Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Disease
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
2 likes•111 views
AIDS Dr. Yashika Introduction Causative agent : Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV) HIV belongs to retrovirus family (double stranded RNA). Mode of transmission Sexual intercourse IV drug abusers Blood transfusion Use of contaminated needles Breastfeeding Perinatal transmission Immunopathogenesis Immunological Markers CD4 T lymphocyte count RT-PCR Raised P-24 antigen titre Raised serum β2 microglobulin Clinical Presentation Development of Ab marks the stage of seroconversion aka flu-like syndrome. Acute infection syndrome characterized by fever, skin rash, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy and diarrhoea. This is called seroconversion illness lasts upto 2-3 weeks and gets resolved itself spontaneously. Gynaecological Symptoms Infections of genital tract. Neoplasm of genital tract. Menstrual abnormalities. Fertility and pregnancy are not affected. Diagnosis Detection of IgG antibody. ELISA Western blot PCR Treatment
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)
This document provides an overview of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) including its structure, life cycle, prevalence in Trinidad and Tobago, and related emergencies. It describes how HIV is a retrovirus that binds and fuses with host cells, using enzymes to convert its RNA into DNA and integrate into the host's genome to replicate. Risk factors, clinical features, and emergencies associated with HIV infection are also discussed.
A LECTURE ON AIDS FOR MBBS 2014
A LECTURE ON AIDS FOR FIRST MBBS STUDENTS, DEPT OF BIOCHEMISTRY.
A CLASS ON EPIDEMIOLOGY, VIROLOGY,HIV-MORPHOLOGY, GENOME, LIFE CYCLE,MODE OF TRANSMISSION, IMMUNOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS, LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT.
Hiv and std
HIV is caused by a retrovirus that weakens the immune system. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and from mother to child. There is a long asymptomatic period before AIDS symptoms appear. Diagnosis involves antibody screening and confirmation tests. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs. STDs are transmitted diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites through sexual contact. They have various clinical manifestations and are controlled through prevention, screening, treatment and health education programs.
immunobiology of hiv virus human immunodeficeincy virus
HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system and leading to AIDS. It is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, or from mother to child. While some can suppress the virus for many years, treatment aims to control progression, as there is no cure. HIV evades immunity through antigenic mutations and hiding from antibodies, exploiting the immune system it evolved to overcome. Immunotherapy and antiretroviral drugs target different stages of the viral lifecycle, but combination treatment is required to suppress HIV long-term.
HIV
Clinical features of HIV
Baseline investigations
Laboratory diagnosis of HIV
Algorithm for the use of the diagnosis of HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection.
PRINCIPLES OF THERAPY OF HIV INFECTION
medications used in treatment
Secondary prophylaxis of opportunistic infections
Prevention of HIV
reference Davidsons Priniciples and Practice of Medicine
and Harrisons Manual Of Internal Medicine
COMPLICATIONS ASSOSCIATED TO AIDS AND NEW DISCOVERIES
gives a prospective of what AIDS is and what are the complications assosciated with AIDS and what are the new drug discoveries and research on AIDS.
World AIDS Day
World AIDS day 2020 presentation - Topic- Complications associated to AIDS and new discoveries or interventions for its management
HIV Aetiology & Pathogenesis
A very brief & concise ppt. for HIV... Includes a video from YouTube explaining the Replication cycle of HIV. {actually was a class project ;)}. Hope you people like it.
Here's the link to the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RO8MP3wMvqg
Recommended
Human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)
This document provides an overview of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) including its structure, life cycle, prevalence in Trinidad and Tobago, and related emergencies. It describes how HIV is a retrovirus that binds and fuses with host cells, using enzymes to convert its RNA into DNA and integrate into the host's genome to replicate. Risk factors, clinical features, and emergencies associated with HIV infection are also discussed.
A LECTURE ON AIDS FOR MBBS 2014
A LECTURE ON AIDS FOR FIRST MBBS STUDENTS, DEPT OF BIOCHEMISTRY.
A CLASS ON EPIDEMIOLOGY, VIROLOGY,HIV-MORPHOLOGY, GENOME, LIFE CYCLE,MODE OF TRANSMISSION, IMMUNOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS, LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT.
Hiv and std
HIV is caused by a retrovirus that weakens the immune system. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and from mother to child. There is a long asymptomatic period before AIDS symptoms appear. Diagnosis involves antibody screening and confirmation tests. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs. STDs are transmitted diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites through sexual contact. They have various clinical manifestations and are controlled through prevention, screening, treatment and health education programs.
immunobiology of hiv virus human immunodeficeincy virus
HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system and leading to AIDS. It is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, or from mother to child. While some can suppress the virus for many years, treatment aims to control progression, as there is no cure. HIV evades immunity through antigenic mutations and hiding from antibodies, exploiting the immune system it evolved to overcome. Immunotherapy and antiretroviral drugs target different stages of the viral lifecycle, but combination treatment is required to suppress HIV long-term.
HIV
Clinical features of HIV
Baseline investigations
Laboratory diagnosis of HIV
Algorithm for the use of the diagnosis of HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection.
PRINCIPLES OF THERAPY OF HIV INFECTION
medications used in treatment
Secondary prophylaxis of opportunistic infections
Prevention of HIV
reference Davidsons Priniciples and Practice of Medicine
and Harrisons Manual Of Internal Medicine
COMPLICATIONS ASSOSCIATED TO AIDS AND NEW DISCOVERIES
gives a prospective of what AIDS is and what are the complications assosciated with AIDS and what are the new drug discoveries and research on AIDS.
World AIDS Day
World AIDS day 2020 presentation - Topic- Complications associated to AIDS and new discoveries or interventions for its management
HIV Aetiology & Pathogenesis
A very brief & concise ppt. for HIV... Includes a video from YouTube explaining the Replication cycle of HIV. {actually was a class project ;)}. Hope you people like it.
Here's the link to the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RO8MP3wMvqg
Aids presentation swizel
This document provides an overview of AIDS presented by Swizel S. Rana at Vinayaka Institute of Nursing. It discusses the history and introduction of AIDS, the HIV virus, modes of transmission including unprotected sex and intravenous drug use. It also summarizes the life cycle of HIV, clinical manifestations over time, laboratory diagnosis including ELISA and Western Blot tests, and prevention/treatment approaches like antiretroviral therapy and safe sex practices.
