that are namely exponential rectangle
shape (ERS), and Gaussian rectangle shape (GRS) for different transmission
bit rates. Switching bias voltage, and switching RF voltage based LiNbO3
modulator are changed to measure the performance parameters of the radio
over fiber (RoF) system. Predistortion technique improves the linearity of
transmitter amplifiers and it is considered as a power efficiency technique.
The optimum values of the Q-factor, data error rate (BER), electrical power,
signal gain, noise figure, and light signal/noise ratio are achieved with 8 Volt
for both switching biases/switching RF signal at 100 GHz. Signal
quality/BER and electrical power after the receiver enhancement ratio by
using this technique at different RF signal frequencies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A performance enhancement of physical layer at Wi-MAX system with RLDPC codenooriasukmaningtyas
In present wireless communication network, the error correction codes plays the major role for efficient data transmission in noisy environments. To get minimum BER and PAPR has been the main aim towards the field in forward error control coding. Majority of the researchers has considered turbo codes at specific SNR over AWGN channel but have complexity issues with the iterative output decoder and causes degradation in the Wi-Max network system. In this paper, the author presents and evaluates WiMAX physical layer performance with using MIMO technologies, where a RobustLDPC technique of coding and decoding in OFDM based WiMAX system is considered. The decoding method of RLDPC has processed by Belief Propagation at the logarithmic domain in an iterative manner, the proposed methodology shows good decoding outcome for RLDPC codes at Rician and Rayleigh channel. Moreover, the applicability of our proposed model channel codes is defined under IEEE Wi-MAX standard and the results analysis is done under different code-rate and modulation schemes.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Literature Survey on Comparative Analysis of RZ and NRZ Line Encoding over ...IJSRD
Modern world is the world of internet which requires more capacity and more bandwidth to modernize the world. Hence we move towards optical communication. When we talk about optical communication then chromatic dispersion is biggest obstacle for high speed optical channel. Chromatic dispersion can be reduced either by compensation technique [1, 2] or either by electronic dispersion compensation. In this paper, we make comparative analysis in RZ and NRZ line encoding over 40 Gbps system. Two different modulation formats including non-return-to-zero (NRZ), return-to-zero (RZ) is compared on the basis of Bit error rate and quality factor. The 40 Gbps signal is transmitted over 200 km in single mode fiber.
Similar to Performance analysis and monitoring of various advanced digital modulation and multiplexing techniques of f.o.c within and beyond 400 gb s (20)
Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) have become a viable technology to improve traffic flow and safety on the roads. Due to its effectiveness and scalability, the Wingsuit Search-based Optimised Link State Routing Protocol (WS-OLSR) is frequently used for data distribution in VANETs. However, the selection of MultiPoint Relays (MPRs) plays a pivotal role in WS-OLSR's performance. This paper presents an improved MPR selection algorithm tailored to WS-OLSR, designed to enhance the overall routing efficiency and reduce overhead. The analysis found that the current OLSR protocol has problems such as redundancy of HELLO and TC message packets or failure to update routing information in time, so a WS-OLSR routing protocol based on improved-MPR selection algorithm was proposed. Firstly, factors such as node mobility and link changes are comprehensively considered to reflect network topology changes, and the broadcast cycle of node HELLO messages is controlled through topology changes. Secondly, a new MPR selection algorithm is proposed, considering link stability issues and nodes. Finally, evaluate its effectiveness in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and control message overhead. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of our improved MR selection algorithm when compared to traditional approaches.
A Novel Medium Access Control Strategy for Heterogeneous Traffic in Wireless ...IJCNCJournal
So far, Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) have played a pivotal role in driving the development of intelligent healthcare systems with broad applicability across various domains. Each WBAN consists of one or more types of sensors that can be embedded in clothing, attached directly to the body, or even implanted beneath an individual's skin. These sensors typically serve asingle application. However, the traffic generated by each sensor may have distinct requirements. This diversity necessitates a dual approach: tailored treatment based on the specific needs of each traffic typeand the fulfillment of application requirements, such asreliability and timeliness. Never the less, the presence of energy constraints and the unreliable nature of wireless communications make QoS provisioning under such networks a non-trivial task. In this context, the current paper introduces a novel Medium AccessControl (MAC) strategy for the regular traffic applications of WBANs, designed to significantly enhance efficiency when compared to the established MAC protocols IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.6, with a particular focus on improving reliability, timeliness, and energy efficiency.
May_2024 Top 10 Read Articles in Computer Networks & Communications.pdfIJCNCJournal
The International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Computer Networks & Communications. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Computer Networks & data Communications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
A Topology Control Algorithm Taking into Account Energy and Quality of Transm...IJCNCJournal
The efficient use of energy in wireless sensor networks is critical for extending node lifetime. The network topology is one of the factors that have a significant impact on the energy usage at the nodes and the quality of transmission (QoT) in the network. We propose a topology control algorithm for software-defined wireless sensor networks (SDWSNs) in this paper. Our method is to formulate topology control algorithm as a nonlinear programming (NP) problem with the objective to optimizing two metrics, maximum communication range, and desired degree. This NP problem is solved at the SDWSN controller by employing the genetic algorithm (GA) to determine the best topology. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the MaxPower algorithm in terms of average node degree and energy expansion ratio.
Multi-Server user Authentication Scheme for Privacy Preservation with Fuzzy C...IJCNCJournal
The integration of artificial intelligence technology with a scalable Internet of Things (IoT) platform facilitates diverse smart communication services, allowing remote users to access services from anywhere at any time. The multi-server environment within IoT introduces a flexible security service model, enabling users to interact with any server through a single registration. To ensure secure and privacy preservation services for resources, an authentication scheme is essential. Zhao et al. recently introduced a user authentication scheme for the multi-server environment, utilizing passwords and smart cards, claiming resilience against well-known attacks. This paper conducts cryptanalysis on Zhao et al.'s scheme, focusing on denial of service and privacy attacks, revealing a lack of user-friendliness. Subsequently, we propose a new multi-server user authentication scheme for privacy preservation with fuzzy commitment over the IoT environment, addressing the shortcomings of Zhao et al.'s scheme. Formal security verification of the proposed scheme is conducted using the ProVerif simulation tool. Through both formal and informal security analyses, we demonstrate that the proposed scheme is resilient against various known attacks and those identified in Zhao et al.'s scheme.
Advanced Privacy Scheme to Improve Road Safety in Smart Transportation SystemsIJCNCJournal
In -Vehicle Ad-Hoc Network (VANET), vehicles continuously transmit and receive spatiotemporal data with neighboring vehicles, thereby establishing a comprehensive 360-degree traffic awareness system. Vehicular Network safety applications facilitate the transmission of messages between vehicles that are near each other, at regular intervals, enhancing drivers' contextual understanding of the driving environment and significantly improving traffic safety. Privacy schemes in VANETs are vital to safeguard vehicles’ identities and their associated owners or drivers. Privacy schemes prevent unauthorized parties from linking the vehicle's communications to a specific real-world identity by employing techniques such as pseudonyms, randomization, or cryptographic protocols. Nevertheless, these communications frequently contain important vehicle information that malevolent groups could use to Monitor the vehicle over a long period. The acquisition of this shared data has the potential to facilitate the reconstruction of vehicle trajectories, thereby posing a potential risk to the privacy of the driver. Addressing the critical challenge of developing effective and scalable privacy-preserving protocols for communication in vehicle networks is of the highest priority. These protocols aim to reduce the transmission of confidential data while ensuring the required level of communication. This paper aims to propose an Advanced Privacy Vehicle Scheme (APV) that periodically changes pseudonyms to protect vehicle identities and improve privacy. The APV scheme utilizes a concept called the silent period, which involves changing the pseudonym of a vehicle periodically based on the tracking of neighboring vehicles. The pseudonym is a temporary identifier that vehicles use to communicate with each other in a VANET. By changing the pseudonym regularly, the APV scheme makes it difficult for unauthorized entities to link a vehicle's communications to its real-world identity. The proposed APV is compared to the SLOW, RSP, CAPS, and CPN techniques. The data indicates that the efficiency of APV is a better improvement in privacy metrics. It is evident that the AVP offers enhanced safety for vehicles during transportation in the smart city.