HIV
The document provides information on the history and epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. It discusses:
1) The first reports of HIV/AIDS in 1981 among homosexual men and intravenous drug users in the US. HIV was later isolated in 1983-1984 and named.
2) Current global statistics on HIV/AIDS from a 2014 WHO report, noting 36.9 million people living with HIV worldwide, with high prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa.
3) The stages of HIV infection from acute infection to AIDS, and clinical definitions of AIDS.
Pathology - HIV (AIDS)
The document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV is a retrovirus that infects CD4+ T cells and macrophages, progressively destroying the immune system.
- The virus enters cells using envelope glycoproteins, and its RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase. The DNA integrates into the host cell's genome.
- As the virus replicates and destroys immune cells, it can eventually cause AIDS, characterized by opportunistic infections. Current antiretroviral treatment aims to suppress viral replication and boost the immune system.
Hiv Aids
This document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, clinical features, and management. Some key points:
- HIV is now the 4th leading cause of death worldwide, with over 34 million people infected globally as of 2000, most in sub-Saharan Africa.
- Transmission occurs primarily via sexual contact and mother-to-child transmission. Diagnosis involves detecting antibodies or detecting the virus directly via PCR.
- Clinical stages progress from acute infection to asymptomatic infection to symptomatic infection to AIDS, defined as CD4 count below 200. Common opportunistic infections include tuberculosis, candidiasis, and pneumocystis pneumonia.
- Management involves antiretrov
AIDS
This document provides information on the management of patients with AIDS. It defines AIDS and describes the history and spread of HIV/AIDS. It discusses the global prevalence of HIV/AIDS, the virus itself, modes of transmission, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations in the different stages of infection. It also covers diagnosis, opportunistic infections, treatment goals, antiretroviral therapy and the management of HIV/AIDS patients.
HIV and AIDS - Microbiology
This document summarizes key information about HIV and AIDS. It describes HIV as a lentivirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4 cells and weakening the immune system. The virus is able to infect non-dividing cells. It originated in West-Central Africa and is transmitted through bodily fluids. While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral treatment can suppress the virus and prevent the onset of AIDS, allowing those infected to live long lives. Early diagnosis and preventative measures like safe sex and clean needles are important to prevent transmission of HIV.
HIV & AIDS 05.12.2014
The document summarizes information about HIV/AIDS, including:
1. It describes what HIV is, how it attacks and destroys the immune system, and some of the infections and cancers it can lead to.
2. It explains how HIV looks under an electron microscope and some of its key characteristics and proteins.
3. It provides statistics on HIV prevalence around the world, noting that over 36 million people have HIV globally, with sub-Saharan Africa being most affected.
Hiv infection and aids
It is comprehensive slide on HIV and AIDS. It includes definition, clinical features, investigation and management.
Microbiology of HIV
All topics required for the BDS students in the chapter "RETROVIRUSES: HIV" is included in this ppt in a short and concise manner for better understanding. Please go through your books and use this ppt for revision purposes.
HIV/Aids
The document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including its history, origin, life cycle, types, statistics, transmission, prevention, and treatment. It begins with definitions of HIV/AIDS, noting it attacks CD4 cells and destroys the immune system. It then discusses the early origins and identification of AIDS in the 1980s and various theories for the origin of HIV. It provides details on the life cycle and types of HIV viruses. Statistics on global prevalence and transmission methods like unprotected sex, needle sharing, and mother-to-child are presented. The document concludes with sections on prevention, treatment, and ICTC centers.
Hiv lecture
HIV infection is caused by a retrovirus that can lead to AIDS if not treated. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be diagnosed through viral load tests, p24 antigen tests, HIV antibody tests, and Western blot. If left untreated, it progresses from acute infection to asymptomatic infection and eventually symptomatic infection and AIDS. Antiretroviral therapy is recommended for all infected individuals to suppress the virus and preserve immune function. The goals of treatment are to durably suppress the virus, restore immune function, and prevent transmission. Response is monitored through clinical, virologic, and immunologic measures.
Hiv and opportunistic infections
This document discusses HIV and opportunistic infections. It begins by defining HIV as a retrovirus that infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, leading to AIDS. It then lists some common opportunistic infections seen in patients with HIV/AIDS like Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, mycobacterial infections, cryptococcosis, and viral infections caused by herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus. It provides details of pharmacological treatments for various opportunistic infections with drugs like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, pentamidine, azithromycin, clarithromycin, fluconazole, acyclovir,
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body's ability to fight the organisms that cause disease
HIV/AIDS
history, morphology, resistance, epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention , treatment of HIV/AIDS
Pathology of HIV/AIDS
HIV/ AIDS
Natural History of HIV Infection
Opportunistic Infections
Damage to Immune System in HIV/AIDS
Role of HAART in OIs
introduction to HIV
HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system and can lead to AIDS if not treated. It was first reported in 1981 and has since infected over 60 million people worldwide. There are two types - HIV-1, which is more prevalent, and HIV-2, which progresses more slowly. HIV infects and kills CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system. It enters cells by binding to CD4 receptors and integrating its RNA into the host cell's DNA. This reprograms the cell to produce more HIV viruses that then infect other cells, leading to lower CD4 counts and immunodeficiency. Ocular manifestations may be the first sign of HIV infection, with eye involvement seen in up to 90% of autopsy
HIV pathology sufia husain 2017
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, ultimately leading to AIDS.
- Primary HIV infection may cause acute symptoms that resolve within months. Years later, very low CD4+ counts lead to opportunistic infections defining AIDS, like Pneumocystis pneumonia.
- Common infections include Pneumocystis jiroveci, CMV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and fungal infections. Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphomas are associated cancers.