April 2024 - Top 10 Read Articles in Computer Networks & CommunicationsIJCNCJournal
The International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Computer Networks & Communications. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Computer Networks & data Communications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
DEF: Deep Ensemble Neural Network Classifier for Android Malware DetectionIJCNCJournal
Malware is one of the threats to security of computer networks and information systems. Since malware instances are available sufficiently, there is increased interest among researchers on usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Of late AI-enabled methods such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning paved way for solving many real-world problems. As it is a learning-based approach, accumulated training samples help in improving thequality of training and thus leveraging malware detection accuracy. Existing deep learning methods are focusing on learning-based malware detection systems. However, there is need for improving the state of the art through ensemble approach. Towards this end, in this paper we proposed a framework known as Deep Ensemble Framework (DEF) for automatic malware detection. The framework obtains features from training samples. From given malware instance a grayscale image is generated. There is another process to extract the opcode sequences. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) techniques are used to obtain grayscale image and opcode sequence respectively. Afterwards, a stacking ensemble is employed in order to achieve efficient malware detection and classification. Malware samples collected fromthe Internet sources and Microsoft are used for theempirical study. An algorithm known as Ensemble Learning for Automatic Malware Detection (EL-AML) is proposed to realize our framework. Another algorithm named Pre-Process is proposed to assist the EL-AML algorithm for obtaining intermediate features required by CNN and LSTM.Empirical study reveals that our framework outperforms many existing methods in terms of speed-up and accuracy.
High Performance NMF Based Intrusion Detection System for Big Data IOT TrafficIJCNCJournal
With the emergence of smart devices and the Internet of Things (IoT), millions of users connected to the network produce massive network traffic datasets. These vast datasets of network traffic, Big Data are challenging to store, deal with and analyse using a single computer. In this paper we developed parallel implementation using a High Performance Computer (HPC) for the Non-Negative Matrix Factorization technique as an engine for an Intrusion Detection System (HPC-NMF-IDS). The large IoT traffic datasets of order of millions samples are distributed evenly on all the computing cores for both storage and speedup purpose. The distribution of computing tasks involved in the Matrix Factorization takes into account the reduction of the communication cost between the computing cores. The experiments we conducted on the proposed HPC-IDS-NMF give better results than the traditional ML-based intrusion detection systems. We could train the HPC model with datasets of one million samples in only 31 seconds instead of the 40 minutes using one processor), that is a speed up of 87 times. Moreover, we have got an excellent detection accuracy rate of 98% for KDD dataset.
A Novel Medium Access Control Strategy for Heterogeneous Traffic in Wireless ...IJCNCJournal
So far, Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) have played a pivotal role in driving the development of intelligent healthcare systems with broad applicability across various domains. Each WBAN consists of one or more types of sensors that can be embedded in clothing, attached directly to the body, or even implanted beneath an individual's skin. These sensors typically serve asingle application. However, the traffic generated by each sensor may have distinct requirements. This diversity necessitates a dual approach: tailored treatment based on the specific needs of each traffic typeand the fulfillment of application requirements, such asreliability and timeliness. Never the less, the presence of energy constraints and the unreliable nature of wireless communications make QoS provisioning under such networks a non-trivial task. In this context, the current paper introduces a novel Medium AccessControl (MAC) strategy for the regular traffic applications of WBANs, designed to significantly enhance efficiency when compared to the established MAC protocols IEEE 802.15.4 and IEEE 802.15.6, with a particular focus on improving reliability, timeliness, and energy efficiency.
A Topology Control Algorithm Taking into Account Energy and Quality of Transm...IJCNCJournal
The efficient use of energy in wireless sensor networks is critical for extending node lifetime. The network topology is one of the factors that have a significant impact on the energy usage at the nodes and the quality of transmission (QoT) in the network. We propose a topology control algorithm for software-defined wireless sensor networks (SDWSNs) in this paper. Our method is to formulate topology control algorithm as a nonlinear programming (NP) problem with the objective to optimizing two metrics, maximum communication range, and desired degree. This NP problem is solved at the SDWSN controller by employing the genetic algorithm (GA) to determine the best topology. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the MaxPower algorithm in terms of average node degree and energy expansion ratio.
Multi-Server user Authentication Scheme for Privacy Preservation with Fuzzy C...IJCNCJournal
The integration of artificial intelligence technology with a scalable Internet of Things (IoT) platform facilitates diverse smart communication services, allowing remote users to access services from anywhere at any time. The multi-server environment within IoT introduces a flexible security service model, enabling users to interact with any server through a single registration. To ensure secure and privacy preservation services for resources, an authentication scheme is essential. Zhao et al. recently introduced a user authentication scheme for the multi-server environment, utilizing passwords and smart cards, claiming resilience against well-known attacks. This paper conducts cryptanalysis on Zhao et al.'s scheme, focusing on denial of service and privacy attacks, revealing a lack of user-friendliness. Subsequently, we propose a new multi-server user authentication scheme for privacy preservation with fuzzy commitment over the IoT environment, addressing the shortcomings of Zhao et al.'s scheme. Formal security verification of the proposed scheme is conducted using the ProVerif simulation tool. Through both formal and informal security analyses, we demonstrate that the proposed scheme is resilient against various known attacks and those identified in Zhao et al.'s scheme.
Advanced Privacy Scheme to Improve Road Safety in Smart Transportation SystemsIJCNCJournal
In -Vehicle Ad-Hoc Network (VANET), vehicles continuously transmit and receive spatiotemporal data with neighboring vehicles, thereby establishing a comprehensive 360-degree traffic awareness system. Vehicular Network safety applications facilitate the transmission of messages between vehicles that are near each other, at regular intervals, enhancing drivers' contextual understanding of the driving environment and significantly improving traffic safety. Privacy schemes in VANETs are vital to safeguard vehicles’ identities and their associated owners or drivers. Privacy schemes prevent unauthorized parties from linking the vehicle's communications to a specific real-world identity by employing techniques such as pseudonyms, randomization, or cryptographic protocols. Nevertheless, these communications frequently contain important vehicle information that malevolent groups could use to Monitor the vehicle over a long period. The acquisition of this shared data has the potential to facilitate the reconstruction of vehicle trajectories, thereby posing a potential risk to the privacy of the driver. Addressing the critical challenge of developing effective and scalable privacy-preserving protocols for communication in vehicle networks is of the highest priority. These protocols aim to reduce the transmission of confidential data while ensuring the required level of communication. This paper aims to propose an Advanced Privacy Vehicle Scheme (APV) that periodically changes pseudonyms to protect vehicle identities and improve privacy. The APV scheme utilizes a concept called the silent period, which involves changing the pseudonym of a vehicle periodically based on the tracking of neighboring vehicles. The pseudonym is a temporary identifier that vehicles use to communicate with each other in a VANET. By changing the pseudonym regularly, the APV scheme makes it difficult for unauthorized entities to link a vehicle's communications to its real-world identity. The proposed APV is compared to the SLOW, RSP, CAPS, and CPN techniques. The data indicates that the efficiency of APV is a better improvement in privacy metrics. It is evident that the AVP offers enhanced safety for vehicles during transportation in the smart city.
DEF: Deep Ensemble Neural Network Classifier for Android Malware DetectionIJCNCJournal
Malware is one of the threats to security of computer networks and information systems. Since malware instances are available sufficiently, there is increased interest among researchers on usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Of late AI-enabled methods such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning paved way for solving many real-world problems. As it is a learning-based approach, accumulated training samples help in improving thequality of training and thus leveraging malware detection accuracy. Existing deep learning methods are focusing on learning-based malware detection systems. However, there is need for improving the state of the art through ensemble approach. Towards this end, in this paper we proposed a framework known as Deep Ensemble Framework (DEF) for automatic malware detection. The framework obtains features from training samples. From given malware instance a grayscale image is generated. There is another process to extract the opcode sequences. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) techniques are used to obtain grayscale image and opcode sequence respectively. Afterwards, a stacking ensemble is employed in order to achieve efficient malware detection and classification. Malware samples collected fromthe Internet sources and Microsoft are used for theempirical study. An algorithm known as Ensemble Learning for Automatic Malware Detection (EL-AML) is proposed to realize our framework. Another algorithm named Pre-Process is proposed to assist the EL-AML algorithm for obtaining intermediate features required by CNN and LSTM.Empirical study reveals that our framework outperforms many existing methods in terms of speed-up and accuracy.
High Performance NMF based Intrusion Detection System for Big Data IoT TrafficIJCNCJournal
With the emergence of smart devices and the Internet of Things (IoT), millions of users connected to the network produce massive network traffic datasets. These vast datasets of network traffic, Big Data are challenging to store, deal with and analyse using a single computer. In this paper we developed parallel implementation using a High Performance Computer (HPC) for the Non-Negative Matrix Factorization technique as an engine for an Intrusion Detection System (HPC-NMF-IDS). The large IoT traffic datasets of order of millions samples are distributed evenly on all the computing cores for both storage and speedup purpose. The distribution of computing tasks involved in the Matrix Factorization takes into account the reduction of the communication cost between the computing cores. The experiments we conducted on the proposed HPC-IDS-NMF give better results than the traditional ML-based intrusion detection systems. We could train the HPC model with datasets of one million samples in only 31 seconds instead of the 40 minutes using one processor), that is a speed up of 87 times. Moreover, we have got an excellent detection accuracy rate of 98% for KDD dataset.
IoT Guardian: A Novel Feature Discovery and Cooperative Game Theory Empowered...IJCNCJournal
Cyber intrusion attacks increasingly target the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, exploiting vulnerable devices and networks. Malicious activities must be identified early to minimize damage and mitigate threats. Using actual benign and attack traffic from the CICIoT2023 dataset, this WORK aims to evaluate and benchmark machine-learning techniques for IoT intrusion detection. There are four main phases to the system. First, the CICIoT2023 dataset is refined to remove irrelevant features and clean up missing and duplicate data. The second phase employs statistical models and artificial intelligence to discover novel features. The most significant features are then selected in the third phase based on cooperative game theory. Using the original CICIoT2023 dataset and a dataset containing only novel features, we train and evaluate a variety of machine learning classifiers. On the original dataset, Random Forest achieved the highest accuracy of 99%. Still, with novel features, Random Forest's performance dropped only slightly (96%) while other models achieved significantly lower accuracy. As a whole, the work contributes substantial contributions to tailored feature engineering, feature selection, and rigorous benchmarking of IoT intrusion detection techniques. IoT networks and devices face continuously evolving threats, making it necessary to develop robust intrusion detection systems.
Enhancing Traffic Routing Inside a Network through IoT Technology & Network C...IJCNCJournal
IoT networking uses real items as stationary or mobile nodes. Mobile nodes complicate networking. Internet of Things (IoT) networks have a lot of control overhead messages because devices are mobile. These signals are generated by the constant flow of control data as such device identity, geographical positioning, node mobility, device configuration, and others. Network clustering is a popular overhead communication management method. Many cluster-based routing methods have been developed to address system restrictions. Node clustering based on the Internet of Things (IoT) protocol, may be used to cluster all network nodes according to predefined criteria. Each cluster will have a Smart Designated Node. SDN cluster management is efficient. Many intelligent nodes remain in the network. The network design spreads these signals. This paper presents an intelligent and responsive routing approach for clustered nodes in IoT networks. An existing method builds a new sub-area clustered topology. The Nodes Clustering Based on the Internet of Things (NCIoT) method improves message transmission between any two nodes. This will facilitate the secure and reliable interchange of healthcare data between professionals and patients. NCIoT is a system that organizes nodes in the Internet of Things (IoT) by grouping them together based on their proximity. It also picks SDN routes for these nodes. This approach involves selecting one option from a range of choices and preparing for likely outcomes problem addressing limitations on activities is a primary focus during the review process. Predictive inquiry employs the process of analyzing data to forecast and anticipate future events. This document provides an explanation of compact units. The Predictive Inquiry Small Packets (PISP) improved its backup system and partnered with SDN to establish a routing information table for each intelligent node, resulting in higher routing performance. Both principal and secondary roads are available for use. The simulation findings indicate that NCIoT algorithms outperform CBR protocols. Enhancements lead to a substantial 78% boost in network performance. In addition, the end-to-end latency dropped by 12.5%. The PISP methodology produces 5.9% more inquiry packets compared to alternative approaches. The algorithms are constructed and evaluated against academic ones.
IoT Guardian: A Novel Feature Discovery and Cooperative Game Theory Empowered...IJCNCJournal
Cyber intrusion attacks increasingly target the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, exploiting vulnerable devices and networks. Malicious activities must be identified early to minimize damage and mitigate threats. Using actual benign and attack traffic from the CICIoT2023 dataset, this WORK aims to evaluate and benchmark machine-learning techniques for IoT intrusion detection. There are four main phases to the system. First, the CICIoT2023 dataset is refined to remove irrelevant features and clean up missing and duplicate data. The second phase employs statistical models and artificial intelligence to discover novel features. The most significant features are then selected in the third phase based on cooperative game theory. Using the original CICIoT2023 dataset and a dataset containing only novel features, we train and evaluate a variety of machine learning classifiers. On the original dataset, Random Forest achieved the highest accuracy of 99%. Still, with novel features, Random Forest's performance dropped only slightly (96%) while other models achieved significantly lower accuracy. As a whole, the work contributes substantial contributions to tailored feature engineering, feature selection, and rigorous benchmarking of IoT intrusion detection techniques. IoT networks and devices face continuously evolving threats, making it necessary to develop robust intrusion detection systems.
** Connect, Collaborate, And Innovate: IJCNC - Where Networking Futures Take ...IJCNCJournal
The International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Computer Networks & Communications. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Computer Networks & data Communications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
Enhancing Traffic Routing Inside a Network through IoT Technology & Network C...IJCNCJournal
IoT networking uses real items as stationary or mobile nodes. Mobile nodes complicate networking. Internet of Things (IoT) networks have a lot of control overhead messages because devices are mobile. These signals are generated by the constant flow of control data as such device identity, geographical positioning, node mobility, device configuration, and others. Network clustering is a popular overhead communication management method. Many cluster-based routing methods have been developed to address system restrictions. Node clustering based on the Internet of Things (IoT) protocol, may be used to cluster all network nodes according to predefined criteria. Each cluster will have a Smart Designated Node. SDN cluster management is efficient. Many intelligent nodes remain in the network. The network design spreads these signals. This paper presents an intelligent and responsive routing approach for clustered nodes in IoT networks. An existing method builds a new sub-area clustered topology. The Nodes Clustering Based on the Internet of Things (NCIoT) method improves message transmission between any two nodes. This will facilitate the secure and reliable interchange of healthcare data between professionals and patients. NCIoT is a system that organizes nodes in the Internet of Things (IoT) by grouping them together based on their proximity. It also picks SDN routes for these nodes. This approach involves selecting one option from a range of choices and preparing for likely outcomes problem addressing limitations on activities is a primary focus during the review process. Predictive inquiry employs the process of analyzing data to forecast and anticipate future events. This document provides an explanation of compact units. The Predictive Inquiry Small Packets (PISP) improved its backup system and partnered with SDN to establish a routing information table for each intelligent node, resulting in higher routing performance. Both principal and secondary roads are available for use. The simulation findings indicate that NCIoT algorithms outperform CBR protocols. Enhancements lead to a substantial 78% boost in network performance. In addition, the end-to-end latency dropped by 12.5%. The PISP methodology produces 5.9% more inquiry packets compared to alternative approaches. The algorithms are constructed and evaluated against academic ones.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
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In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
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While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
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Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
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Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
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The Metaverse is popularized in science fiction, and now it is becoming closer to being a part of our daily lives through the use of social media and shopping companies. How can businesses survive in a world where Artificial Intelligence is becoming the present as well as the future of technology, and how does the Metaverse fit into business strategy when futurist ideas are developing into reality at accelerated rates? How do we do this when our data isn't up to scratch? How can we move towards success with our data so we are set up for the Metaverse when it arrives?