Pathogenesis of HIV
HIV genetics
HIV Viral Properties
HIV Life Cycle
Role of CD4 Lymphocytes in HIV Infection
HIV Replication
HIV Latency
HIV Immune Response
Hiv infection
this presentation is explains the HIV virus and how to manage this infection , with appropriate medications and their dosage according to group age . this will help students from medical departments to easily understand
Hiv infection by ved
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Hiv 140123032347-phpapp02
HIV in Pregnancy
The document discusses HIV in pregnancy, including its characteristics, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mother-to-child transmission. It notes that antiretroviral therapy administered to the mother during pregnancy and delivery, as well as to the newborn, can reduce transmission rates to less than 2%. Treatment options aim to prevent mother-to-child transmission through antiviral regimens and by avoiding breastfeeding. Screening and treatment of any genital infections in the mother are also important to prevent transmission of HIV from mother to child.
hiv/aids
This document discusses HIV/AIDS, including its definition, epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, clinical staging, opportunistic infections, and impact on tuberculosis. HIV is a retrovirus that targets CD4+ T cells and causes AIDS by destroying the immune system. It is most commonly transmitted through unprotected sexual contact and blood exposure. Diagnosis involves antibody and viral load testing. Disease progression involves clinical stages from asymptomatic to severe AIDS. Common opportunistic infections increase with lower CD4 counts, and tuberculosis is particularly impacted by HIV co-infection.
More Related Content
What's hot
Aids presentation swizel
This document provides an overview of AIDS presented by Swizel S. Rana at Vinayaka Institute of Nursing. It discusses the history and introduction of AIDS, the HIV virus, modes of transmission including unprotected sex and intravenous drug use. It also summarizes the life cycle of HIV, clinical manifestations over time, laboratory diagnosis including ELISA and Western Blot tests, and prevention/treatment approaches like antiretroviral therapy and safe sex practices.
HIV
The document provides information on the history and epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. It discusses:
1) The first reports of HIV/AIDS in 1981 among homosexual men and intravenous drug users in the US. HIV was later isolated in 1983-1984 and named.
2) Current global statistics on HIV/AIDS from a 2014 WHO report, noting 36.9 million people living with HIV worldwide, with high prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa.
3) The stages of HIV infection from acute infection to AIDS, and clinical definitions of AIDS.
Pathology - HIV (AIDS)
The document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV is a retrovirus that infects CD4+ T cells and macrophages, progressively destroying the immune system.
- The virus enters cells using envelope glycoproteins, and its RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase. The DNA integrates into the host cell's genome.
- As the virus replicates and destroys immune cells, it can eventually cause AIDS, characterized by opportunistic infections. Current antiretroviral treatment aims to suppress viral replication and boost the immune system.
Hiv Aids
This document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, clinical features, and management. Some key points:
- HIV is now the 4th leading cause of death worldwide, with over 34 million people infected globally as of 2000, most in sub-Saharan Africa.
- Transmission occurs primarily via sexual contact and mother-to-child transmission. Diagnosis involves detecting antibodies or detecting the virus directly via PCR.
- Clinical stages progress from acute infection to asymptomatic infection to symptomatic infection to AIDS, defined as CD4 count below 200. Common opportunistic infections include tuberculosis, candidiasis, and pneumocystis pneumonia.
- Management involves antiretrov
AIDS
This document provides information on the management of patients with AIDS. It defines AIDS and describes the history and spread of HIV/AIDS. It discusses the global prevalence of HIV/AIDS, the virus itself, modes of transmission, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations in the different stages of infection. It also covers diagnosis, opportunistic infections, treatment goals, antiretroviral therapy and the management of HIV/AIDS patients.
HIV and AIDS - Microbiology
This document summarizes key information about HIV and AIDS. It describes HIV as a lentivirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4 cells and weakening the immune system. The virus is able to infect non-dividing cells. It originated in West-Central Africa and is transmitted through bodily fluids. While there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral treatment can suppress the virus and prevent the onset of AIDS, allowing those infected to live long lives. Early diagnosis and preventative measures like safe sex and clean needles are important to prevent transmission of HIV.
HIV & AIDS 05.12.2014
The document summarizes information about HIV/AIDS, including:
1. It describes what HIV is, how it attacks and destroys the immune system, and some of the infections and cancers it can lead to.
2. It explains how HIV looks under an electron microscope and some of its key characteristics and proteins.
3. It provides statistics on HIV prevalence around the world, noting that over 36 million people have HIV globally, with sub-Saharan Africa being most affected.
Hiv infection and aids
It is comprehensive slide on HIV and AIDS. It includes definition, clinical features, investigation and management.
Microbiology of HIV
All topics required for the BDS students in the chapter "RETROVIRUSES: HIV" is included in this ppt in a short and concise manner for better understanding. Please go through your books and use this ppt for revision purposes.
HIV/Aids
The document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including its history, origin, life cycle, types, statistics, transmission, prevention, and treatment. It begins with definitions of HIV/AIDS, noting it attacks CD4 cells and destroys the immune system. It then discusses the early origins and identification of AIDS in the 1980s and various theories for the origin of HIV. It provides details on the life cycle and types of HIV viruses. Statistics on global prevalence and transmission methods like unprotected sex, needle sharing, and mother-to-child are presented. The document concludes with sections on prevention, treatment, and ICTC centers.
Hiv lecture
HIV infection is caused by a retrovirus that can lead to AIDS if not treated. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be diagnosed through viral load tests, p24 antigen tests, HIV antibody tests, and Western blot. If left untreated, it progresses from acute infection to asymptomatic infection and eventually symptomatic infection and AIDS. Antiretroviral therapy is recommended for all infected individuals to suppress the virus and preserve immune function. The goals of treatment are to durably suppress the virus, restore immune function, and prevent transmission. Response is monitored through clinical, virologic, and immunologic measures.
Hiv and opportunistic infections
This document discusses HIV and opportunistic infections. It begins by defining HIV as a retrovirus that infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, leading to AIDS. It then lists some common opportunistic infections seen in patients with HIV/AIDS like Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, mycobacterial infections, cryptococcosis, and viral infections caused by herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus. It provides details of pharmacological treatments for various opportunistic infections with drugs like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, pentamidine, azithromycin, clarithromycin, fluconazole, acyclovir,
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body's ability to fight the organisms that cause disease
HIV/AIDS
history, morphology, resistance, epidemiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention , treatment of HIV/AIDS
Pathology of HIV/AIDS
HIV/ AIDS
Natural History of HIV Infection
Opportunistic Infections
Damage to Immune System in HIV/AIDS
Role of HAART in OIs
introduction to HIV
HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system and can lead to AIDS if not treated. It was first reported in 1981 and has since infected over 60 million people worldwide. There are two types - HIV-1, which is more prevalent, and HIV-2, which progresses more slowly. HIV infects and kills CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system. It enters cells by binding to CD4 receptors and integrating its RNA into the host cell's DNA. This reprograms the cell to produce more HIV viruses that then infect other cells, leading to lower CD4 counts and immunodeficiency. Ocular manifestations may be the first sign of HIV infection, with eye involvement seen in up to 90% of autopsy
HIV pathology sufia husain 2017
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys CD4+ T cells, ultimately leading to AIDS.