How can you help your company evolve, adapt, and succeed using Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse to stay ahead of the competition? What are the potential issues, complications, and benefits that these technologies could bring to us and our organizations? In this session, Jen Stirrup will explain how to start thinking about these technologies as an organisation.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...
Performance analysis and monitoring of various advanced digital modulation and multiplexing techniques of f.o.c within and beyond 400 gb s
1. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
DOI : 10.5121/ijcnc.2014.6213 159
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND MONITORING OF
VARIOUS ADVANCED DIGITAL MODULATION AND
MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES OF F.O.C WITHIN
AND BEYOND 400 GB/S.
Sumant Ku. Mohapatra, Ramya Ranjan Choudhury, Rabindra Bhojray and
Pravanjan Das
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering,
Trident Academy of Technology, B.P.U.T, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
ABSTRACT
To achieve better calculative performance in optical fiber communication and for simplicity of
implementation different digital modulation, detection and multiplexing techniques are used. These
techniques maximize the spectral efficiency. This paper reviews a tabular comparative analysis with 3D
graphical representation for different optical digital modulation formats and multiplexing techniques
within and beyond 400 Gb/s. In this particular article we survey about different parameters related to
digital fiber optic communication.
KEYWORDS
OFDM, Digital Modulation formats, Multiplexing techniques, QAM & WDM.
1. INTRODUCTION
Now a days by digital communication one can improve the performance of OSNR sensitivity, Bit
error rate, nominal range, sensitivity to non-linear distortion, transmission, attenuation
profile, modulated bandwidth efficiency, information capacity, Spectral efficiency etc, The goal
behind each type of optical modulation and multiplexing techniques is to increase the data rate,
transmission fidelity and transmission distance between stations. Over the last years several types
of modulation techniques are designed which consists of 2.5, 10, 20, 25, 40 and 100 Gb/s
wavelength channels. But now a day the data rate with respect to the channel increases to 400
Gb/s and above. Media Access control parameters, physical layers, and management parameter
[17] using 4-channels with 25Gb/s. 107 Gb/s NRZ-DQPSK transmission at 1.0 b/s/Hz over 12-
100Km have been introduced [18] by P.J.Winzer including 6 optical routing nodes (published in
Proc.OFC2007, post deadline paper PDP24). Now a days in modern digital optical fiber
communication to improve transmission data rate200Gb/s , 400Gb/s , 800Gb/s , 1000Gb/s ,
1Tbit/s and above have been used. This paper also provides a tabular manner survey of
modulation methods, with emphasis on probability of error, photons per pulse and spectral
efficiency and other DFOC parameters. Multiplexing is a promising technique in optical fiber
communication. Different types of fiber optic multiplexing techniques such as OTDM, OFDM,
COFDM, WDM, CWDM and DWDM are analyzed in a tabular manner compared with different
digital modulation formats. The comparative analysis taking suitability of various modulation
formats over bit error rates of 0.004 is studied in this approach. The robustness of DPSK direct
detection transmission format in standard fiber WDM systems have been published in2000 [33].
2. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
160
In this paper we mainly emphasize on WDM, CWDM and DWDM. W. Idler publishes WDM
field over 764 Km SSMF with 16-112Gb/s NRZ DQPSK[34]. These performances are
comparatively analyzed in a tabular manner and also by different 3D graphical formats.
2. CLASSIFICATION OF DIGITAL OPTICAL FIBER MODULATION AND
MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUES.
Sl. No. DFOC Format Type Notation
01. Digital
modulation
formats
On-OFF keying /Binary
Amplitude
Shift Keying
OOK/BASK
Binary frequency shift keying BFSK
Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK
Differential Phase Shift Keying DPSK
Return to zero DPSK RZ-DPSK
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK
Differential QPSK DQPSK
Return to zero DQPSK RZ-DQPSK
Return to zero DPSK-3ASK RZ-DPSK-3ASK
Polarization division multiplexing
QPSK
PM-QPSK/DP-QPSK
PM-Orthogonal frequency
division
PM-OFDM-QPSK/DP-
OFDM-QPSK
Optical Polarization FDM-RZ-
DQPSK
OP-FDM-RZ-DQPSK
Polarization division multiplexing
DQPSK
PM-DQPSK or DP-DQPSK
M-ary Quadrature amplitude
modulation
M-QAM
Minimum Shift Keying MSK
Gaussian MSK GMSK
Single Carrier Modulation formats SCM
Multicarrier Modulation formats MCM
02. Digital
Multiplexing
Formats
Optical Time Division Multiplexing OTDM
Subcarrier Multiplexing SCM
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
OFDM(UNCODED)
Coded Frequency Division
Multiplexing
COFDM(coded)
Duty Cycle Division Multiplexing DCDM
Optical Polarization Division
Multiplexing
OPDM
Wavelength Division Multiplexing WDM
Coarse WDM CWDM
Dense WDM DWDM
3. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
161
3. OPTICAL FIBER DIGITAL MODULATION FORMATS.
Modulation is a technique by which the digital information is printed onto an optical carrier [16]
and in its most general sense also including coding to present transmission errors. In digital
optical fibers the electromagnetic waves with frequencies of nearly 200 THz are used to transfer
information from one point to another.
3.1. On-Off Keying/Binary Amplitude Shift Keying
In BFSK, for better demodulation performance matched filter detectors are used. The information
capacity is better than BASK indicated in Table-5. It is not efficient due to its hardware design of
receiver, is complex as directed in Table-2.
3.2. Binary Phase Shift Keying
In BFSK, for better demodulation performance matched filter detectors are used. The information
capacity is better than BASK indicated in Table-5. It is not efficient due to its hardware design of
receiver, is complex as directed in Table-2.
3.3. Binary Phase Shift Keying
In BPSK error performance is very less as compared to BASK and BFSK. It is widely used for
satellite communication. The binary 1 is signed as sinωt and 0 signed as –sinωt . 2,4,8,16 BPSK
formats using coherent detection techniques to improve their BER performance as shown in
Table-4.The information capacity of BPSK is twice times the BFSK indicated in Table-5.
3.4. Differential Phase Shift Keying
The non-linear propagation [33] in Optical Transmission systems is only valid for DPSK FOC
digital modulation techniques. For 400 Gb/s performance, it requires DPSK receiver Optical
channel monitoring in optical line system. The maximum bandwidth is 80 ps/nm for RZ-DPSK
shown in Table-10.
3.5. Non Return to Zero /Return to Zero Differential Phase Shift Keying
In NRZ/RZ-DPSK, the receiver design consists of one interferometric detector and two photo
detectors which increases the hardware complexity in comparison to transmitter design which
uses only one modulator at 400 Gb/s aggregation bit rate shown in Table-10.
3.6. Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
In QPSK, the bandwidth efficiency is very high in comparison to other primary optical digital
modulation techniques as illustrated in Table-5. Also the information capacity is twice the Binary
Frequency Shift Keying which gives major effect on different primary modulation techniques.
3.7. Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
At 400 Gb/s DQPSK requires two modulators which improves the performance in comparison to
QPSK. Also the BER graph of DQPSK gives better results when probability of error is taken into
account. This four level version of DPSK has the advantage of tolerating better dispersion which
is narrated in Table-7.
4. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
162
3.8. Return to Zero - Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
To get RZ-DQPSK signal, two phase modulators are cascaded for the modulation of the optical
phase by 0 to π/2 and 0 to π/4 applying binary modulation. The Optical signal-to-noise-ratio
tolerance is higher than DQPSK that results in better performance in the context of signal quality
at 111 Gb/s [35] and at112Gb/s OUT-4 channel bit-rate [34] ,[36].The maximum bandwidth
(ps/nm) of this format is half that of NRZ-DQPSK as compared in Table-10.
3.9. Return to Zero - Differential Phase Shift Keying - 3 Amplitude Shift Keying
This is a very fundamental mixer of ASK modulation and phase modulation. In RZ-DPSK-3ASK
modulation formats 2.5bits are coded in one symbol which leads to symbol rate of 43Gbauds [37-
38], [65- 66] for support of the OUT-4 line-rate [67] of 112Gb/s. This modulation technique
when applied to field fiber has OSNR limitation, but this could be improved by reducing channel
bit-rate.
3.10. Polarization Mode -QPSK/Differential Phase –QPSK
The 100Gb/s PM-QPSK transmission process [16] running at a symbol rate of 25-28Gbaud is
widely applied with offline signal processing of electrical signal which is measured by 4- channel
high speed real time Oscilloscopes acting as fast A/D converters[28-29], [40], [69]. Table-4
shows that the PM-QPSK format has higher modulation efficiency compared to QPSK format.
3.11. Polarization Mode OFDM-QPSK/ Differential Phase -OFDM-QPSK
Another commercially available 100Gb/s transponder applies two narrow spaced (20GHz)
optical carries each modulated with PM-QPSK formats based on 14 Gbaud modulation
[41],[16]. The hardware implementation features of transmitter and receiver of this modulation
technique is given in Table-10. It has highest estimated reach of about 2000 Km rather than
QPSK, DQPSK and PM-DQPSK as suggested in Table-7.
3.12. Optical Polarization -FDM-RZ-DQPSK
To carry two optical carrier there are polarizations can be used to eliminate the fast automatic
optical polarization de-multiplexers[16]. In this modulation format two carriers are alternatively
multiplexed and de-multiplexed with optical fiber at 28 Gbaud. The compatibility with 100Gb/s
& 400Gb/s is being positive w.r.t PM-OFDM-QPSK as shown in Table-7.
3.13. Polarization Mode -DQPSK / Differential Phase –DQPSK
By applying polarization division multiplexing (PM), we can reduce the symbol rate. As a result
the line-rate doubles or the symbol rate becomes half [16]. The 28Gbaud modulation formats
supports the 400G DWDM transmission with 50 GHz channel spacing. Table-7 indicates that the
OSNR tolerance (dB) @ BER 4X10-3 is higher than OP-FDM-RZ-DQPSK but less than RZ-
DPSK-3ASK format.
3.14. M-QAM
‘M’ number of binary bits are transmitted in a particular slot in this modulation scheme [16]. This
technique currently is of high research interest and is illustrated at submarine transmission
configurations[70] using RZ at PM-QPSK. Polarization multiplexed 16- QAM signals have been
5. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
163
realized by multi-level generation using passive combination of binary signals to achieve 224
Gb/s channel rate (200G + FEC overhead)[71-73] and for higher than 400 Gb/s channel rate [74].
Using Polarization multiplexing and QAM modulation format transmission lengths between
670km to 1500km have been demonstrated [71-73]. RF-assisted optical Dual carrier 112 Gb/s
polarization multiplexed 16-QAM is applied to achieve 112 Gb/s channel rate[75]. According to
Table-8, we conclude a comparative analysis between different M-QAM modulation techniques
having different bit rates (Gb/s). A channel rate of 400 Gb/s has been achieved using 16-QAM
recently with polarization multiplexing.
3.15. Minimum Shift Keying
The new optical minimum shift keying modulation schemes have the high spectral efficiency as
compared to other digital modulation formats. The transmitters for optical MSK based on two
MZM similar to the transmitter for DQPSK. As compared to other modulation formats the
spectrum is not compact enough to realize data rates as shown in Table-2.
3.16. Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
GMSK is a digital optical binary modulation schemes and is treated as a extension of optical
Minimum Shift Keying technique. In this format the side lobe levels of the spectrum are again
minimized by passing the modulating NRZ data waveform through a pre-modulation Gaussian
pulse-shaping filter. It promotes ISI at higher bit rate transmission than MSK as compared in
Table-2.
3.17. Sub-Carrier Modulation
In this format 2xm bits are transmitted per symbol. Various constellations [16],[42] can be
applied for PM-QAM modulation format. To optimize the signal error with M-QAM
constellation by Nyquist filtering towards Nyquist wavelength division multiplexing which is
currently of high research interest which has been demonstrated at submarine transmission
configurations[70] using RZ at PM-QPSK. Table-8 gives an overview in single channel M-QAM
options from 200Gb/s to 1Tb/s .
3.18. Multi-Carrier Modulation
Multi-carrier modulation format approach supports high bandwidth channels [76]. Forming
inverse fourier transform, Signal Processing is applied in the transmitter. As OFDM has
rectangular shape, high capacity transmission can be performed by close allocation of multiple
OFDM signals in the frequency domain without guard bands. The orthogonal multiplexing
behavior of PM-QPSK modulation has been depicted in Table-7. A number of transmission
experiments using polarization multiplexed O-OFDM and PM-O-OFDM have been reported [16],
[77], [44-45] transporting Tb/s super channels over submarine distances [78].
4. OPTICAL FIBER DIGITAL MULTIPLEXING FORMATS
Multiple users can transmit data simultaneously through a single optical fiber link by digital
multiplexing techniques described in this section. This is widely employed in optical
communication systems due to its capability to increase the channel utilization and decrease
system costs.
6. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
164
4.1. Optical Time Division Multiplexing
In OTDM the bit-rate of digital optical fiber systems is increased beyond the bandwidth
capabilities of the opto-electronics. [59-60].
4.2. Sub-Carrier Multiplexing
The subcarrier enables multiple broadband signals to be transmitted over single mode fiber and
appear particularly attractive for video distribution systems. Also with SCM, the orthodox
microwave solid-state devices could be used to further divide the intensity modulation available,
thereby increasing the bandwidth.
4.3. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Reduction in the channel spacing is a major adaptability, which is employed in the orthogonal set
of signals and is known as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing [76-78].Table-7 shows
an comparative analysis of OFDM with different modulation formats.
4.4. Coded Frequency Division Multiplexing
The Coded Frequency Division Multiplexing is also called as OFDM [77], is a system where
individual data bits of a word are coded onto individual carriers. Mutually orthogonal frequency
carriers are used over one symbol period in this method. It has higher spectral efficiency OP-
FDM-RZ-DQPSK as shown in Table-7.
4.5. Duty Cycle Division Multiplexing
In this Duty Cycle Division Multiplexing (DCDM) technique [75], different users sign with
different RZ duty cycles and the combine together synchronously to form a multi-level step shape
signal.