- Primary HIV infection may cause acute symptoms that resolve within months. Years later, very low CD4+ counts lead to opportunistic infections defining AIDS, like Pneumocystis pneumonia.
- Common infections include Pneumocystis jiroveci, CMV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and fungal infections. Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphomas are associated cancers.
Pathogenesis of HIV
HIV genetics
HIV Viral Properties
HIV Life Cycle
Role of CD4 Lymphocytes in HIV Infection
HIV Replication
HIV Latency
HIV Immune Response
Hiv infection
this presentation is explains the HIV virus and how to manage this infection , with appropriate medications and their dosage according to group age . this will help students from medical departments to easily understand
Hiv infection by ved
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
What's hot (20)
Similar to Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Disease
Hiv 140123032347-phpapp02
HIV in Pregnancy
The document discusses HIV in pregnancy, including its characteristics, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mother-to-child transmission. It notes that antiretroviral therapy administered to the mother during pregnancy and delivery, as well as to the newborn, can reduce transmission rates to less than 2%. Treatment options aim to prevent mother-to-child transmission through antiviral regimens and by avoiding breastfeeding. Screening and treatment of any genital infections in the mother are also important to prevent transmission of HIV from mother to child.
hiv/aids
This document discusses HIV/AIDS, including its definition, epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, clinical staging, opportunistic infections, and impact on tuberculosis. HIV is a retrovirus that targets CD4+ T cells and causes AIDS by destroying the immune system. It is most commonly transmitted through unprotected sexual contact and blood exposure. Diagnosis involves antibody and viral load testing. Disease progression involves clinical stages from asymptomatic to severe AIDS. Common opportunistic infections increase with lower CD4 counts, and tuberculosis is particularly impacted by HIV co-infection.
Presentation on HIV & AIDS by Asif Iqbal Khattak
Asif Iqbal Khattak
M.Phil. Microbiology
Educational Adviser
Mobile: +92 (0) 335-8984165
Email: microbiologist119@gmail.com
Skype: +92334-8984165
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/microbiologist119/
linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/asif-iqbal-khan-091966b4/
HIV INFECTION IN PREGNANCY OBSTETRIC AND GYN
This document provides information on HIV infection in pregnancy. It discusses that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. The key strategies to prevent mother-to-child transmission include testing pregnant women for HIV, treating HIV-positive pregnant and breastfeeding women with antiretroviral therapy, safe delivery practices, and guidance on infant feeding options. With effective interventions, the risk of transmission can be reduced to less than 5%.
AIDS
The document discusses AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), which is caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. It defines AIDS and describes the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical management including antiretroviral drugs, and nursing management of patients with AIDS. It also summarizes a research study on the use of first-line antiretroviral therapy from an ART program clinic in Pune, India.
Hiv in pregnancy
HIV in Pregnancy
Dr. ARCHANA VERMA
1) HIV is a retrovirus that can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. Left untreated, the risk of mother-to-child transmission is 15-45%.
2) Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy for the mother during pregnancy and delivery, and for the newborn for 4-6 weeks to prevent transmission. Mode of delivery and avoiding breastfeeding can also reduce risk.
3) With treatment, the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission can be reduced to less than 2%. Proper antenatal care, delivery management, and postpartum care and testing of
Hiv in pregnancy by DR.Paramanantham
1) Prenatal HIV counseling should be offered to all pregnant women as HIV infected women are prone to various opportunistic infections.
2) Strategies to prevent vertical transmission include decreasing fetal viral exposure by preventing procedures like chorioamniocentesis and shortening the duration of labor.
3) A clinical trial showed that treatment with zidovudine reduced perinatal HIV transmission from 25% to 7%. Newborns exposed to HIV should receive antiretroviral prophylaxis.
Viral hepatitis by dr abas Reshi.ppt.pdf
Viral hepatitis refers to a group of infectious diseases that affect the liver, caused by various hepatitis viruses (A, B, C, D, and E). These viruses can lead to liver inflammation and damage, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Hepatitis can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). Prevention through vaccination (for Hepatitis A and B) and safe practices is important to avoid these infections.
Hiv and aids
HIV causes AIDS by weakening the immune system. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be diagnosed by detecting HIV antibodies or antigens. The disease progresses from primary infection to asymptomatic infection and mild symptoms, and finally AIDS when opportunistic infections occur. Common signs include oral thrush, shingles, and weight loss. Treatment focuses on antiviral drugs and prophylaxis for opportunistic infections.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV.pptx
This document provides an overview of the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS. It discusses the history and microbiology of HIV, global and national statistics on prevalence, risk groups in India, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Key points include: globally 38 million people are living with HIV, generalized epidemics exist where prevalence is over 1% in pregnant women, and high-risk groups in India include sex workers, injecting drug users, and men who have sex with men. Diagnosis involves antibody detection tests like ELISA and confirmation with Western blot. Progression is monitored using CD4 counts and viral load levels, with opportunistic infections occurring at different CD4 thresholds.
Blood borne pathogens
Bloodborne pathogens like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV can be transmitted through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. Workers who are exposed to bloodborne pathogens through injuries from needles, broken glass, or contact with mucous membranes or non-intact skin are at risk of serious infections. Prevention methods include vaccination, use of protective equipment, screening of blood and tissue donors, and modification of high-risk behaviors. Standard precautions should be followed to treat all bodily fluids as potentially infectious and avoid contact with blood or fluids.
HIV In Pregnancy
1) HIV infection during pregnancy poses risks for both mother and baby, with around 13,000 babies born to HIV+ mothers becoming infected each year in India.