4.6. Optical Polarization Division Multiplexing
Optical Polarization Division Multiplexing is a technique in which the capacity of the system
and spectral efficiency is enhanced by using two independently modulated channels keeping
the wavelength constant [75]. A brief comparison between 4-QAM(4 bits/symbol), 8-QAM (6
bits/symbol) and 16-QAM(8 bits/symbol) on the basis of polarization multiplexed transmission is
illustrated in Table-12.
4.7. Wavelength Division Multiplexing
WDM is an optical modulation technique in optical fiber communication employing more than
one wavelength. In this communication format , multiple optical carrier signals on a single fiber
optic cable is multiplexed by using different wavelengths of laser light to carry various signals .
In multimode the 850nm, 1310nm wavelengths are used [34-36]. In single mode 1310 and 1550
nm are used[43].The OSNR (dBm) , maximum bandwidth (ps/nm), CRF (GHz) like parameters
are clearly compared in Table-10.
7. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
165
4.8. Coarse WDM
Coarse WDM gives the ability to combine upto 18 wavelengths onto one fiber. The spacing of
these eighteen wavelengths which are employed evenly from 1270-1610 nm in 20nm increments
have been discussed.. The aggregate fiber capacity of CWDM is only 20-40 Gb/s(70Km) as
indicated in Table-14.
4.9. Dense WDM
Dense WDM takes bandwidth and throughput to higher level. DWDM permits up to 80
wavelengths [46] to share are fiber[32]. The aggregate fiber capacity of DWDM is higher than
CWDM that is up to 1Tb/s (900 Km) as indicated in figure 15 of Table-18.
Table 1. Comparative analysis of different PSK Schemes
Digital PSK
Modulation
Techniques
Probability of Error Degradation Power Spectral Density
(PSD)
BNull
BPSK ܳ ቌඨ
2ܧ
ܰ
ቍ 0dB(ref.) AଶTୠ ൬
ܵ݅݊ ߨ݂ܶ
ߨ݂ܶ
൰
ଶ 2
ܶ
DEBPSK ≈ 2ܳ ൬ට
ଶா್
ேబ
൰ <0.5 dB Aଶ
Tୠ ൬
ܵ݅݊ ߨ݂ܶ
ߨ݂ܶ
൰
ଶ 2
ܶ
DBPSK
(Optimum)
1
2
݁ିா್ ேబ⁄
0.5-1 dB Aଶ
Tୠ ൬
ܵ݅݊ ߨ݂ܶ
ߨ݂ܶ
൰
ଶ 2
ܶ
QPSK ܳ ቌඨ
2ܧ
ܰ
ቍ 0dB(ref.) 2AଶTୠ ൬
ܵ݅݊ 2ߨ݂ܶ
2ߨ݂ܶ
൰
ଶ 1
Tୠ
DEQPSK ≈ 2ܳ ൬ට
ଶா್
ேబ
൰ <0.5 dB 2Aଶ
Tୠ ൬
ܵ݅݊ 2ߨ݂ܶ
2ߨ݂ܶ
൰
ଶ 1
Tୠ
DQPSK
(Optimum) ≈ ܳ ൬ට
ସா್
ேబ
൰ ݊݅ݏ
గ
ସ√ଶ 2-3dB 2Aଶ
Tୠ ൬
ܵ݅݊ 2ߨ݂ܶ
2ߨ݂ܶ
൰
ଶ 1
Tୠ
DMPSK
(Optimum) ≈
ଶ
ܳ ൬ට
ଶா್
ேబ
݊݅ݏ
గ
√ଶெ
൰
3 dB nAଶ
Tୠ ൬
ܵ݅݊ ݊ߨ݂ܶ
݊ߨ݂ܶ
൰
ଶ 2
݊ܶ
8. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
166
Table 2. Modulation parameters of different Digital modulation techniques in 40Gb/s modulation formats.
Digital
Modulation
Demodulation
performance
Error
performance
Advantages Disadvantages
BASK
Easy
demodulation
Restricted in
linear region
Hardware
Implementations
simple and low
cost
Poor BW
BFSK
Matched filter
detectors used
Performs
well
Same as Bask Complex
Hardware design
of receiver
BPSK
Receiver circuit
is complex.
Small error
rate
Used only for
satellite
communication.
Inefficient
DPSK
Receiver
requires
memory
Required 3
dB less than
BFSK
Introduces the
complexities
of receiver
Efficient less
than coherent
PSK
QPSK
Phase shift
detection is used
Better over
BPSK and
BFSK
Bandwidth
efficient
than BPSK
Hardware
design of
receiver is
complex64 QAM Coherent
detection
Same as
QAM
Very efficient
spectral efficiency
BW is same as
ASK and PSK
GMSK
Bandwidth time
product is
measured by
SNR Vs BER
The carrier lags
or leads by 900
over bit period
w.r.t BT.
Constant envelope,
spectrally efficient
It promotes ISI at
higher bit rate
transmission
Table 3. Comparison of performance and implementation for 400Gb/s.
Digital
Modulatio
n
Technique
s
400 Gb/s performance and
implementation Advantages
400 Gb/s performance and
implementation Disadvantages
NRZ
• “baseline” (no OSNR penalty)
• “baseline” : Single modulator stage.
• 90% spectral width = 33 GHz
RZ
• No OSNR penalty.
• Versatility to non-linear optical
fiber propagation is achieved.
• 66 GHz channel spacing is achieved
with ninety percentage spectral width
. (unfiltered), channel spacing limited
to 100GHz.
• Auxilary modulator stages are
required
SCM +
M-QAM
• Sectral narrowing = f(M)
• Symbol duration = f(M)
• Lower carrier frequency and/or
longer symbol duration
improves tolerance to
uncompensated CD and PMD
• OSNR penalty = f(# carriers,M)
spectral efficiency gains more than
offset by large OSNR penalty
• Requires complex analog RF
electronics
• Stringent linearity requirements in
modulator and driver.
DPSK
• 3 dB OSNR improvement (with
balanced receiver)
• Constant envelope modulation
• Interferometric detection required.
• Requires DPSK receiver optical
channel monitoring in optical line
system.
9. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
167
decreases SPM,XPM
DQPSK
• No OSNR penalty
• Decrease in cross polarization
modulation by employing
constant envelope modulation.
• 33 GHz channel spacing is
achieved with ninety percentage
spectral width .
• Interferometric detection required
• Requires complicated drive signal or
2 modulators
• Requires DQPSK receiver receiver
optical channel monitoring in optical
line system.
Table 4. . Comparison of FOC Digital Modulation Spectral Efficiency and Modulation Efficiency
Digital
Modulation
Techniques
≤ 100Gb/s
Data
Rate
Number
of
Channels
Channel
Spacing
Spectral
Efficiency
(bits/s)/Hz
Modulation
Efficiency
(Bits/Baud)
Effective
Baud Rate
(Symbol
Rate)
NRZ-00K 10 40 100 0.1 1 100 G
DPSK 40 40 100 0.4 1 100G
QPSK 10 80 50 0.2 2 50G
DPSK-3ASK 100 40 100 1 2.5 40G
PM-QPSK 100 80 50 2 4 25G
Table 5. Parametric comparison of fiber optics digital modulation formats for 400Gb/s.
Digital
Modulation
Points Symbols Information
capacity
Derived
form
BW efficiency
BASK 01 01 Poor ASK Poor
BFSK 01 01 Better than
BASK
FSK Not efficient
BPSK 02 02 2 BFSK PSK Only for high speed data
QPSK 04 04 2BFSK PSK High
MSK 04 04 2BFSK OQPSK Lower than QPSK
QAM 02 04 Better than
BASK
ASK &
PSK
Less than other
techniques
16 QAM 04 04 Better than
QAM
ASK &
PSK
Less than other
techniques
64 QAM 06 04 Better than
QAM
ASK &
PSK
Less than other
techniques
GMSK 04 04 Same as FSK Excellent
10. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
168
Table 6. The standardized voice-band data modems with duplex methods for different DFOC
Digital
Modulation
Techniques
Speed (b/s) Symbol rate
(Hz)
Duplex method CCITT standard
2-FSK ≤ 300 ≤ 300 Full FDM V.21
2-FSK 1200 1200 Half V.23
4-PSK 1200 600 Full FDM V.22
4-PSK 2400 1200 Half V.26
16-QAM 2400 600 Full FDM V.22bis
4-PSK 2400 1200 Full-EC V.26ter
8-PSK 4800 1600 Half V.27
4-QPSK 4800 2400 Full-EC V.32
16-AM/PM 9600 2400 Half V.29
32- QAM +
TC
9600 2400 Full-EC V.32
1024- QAM +
TC
≤ 28,800 ≤ 3429 Full-EC V.fast (V.34)
Table 7. Major parameters of modulation methods at 400 Gb/s.
Digital
Modulation
Formats
OOK OOK-
VSB
DQPSK RZ-
DPSK-
3ASK
PM-
DQPSK
OP-
FDM-
RZ-
DQPSK
PM-
QPSK
PM-
OFD
M-
QPS
K
Symbol rate 112 112 56 44 28 28 28 14
Bits/ Symbol 01 01 02 2.5 2x2 2x2 2x2 2x2x
2
Estimated
Reach (km)
< 500 < 500 1000 <500 600 1500 1500 2000
Spectral
Efficiency
0.5 01 01 02 02 01 02 02
CD tolerance
(ps/nm)@2dB
penalty
± 5 ± 5 ± 20 ± 30 ± 90 ± 90 >> >>
OSNR
tolerance(dB)@
BER 4x10-3
17.5 18.5 15.5 >20 15.5 15.5 <15 <15
Coherent/ Non-
coherent
Non-
coherent
Non-
coherent
Non-
coherent
Non-
coherent
Non-
coherent
Non-
coherent
Coherent Cohe
rent
Product
Available
No No No No No Yes Yes Yes
11. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
169
Table 8. Analysis of various digital modulation methods up to 1000Gb/s with theoretical
value of 40Gb/s taken as reference.
Digital
Modulation
Formats
PM-
BPS
K
PM-
QPSK
PM-8
QAM
PM-
16
QAM
PM-
32
QAM
PM-
32
QAM
PM-
64
QAM
PM-
256-
QAM
Channel
Spacing
50 200 133 100 80 200 67 50
Bit-Rate (Gb/s) 100 400 400 400 400 1000 400 400
Bits/Symbol 2x1 2x2 2x3 2x4 2x5 2x5 2x6 2x8
Symbol Rate 28-32 112-
128
75-85 56-64 45-51 112-
128
37-43 28-32
Penalty vs 100G
(dB)
00 06 08 10 12 16 14.5 > 20
No. of C-Band
Channels
44 22 33 44 55 22 66 88
Total Capacity
(Tb/s)
8.8 8.8 13.3 17.6 22 22 26.4 35
OSNR (dB) @
Min. Baud Rate
10.8 18.2 20.2 22.2 24.2 28.2 26.7 >30
OSNR (dB) @
Max. Baud Rate
8.2 15.8 17.8 19.8 21.8 25.8 24.3 >32
Table 9. Transmission rate performance comparison for NRZ fiber modulation coding format within
400Gb/s.
Channel
Bit Rate
Multiplexin
g
Method
PMD
delay
(pico-
second
Maximum
Dispersion
at 1550
nm
Insertion
Loss
Retur
n
Loss
Physical
plant
verification
Attenuation
Profile
2.5 Gbps
DWDM
OC-
48/STM-16
40 18817 1550/162
5
nm
1550
nm
1550/1625
nm
1550-
1625nm
10 Gbps
DWDM
OC-
192/STM-64
10 1176 1550/162
5
nm
1550
nm
1550/1625
nm
1550-
1625nm
40 Gbps
DWDM
OC-
768/STM-
256
2.5 73.5 1310/155
0
nm
1550
nm
1310/1550
nm
1550-
1625nm
10 Gbps Ethernet 5 738 1310/155
0
1550
nm
1310/1550
nm
1550-
1625nm
Table 10. Performances and complexity Comparison between different multiplexing techniques and
modulation formats at 400 Gb/s aggregation bit-rate.
Digital
Modulation
&
Multiplexing
techniques
Transmitte
r
TX
Receive
r
RX
OSNR (dBm) CD
(PS/n
m)
MBW
(Ps/nm
)
CRF
(GHz
)
NRZ-WDM 1M 1PD Sim : 16.5 (E-3)
19.8(E-9)
Exp: ≈23.3 (E-9)
54 80 40
13. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
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Table 12. Optical OFDM Parameters for 100Gb/s using Polarization-multiplexed QAM.
Transmission
Distance
(Km)
Polarization-Multiplexed Transmission
4-QAM
(4 bits/symbol)
8-QAM
(6 bits/symbol)
16-QAM
(8 bits/symbol)
Npre Nc Nu Npre Nc Nu Npre Nc Nu
1000 5 32 26 4 32 26 2 16 13
2000 8 64 52 5 32 26 4 32 26
3000 10 64 52 6 32 26 5 32 26
5000 14 128 104 8 64 52 6 32 26
Table 13. Polarization multiplexed complexity of single-carrier transmission compared to Optical
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing at 400Gb/s.
Transmission
Distance (Km)
Single-Carrier OFDM
Direct FFT
Block
size (B)
Complexity Transmitter Receiver Total
1000 12.0 6 13.3 6.2 10.2 16.4
2000 24.0 27 16.6 7.4 11.4 18.8
3000 32.0 25 17.9 7.4 11.4 18.8
5000 52.0 52 19.7 8.6 12.6 21.2
Table 14. Performance Comparison of CWDM and DWDM technology at 400Gb/s of WDM.
Features of WDM in
DFOC
Coarse WDM Dense WDM
Laser Transmitter types Uncooled DFB Cooled DFB, external
modulation
Spacing of wavelentghs 2500GHz (20nm) 100 GHz (0.8 nm)
Wavelenghts/ fiber (λ) 8-16 (O,E,S,C,L bands) 40-80 (C,L bands)
Capacity of each
wavelength
Up to 2.5 Gbps Up to 10 Gbps
Total Capacity 20-40 Gbps 100-1000 Gbps
Fiber Technology Thin film Thin film, AWG, Bragg
grating
Transmission distances Up to 70 KM Up to 900 KM
Overall Cost Very low Medium
14. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
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Application Enterprise, metro-access Access, metro-core, regional
Transmitter Board Area 20 cm2
(3.1in2
) 100 cm2
(16in2
)
Power Consumption per Tx
Card (SDI)
1.6 W(100 GHz) 5 W typically(100 GHz)
Laser Wavelength variation
(0-40°C)
±6.5 nm ±0.16 nm
Channel Spacing 20 nm 0.8 nm
Channels per frame 4 + 1 upgrade port 4 + 1 upgrade port
Wavelength Selection Standard ITU wavelength Reduced
Raman Crosstalk Significant without
mitigation techniques
Minimal with selective
wavelength spacing
Four-wave mixing Not Applicable Not Applicable
Dependence on the
Dispersion of delayed fiber
Low dependence High Dependence
No. of Wavelengths 2-5 2-8
Table 15. Constellation diagrams of different FOC digital modulation formats.
15. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
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Table 16. 3D graphical comparison between different DFOC parameters within 100 Gb/s
Figure 1. OFDM Performance for 100 Gb/s
Transmission using Polarization
Multiplexed QAM
Figure 2. OFDM Performance for 100
Gb/s
Transmission using Polarization
Multiplexed QAM
16. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
174
Figure 3. OFDM Performance for 100 Gb/s
Transmission using Polarization
Multiplexed QAM
Figure 4. Computational complexity of
Single-carrier transmission vs
OFDM-PM-4QAM at 100Gb/s
Figure 5. Spectral efficiency features w.r.t
modulation efficiency for ≤ 100
Gb/s Digital Modulation Formats.