2) Strategies to prevent mother-to-child transmission include antiretroviral therapy for the mother during pregnancy and delivery, and for 6 weeks postpartum. Caesarean delivery and avoiding breastfeeding can further reduce risks of transmission.
3) Proper prenatal counseling, treatment, and testing of the newborn are important for management of HIV infection during pregnancy.
Aids and periodontium
This document provides an overview of periodontal problems associated with HIV infection. It discusses the pathogenesis, transmission, epidemiology, classification/staging of HIV, as well as oral manifestations like oral candidiasis. It also covers testing/diagnosis of HIV, antiretroviral therapy including HAART, potential complications like IRIS, and treatment protocols for periodontal diseases in HIV-positive patients.
Hiv
An overview of the HIV pandemic, as presented to foreign trained medical graduates in a lecture in LUTH
hiv and aids
HIV/AIDS seminar covered the history, epidemiology, transmission, stages, diagnosis and treatment of HIV/AIDS. It discussed how HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells. Diagnosis involves antibody and viral load tests. Treatment goals are to suppress the virus with antiretroviral therapy (ART) using three drug combinations. Nursing care focuses on managing symptoms, preventing infections, treatment adherence and palliative care.
9.HIV.pptx
HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys CD4+ T cells and macrophages. It has a latent phase where it inserts into the host genome. There are four stages of HIV/AIDS progression, from asymptomatic to full-blown AIDS. HIV is diagnosed through a series of blood tests. Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy (ART) using different drug classes that target various stages of the viral lifecycle. ART can suppress the virus and prevent transmission, as well as secondary infections associated with AIDS.
2.HIV infections.ppt
This document provides information about HIV infections and AIDS. It begins by describing HIV and AIDS, noting it was first recognized in 1981 and is caused by the HIV virus. It then discusses epidemiology, stating that as of 2000 there were an estimated 36 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide and 4 million in India. The document goes on to describe the normal immune system, how HIV works including its lifecycle, and the stages of HIV infection from primary infection through disease progression. It also covers transmission methods, high risk groups, viral structure, diagnosis, oral manifestations, and prevention.
Hiv aids
This document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including its history, epidemiology, definition, characteristics, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations by system, opportunistic infections, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points are:
- HIV was first identified in the 1980s and has since infected over 38 million people worldwide. India has the third largest epidemic with over 2 million cases.
- Advanced HIV is defined as CD4 count <350 or WHO stage 3/4 disease. AIDS is defined as CD4 <200 or WHO stage 4 disease.
- HIV is transmitted sexually, through blood/blood products, or mother-to-child. It primarily targets CD4 cells and causes immunosuppression.
- Clinical
Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which destroys CD4 T cells leading to immune system failure. HIV/AIDS remains a major global public health issue having claimed over 36 million lives, with 37.7 million people living with HIV in 2020. The document outlines the epidemiology, etiology, transmission, clinical stages and manifestations, diagnostic testing, treatment and management of HIV/AIDS.
Similar to Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Disease (20)
HIV.pptx999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
HIV.pptx999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
More from yashikasingh37
database.pptx
1) The document discusses various databases related to Ayurveda including literature databases containing Samhitas and other Ayurvedic texts, manuscript databases, herbal databases containing information on medicinal plants from sources like the Flora of India and the Wealth of India series, the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library, clinical trials registry, Cochrane library, and dissertation repository Shodhganga.
2) It also mentions databases containing information on Ayurvedic pharmaceutical companies and their products, the national pharmacovigilance program and database, patent databases, gemological and minerals databases, and mobile apps databases.
3) Several national organizations that maintain important Ayurveda databases are discussed, including the National Institute of
uterine fibroid.pptx
Uterine fibroids are benign tumors that develop in the uterus. They are composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue and are the most common tumors found in females. The highest prevalence occurs in women between ages 35-45. While the exact cause is unclear, genetic and hormonal factors likely play a role. Fibroids can be asymptomatic but may cause heavy periods, pelvic pain, infertility, or pregnancy complications. Diagnosis involves ultrasound, MRI, or other imaging. Treatment options include medication, myomectomy (surgical removal of fibroids), hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), or embolization (blocking the blood supply).
Trichomonas vaginitis.pptx
Introduction
Causative agent : Trichomonas vaginalis
Transmission : Sexual contact
Incubation period : 3 – 28 days.
Clinical features
Sudden profuse and offensive vaginal discharge.
Severe irritation and itching around introitus.
Dysuria and increased frequency of urine.
Examination:
Thin, greenish yellow frothy offensive vaginal discharge.
Inflammed vulva
Vaginal examination may be painful.
Diagnosis:
Culture of discharge :
Diamonds TYM or Feinberg
Whittington medium.
Treatment:
DOC : Metronidazole
200mg TDS x 1 week.
Tinidazole
syphilis.pptx
Introduction
Causative agent : Treponema pallidium
Transmission : Abraded skin / mucosal surface.
Spreads through direct contact.
Incubation period : 9 -90 days.
Clinical features
Phases of syphilis :
Primary syphilis
Lesion / Chancre : Single/ Multiple
Site : Labia, fourchette, anus, cervix or
nipples.
Small papule gets eroded into an ulcer. The margins of ulcer are raised and floor is smooth and shiny.
Healing of primary chancre takes place in 1-8 weeks.
Secondary Syphilis
Secondary syphilis is evident in form of Condyloma lata in vulva.
Condyloma lata : coarse, flat topped, moist, necrotic lesions.
Maculopapular rashes : Palms and soles.
Alopecia, lymphadenopathy, mucosal ulcers.
Latent Syphilis
Quiescence phase.
Duration : 2 -20 years.
Tertiary Syphilis
Progression of tertiary syphilis occurs only in condition of untreated syphilis.
Damages CNS, CVS, Musculoskeletal system.
Cranial nerve palsies III, VI, VII and VIII.
Gummatous ulcer : deep punched ulcer with rolled out margins. Painless with moist leather base.
Diagnosis
History of exposure.
Identification of organism.