Figure 6. Spectral Efficiency features
w.r.t bits/symbol for 100 Gb/s
Digital Modulation Formats.
Table 17. 3D graphical comparison between different DFOC parameters within 1Tb/s .
Figure 7. Channel Spacing features w.r.t no. Of
C-Band ≤ 400 Gb/s Digital Modulation
Formats.
Figure 8. Channel Spacing features w.r.t
OSNR (max.) for ≤ 400 Gb/s
Digital Modulation Formats.
17. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
175
Figure 9. Channel Spacing vs No. of C-bands
vs Capacity at ≤ 400 Gb/s rate.
Figure 10. Channel Spacing vs OSNR
(max.)
vs Capacity at ≤ 400 Gb/s
Figure 11. Channel Spacing vs OSNR (min.)
vs Capacity for ≤ 400 Gb/s Digital
Modulation Formats.
Figure 12. OSNR (max.) vs OSNR (min.)
for
≤ 1Tb/s Digital Modulation
Formats.
Table 18. 3D graphical comparison between different digital Modulation and Multiplexing parameters
within 1Tb/s .
Figure 13. Speed vs symbol rate for ≤ 400
Gb/s Digital Modulation Formats.
(Full-Duplex).
Figure 14. Speed vs symbol rate for ≤ 400
Gb/s Digital Modulation Formats.
(Half-Duplex).
18. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
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Figure 15. Performance Comparison of
CWDM and DWDM technology at
400 Gbp/s
Figure 16. Complexity Comparison of
Chromatic Dispersion (Ps/nm) &
MBW(Ps/nm).
Figure 17. Performances Comparison of CRF
(GHz), Chromatic Dispersion
(Ps/nm) & W (Ps/nm)
Figure 18. Performances Comparison of CRF
(GHz), Chromatic Dispersion
(Ps/nm) and MBW (Ps/nm).
5. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
The parameters of different types of digital fiber optic communication modulation formats with
their multiplexing techniques are compared in a tabular manner from Table 1-10. Also by 3D
graph representation from Table 16, 17 & 18, we compare the characteristics of different formats
having bit-rate of 400 Gb/s – 1Tb/s. The bandwidth efficiency is excellent in case of GMSK
compared to BASK, BPSK, BFSK, QPSK and M-QAM modulation techniques summarized
in Table-5. The modulation formats having speed (b/s) of 2-FSK (≤ 300 b/s and 1200 b/s), 4-PSK
(1200b/s) up to 1024-QAM + TC (≤ 28,800 b/s) compared on the basis of their duplex methods
used in Table-6. An comparative survey reflects in Table 7 & 8 on single channel M-QAM
options like PM-16QAM of 200 Gb/s, PM-8QAM of 400Gb/s, PM-32-QAM of 1000Gb/s, PM-
64-QAM of 1000Gb/s, PM-256-QAM of 1000Gb/s by taking 40Gb/s value as reference, which
considering Polarization multiplexing for all options. The 67% CS-RZ-WDM and 50% RZ-WDM
utilizes two modulators as well as in 50% RZ-DPSK shown in Table-10. The complexity
between different FOC digital modulation techniques and multiplexing techniques are indicated
in Table-10. The proposed 1550 nm window i.e DWDM by ITU is shown in Table-11. A survey
of single carrier transmission vs OFDM for polarization multiplexed 4-QAM at 400 Gb/s is
summarized in Table-13. The transmission distance is up to 70km (CWDM) and upto 900km
(DWDM) is indicated in Table-14. The 4-QAM,8-QAM &16-QAM modulation formats having
their polarization multiplexed transmission performances compares in Table-12. The Table-15
comparatively exhibits the constellation diagrams of different FOC digital modulation formats.
19. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
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Figure 1, 2 & 3 of Table-16 reflects a 3D-comparative survey on OFDM performance for
100Gb/s. A comparison between channel spacing and C-Bands of PM-BPSK, PM-QPSK, PM-M-
QAM having 100 Gb/s to 400 Gb/s is shown in figure 7 of Table-17. The OSNR at maximum
range compares with channel spacing by taking different modulation techniques summarizes in a
3-D pattern in figure 8 & 9 of Table-17. The symbol rate of 400-1000 Gb/s applied for
comparison of OSNR-maximum & OSNR-minimum. of different digital fiber optic
communication modulation formats in figure 12 of Table-17. The comparative analysis of
complexity between different WDM multiplexing techniques (50% RZ-WDM, 67% CS-RZ-
WDM & NRZ-WDM) are shown in figure 16 of Table-18. Here MBW (ps/nm) compared with
chromatic dispersion at 400 Gb/s. The symbol rate varies with the bit/sec for 2FSK, 4PSK,
4QPSK and 16-QAM at 2400 Hz (4800 bits/sec). Various parameters like wavelength per fiber,
aggregate fiber capacity at 400 Gb/s, transmission distances and transmitter board area of CWDM
and DWDM are analyzed in figure 15 of Table-18. The symbol rate vs speed for different FOC
digital modulation formats are compared for half and full duplex standardized voice-band data
modems.
6. CONCLUSIONS
In this article we describe the influence of bit rate (Gb/s) on different fiber optic communication
digital modulation, detection and multiplexing techniques. We analyzed the performance of PM-
QPSK (100Gb/s, 400Gb/s), PM-8QAM (400Gb/s), PM-16QAM (200Gb/s), PM-16QAM
(200Gb/s, 400Gb/s), PM-32QAM (400Gb/s), PM-32QAM (1000Gb/s), PM-256QAM (400Gb/s)
and PM-64QAM (1000Gb/s). This paper not only affords simple digital modulation techniques
but also provides a comparative analysis about different detection and multiplexing techniques in
the optical transmission system. In this article, applications are build up using 3D practical
exposure in the digital fiber optic communication.
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Authors
Sumant Ku Mohapatra was born in Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India . He received the B.Tech
degree from ITER, Bhubaneswar, India in 2002 & M.Tech(Electronics & Instrumentation
Engg) from GIET, BPUT, Odisha in 2011.. His research interest are in signal and image
processing , optical fiber communication and wireless communication. Currently he is
23. International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.6, No.2, March 2014
181
working in Trident Academy of Technology, B.P.U.T, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India as an Assistant
Professor in the Department of ETC.
Ramya Ranjan Choudhury was born in the Balasore district, Orissa, India . He received
the B.Tech degree from Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, India in 2008 &
M.Tech (Electronics & Communication Engg) from C.E.B, BPUT, Odisha in 2012. His
research interests include digital signal processing, digital image processing, optical fiber
communication and wireless communication. He is currently working in Trident Academy
of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India as an Assistant Professor.
.
Rabindra Bhojray was born in the Cuttack district, Odisha, India . He received the
graduate Engineering from I.E.T.E New Delhi , India in 1998 and received the master
engineering in field of communication system engineering from U.C.E, Burla, Orissa (At
present V.S.S.U.T, Burla), in 2001 and Ph.D. (continuing). His research interest are in
signal and image processing ,optical fiber communication and wireless communication.
Currently he is an associate professor in Trident Academy of Technology, B.P.U.T, Bhubaneswar,
Odisha.
Pravanjan Das was born in the Cuttack district, Odisha, India . He received the B.Tech
degree from TAT, Bhubaneswar, India in 2010 & M.Tech(Communication Systems) from
SVNIT,Surat,Gujrat in 2013. Currently he is working in Trident Academy of Technology,
B.P.U.T, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, as an Assistant Professor. His research interest are in signal
processing , and wireless communication.