Serological test
VDRL (Venereal disease research laboratory)
TPHA (Treponoma pallidum haemagglutination)
EIA (Enzyme immunoassay)
FTA (Fluorescent treponomal Antibody)
TPI (Treponoma pallidum immobilisation)
Treatment
Benzathine penicillin IM
Tetracycline 500 mg
Doxycycline 100 mg
Serological test should be performed 1, 3, 6 and 12
month after treatment of syphilis.
pruritis vulvae.pptx
Pruritis vulvae
Etiology:
1. Vaginal discharge : Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans
2. Local skin lesion: Psoriasis, Dermatitis
3. Vulvar infection: Fungal, Viral, Parasitic, STD
4. Medical disorders: Glycosuria
5. Deficiency: Fe, Folic acid, Vit B12 Vit A
6. Psychosomatic causes
Investigations
Age of onset
Intensity of itching
Duration
Vaginal discharge
Contraceptive practice
Allergy- nylon, soap, detergent.
DM
Liver disorder
Thyroid
Hematological disorder
Special Investigations
Microscopic examination: Vaginal discharge / vulval scarping
Urine examination: Sugar, Protein and pus cells.
Blood examination: CBC, Thyroid profile, Glucose, LFT, RFT
Stool examination: Ova, Parasite, Cyst.
Treatment
Maintain local hygiene.
Loose fitting clothing
Local topical application: antibiotics/ clobetasol propionate
Treat specific disease
Surgery: Neoplasia invasion
POP.pptx
Pelvic organ prolapse
Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Most common gynaecological problem.
Amongst parous women.
A form of hernia.
Anatomy of Uterus
Anteversion and anteflexion position.
Lies between rectum and bladder.
Cervix pierces the vagina at the right angle to the axis of vagina.
Supports of Uterus
Uterus is held in position by 3 tier support system.
Upper tier
Middle tier
Inferior tier.
Upper tier
Primarily, maintains the uterus in anteverted position.
The structures responsible are:
Endopelvic fascia.
Round ligaments.
Broad ligaments.
Middle tier
Constitutes the strongest support of uterus.
Responsible structures are:
Pericervical ring.
Pelvic cellular tissues.
Inferior tier
Indirect support of uterus.
Responsible structures are pelvic floor muscles including:
Levator ani
Endopelvic fascia
Levator plate
Perineal body
Urogenital diaphragm
Anatomical Factors
Gravitational stress.
Parturition stress.
Pelvic floor weakness.
Inherent weakness of supporting structures.
Acquired Predisposing Factors
Trauma of vaginal delivery causing injury :
Ligaments
Endopelvic fascia
Levator muscle
Perineal body
Pudendal nerve and muscle damage due to
repeated child birth.
Congenital Predisposing Factors
Inborn weakness of supporting structure.
Aggravating factors
Post menopausal atrophy
Poor collagen tissue repair with age.
Increased intra abdominal pressure.
Occupational hazards
Asthenia
Obesity
Fibroid/Polyp
Clinical Degrees Of Uterine Prolapse
Symptoms
Feeling of something coming out per vaginum.
Backache or dragging pain in pelvis
Dyspareunia
Urinary symptoms
Bowel symptoms
Clinical examination
Inspection and palpation.
General examination.
Pelvic examination
Uterine prolapse
Management of Prolapse
Preventive
Conservative
Surgery
Preventive Measures
Pelvic floor exercise during puerperium.
Avoid strenuous activities.
Avoiding prolonged cough.
Avoiding constipation.
Avoiding heavy weight lifting.
Avoiding future pregnancy too early.
Conservative Management
Indications :
Asymptomatic women
Mild degree prolapse
POP in early pregnancy
Treatment :
Oestrogen replacement therapy.
Kegel exercise
Pessary treatment
Surgical Management of Prolapse
Restorative
Extirpative
Obliterative
pid.pptx
Definition
PID is a disease of the upper genital tract.
It is a spectrum of infection and inflammation of the upper genital tract organs typically involving the uterus (endometrium), fallopian tubes, ovaries, pelvic peritoneum and surrounding structures.
Epidemiology
Occurs both in the developed and developing
countries.
85 per cent are spontaneous infection in sexually active females of reproductive age.
The remaining 15 per cent follow procedures, which favors the organisms to ascend up.
Two-thirds are restricted to young women of less than 25 years and the remaining one-third limited among 30 years or older.
Risk factors
Menstruating teenagers.
Multiple sexual partners.
Absence of contraceptive pill use.
Previous history of acute PID.
IUD users.
Area with high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases.
Protective factors
Contraceptive practice
Barrier methods
Oral steroidal contraceptives
Monogamy / Vasectomy
Others
Pregnancy
Menopause
Vaccines
CLINICAL FEATURES
Bilateral lower abdominal and pelvic pain dull in nature.
Fever, lassitude and headache.
Irregular and excessive vaginal bleeding .
Abnormal vaginal discharge (purulent or copious)
Nausea and vomiting.
Dyspareunia.
Pain and discomfort in the right hypochondrium.
Signs
Temperature >38.3°C.
Abdominal palpation
(1) Tenderness on both the quadrants of lower abdomen.
(2) The liver may be enlarged and tender.
Vaginal examination
(1) Abnormal vaginal discharge (purulent).
(2) Congested external urethral meatus or openings of Bartholin’s ducts through which pus may be seen escaping out on pressure.
(3) Speculum examination shows congested cervix with purulent discharge from the canal.
Clinical diagnostic criteria of PID (CDC-2006)
Minimum Criteria
Lower abdominal tenderness.
Adnexal tenderness.
Cervical motion tenderness.
Additional Criteria
Oral temperature > 38.3°C.
Mucopurulent cervical or vaginal discharge.
Raised C-reactive protein and/or ESR.
Definitive Criteria
Histopathologic evidence of endometritis on biopsy.
Imaging study (TVS/MRI) evidence of tubo-ovarian complex.
Laparoscopic evidence of PID
Investigations
Identification of organisms
Blood: Leucocyte count shows leucocytosis to more than 10,000 per cu mm and an elevated ESR value of more than 15 mm per hour.
Laparoscopy
Complications Of Pid
Immediate
Pelvic peritonitis or even generalized
Septicemia
Late
Dyspareunia
Infertility
Chronic pelvic inflammation
Formation of adhesions or hydrosalpinx or pyosalpinx and tubo-ovarian abscess.
Chronic pelvic pain and ill health.
Ambulatory Management Of Acute PID (CDC-2006)
Patient should have oral therapy for 14 days
Regimen A
Levofloxacin 500 mg (or, ofloxacin 400 mg) PO
Metronidazole 500 PO bid
Regimen B
Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM single dose
Doxycycline 100 mg PO BID with or without
Metronidazole 500 mg PO BID for 14
hsg.pptx
Hysterosalpingography (HSG)
Hystero + Salpingo + Graphy
HSG is a radiological procedure done to assess the interior anatomy of the uterine cavity and the shape and patency of the fallopian tubes.
It is a radiographic study using fluorescent dye to visualise the anatomy of uterus and fallopian tubes.
Indications:
Assessment of tubal patency.
Detection of uterine malformation.
Diagnosis of cervical incompetence.
Detection of translocated IUD.
Diagnosis of uterine synechiae.
Diagnosis of uterine fibroid , uterine polyp.
Diagnosis of abdominal pregnancy.
Uterine Malformation
Steps of operation
The patient is asked to remain empty bladder.
Operation is done under general anaesthesia.
The patient is placed in lithotomy position.
Local antiseptic cleaning is done.
Posterior vaginal speculum is introduced.
Anterior lip of cervix is grasped with Allis tissue forcep.
HSG cannula is fitted with a syringe containing radio opaque dye. About 5- 10 ml of dye is slowly introduced.
The passage of the dye is observed by using X-ray intensifier and a video display unit.
Two radiographic X-rays are taken. First one to show the filling of uterine cavity and other one 10-15 mins after the completion of procedure.
Timing of procedure :
HSG is done between D6 and D10 of cycle.
Antibiotics are given one day prior the procedure up to 5 days.
Contrast media
Complications
Peritoneal irritation.
Pelvic pain.
Vasovagal attack.
Intravasation of dye into the venous or lymphatic channels.
Flaring up of pelvic infections.
endo.pptx
Definition
Presence of functioning endometrium (glands and stroma) in sites other than uterine mucosa is called endometriosis.
It is a benign but it is locally invasive.
Prevalence
The real one is due to delayed marriage, postponement of first conception and adoption of small family norm.
The apparent one is due to increased use of diagnostic laparoscopy as well as hightened awareness of this disease complex amongst the gynecologists
Sites
Abdominal: Usually confined to the abdominal structures below the level of umbilicus.
Extra-abdominal: Common sites are abdominal scar of hysterotomy, cesarean section, tubectomy and myomectomy, umbilicus, episiotomy scar, vagina and cervix.
Remote
Pathology
Naked Eye Appearance: The appearance of the lesion depends on the organs involved, extent of lesion and reaction of the surrounding tissues.
Pelvic endometriosis: Small black dots, called ‘powder burns’ seen on the uterosacral ligaments and pouch of Douglas.
Fibrosis and scarring
Symptoms
Dysmenorrhea (70%)
Abnormal menstruation (20%)
Infertility (40–60%)
Dyspareunia (20–40%)
Chronic Pelvic Pain
Abdominal Pain
Urinary— frequency, dysuria, back pain or even hematuria.
Sigmoid colon and rectum—painful defecation (dyschezia), diarrhea, constipation, rectal bleeding or even melena.
Chronic fatigue, perimenstrual symptoms (bowel, bladder).
Hemoptysis (rarely), chest pain.
Surgical scars—cyclical pain and bleeding.
Examination
Abdominal palpation
A mass may be felt in the lower abdomen arising from the enlarged tubo-ovarian mass due to endometriotic adhesions. The mass is tender with restricted mobility.
Pelvic Examination
Pelvic tenderness, nodules in the pouch of Douglas, nodular feel of the uterosacral ligaments, fixed uterus or unilateral or bilateral adnexal mass of varying sizes
Diagnosis
Bichemical parameters:
Serum CA 125
Monocyte Chemotactic Protein (MCP-1)
Imaging:
TVS - ovarian endometriomas
Endorectal USG - Rectosigmoid endometriosis
MRI - deep infiltrating endometriosis.
Colonoscopy, rectosigmoidoscopy and cystoscopy
Differential Diagnosis
Chronic pelvic infection / symptomatic endometriosis. Laparoscopy is helpful in actual diagnosis.
Ovarian endometrioma / benign ovarian tumor / malignant ovarian.
Ultrasonography or Laparoscopy
Rupture of the chocolate cyst / torsion or rupture of the ovarian tumour, disturbed ectopic pregnancy, appendicitis or diverticulitis.
Complications
Endocrinopathy
Rupture of chocolate cyst
Infection of chocolate cyst
Obstructive features:
Intestinal obstruction
Ureteral obstruction → hydroureter
hydronephrosis → renal infection
Endocrinopathy in Endometriosis
Corpus luteum insufficiency
Luteolysis due to ↑ PGF.
Luteinized unruptured follicle (LUF)
Anovulation
Elevated prolactin level
Double LH peak.
Staging
Endometrios is should be staged appropriately.
To predict prognosis.
To choose therapy.
To evaluate the treatment protocol.
The stage is determined by adding specific points given to each.
contraception.pptx
Contraception
Contraception is defined as the intentional prevention of conception through the use of various devices, sexual practices, chemicals, drugs or surgical procedures.
The preventive methods to help women avoid unwanted pregnancies are called contraceptive methods.
Need for contraception
• To avoid unwanted pregnancies.
• To regulate the timing of pregnancy.
• To regulate the interval between pregnancy.
Ideal Contraceptive
• Safe
• Effective
• Acceptable
• Reversible
• Inexpensive
• Long lasting
• Requires little or no medical supervision
Contraceptive methods
Spacing methods
Natural
Barrier
IUDs
Emergency contraception
Terminal methods
Male fertilisation
Female fertilisation
Natural Methods
Coitus inteyrruptus / withdrawal
Rhythm Method
Lactational Amenorrhoea
Barrier Methods
Mechanical
Male : Condom
Female : Condom, Diaphragm, Cervical cap
Chemical
Creams - Deleen
Jelly – Koromex, Volpar paste
Foam tablets – Aerosol foams, Chlorimin T or Contab
Combination
Combined use of Chemical and Mechanical methods.
Male condom
• Most commonly known and used contraceptive.
• Better known in India as NIRODH.
Female condom
Femidom
Diaphragm
Spermicides
Spermicides are surface active agents which attach
themselves to spermatozoa and kill them.
Available in various forms like
Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices
Cu T200
T shaped device Polyethylene frame.
215 mm2 surface area of Cu wire.
Contains 124 mg of copper
Cu is lost at the rate of 50 µg/day.
Polyethylene monofilament tied at vertical stem.
Cu is radio opaque so additionally barium is
incorporated in the device.
Supplied in a sterilised sealed packet.
Lifetime 4 years.
Cu T 380A
380 mm square surface area of copper wire.
Replacement 10 years.
Multiload Cu 250
60-100 ug/day
Replacement 3 years
Multiload - 375
Mode of action
Biochemical and histological changes in endometrium.
Increased tubal motility.
Endometrial inflammatory response.
Prevents implantation.
Contraindication for insertion of IUCD
Presence of pelvic infection
Genital tract bleeding (undiagnosed)
Suspected pregnancy
Uterine fibroid
Severe dysmenorrhoea
Ectopic pregnancy history
Caesarean section
Cu allergy
Time of insertion
Interval
2-3 days after menstrual phase.
During lactational amenorrhoea.
Postabortal
Done immediately following termination of pregnancy.
Postpartum
After 6 weeks of delivery.
Postplacental delivery
Post delivery of placenta.
Method of Insertion
Preliminary steps:
History taking and examination
Patient is informed and consent is obtained.
Insertion is done in OPD aseptic conditions.
Placement of device in inserter.
Steps of operation
The patient is asked to remain empty bladder.
The patient is placed in lithotomy position.
Local antiseptic cleaning is done.
Posterior vaginal speculum is introduced.
Anterior lip of cervix is grasped with Allis tissue forcep.
The device is placed in the inserter and introduced through cervical
BARTHOLINS.pptx
Bartholin's glands are paired oval-shaped glands located on each side of the vaginal opening that produce lubricating secretions. Bartholin's gland infection, or Bartholinitis, can be caused by various bacteria and may result in complete resolution, recurrence, abscess formation, or cyst formation. A Bartholin's abscess is an infection of one of the glands that causes severe pain and swelling. Treatment involves antibiotics, sitz baths, and draining the abscess. A Bartholin's cyst is a fluid-filled sac that can cause discomfort and dyspareunia, and treatment is marsupialization to remove the cyst.
Moniliasis(Candida vaginitis)
Candida vaginitis is caused by the fungus Candida albicans. It presents with intense vulvovaginal discharge, dyspareunia, and a thick, curdy white discharge on examination that resembles cottage cheese and adheres to the vaginal walls. Diagnosis is made via wet smear, and treatment involves removing predisposing factors as well as using local and oral antifungal creams, ointments, pessaries, or single dose therapies like fluconazole or itraconazole.
Lgv (Lymphogranuloma Venereum)
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Dr. Yashika
Causative agent : Chlamydia trachomatis
Incubation period: 3-30 days
Clinical features :
Initial phase:
Painless papule, pustule or ulcer in vulva, urethra,
rectum or cervix.
Involved inguinal nodes feels rubbery.
Acute lumphangitis and lymphadenitis.
Necrosed glands and abscess formation.
Rupture of abscess occurs within 7-15 days.
Sinus and fistula formation.
Intense fibrosis with lymphatic drainage.
Secondary phase : Painful adenopathy.
Classical clinical sign:
Groove sign
A depression between the groups of inflammed nodes.
Complication:
Vulval elephantiasis
Perineal scarring
Rectal stricture
Sinus and fistula formation.
Diagnosis
Culture and isolation
Detection of LGV
Treatment:
Doxycycline 100 mg BID x 21days.
Azithromycin 1 gm PO weekly x 3 weeks
Abscess aspiration
Leucorrhoea
Leucorrhoea
Dr. Yashika
Abnormal Vaginal Discharge
Frequent complaint.
Discharge may vary from excess to normal.
Discharge may be blood-stained / contaminated with urine or stool.
Characteristics of normal vaginal fluid
Nature - watery
Colour - white
Odour - Odourless
pH - 4.0
Microscopically - Squamous epithelial cells,
Leucorrhoea
Leucorrhoea is defined as excessive normal vaginal discharge.
Features of vaginal discharge in leucorrhoea :
Excess secretion.
Non purulent
Non offensive
Non irritant
Never causes pruritis.
Etiology :
Physiological excess
Cervical causes
Vaginal causes
Physiologic excess
Puberty
Menstrual Cycle
Pregnancy
Sexual excitement
Cervical causes:
Cervicitis
Cervical ectopy
Cervical polyp
Treatment
General health improvement
Surgical treatment of cervical factors
Pill users are asked to stop pill immediately
Local hygiene
Hysterectomy
HYSTERECTOMY
Hysterectomy
Hysterectomy
Term origin:
hyster + ectomy
uterus surgical removal
Definition:
Hysterectomy is defined as the surgical removal of uterus.
Routes for Hysterectomy
Abdominal Hysterectomy
Vaginal Hysterectomy
Laparoscopic Hysterectomy
Caesarean Hysterectomy
Types of Hysterectomy
Total Hysterectomy
Removal of entire uterus.
Subtotal Hysterectomy
Removal of body or corpus leaves behind the cervix.
Panhysterectomy / Hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo oophorectomy
Removal of uterus along with tubes and ovaries of
both sides.
Indications
Hsv Herpes Genitalis
Herpes Genitalis
Dr. Yashika
Introduction
Causative organism : Herpes Simplex virus type 1 and 2
Transmission : Orogenital contact
Incubation period : 2 – 14 days.
Clinical features:
First attack with 7 days of sexual contact.
Red painful inflammatory area around clitoris, labia, vestibule, vagina, cervix and perineum.
Appearance of multiple vesicles which progress into ulcers then heals up by crusting
Lymphadenopathy
Fever, malaise and headache.
Diagnosis:
Virus tissue culture and isolation
ELISA
Fluorescent method
PCR test
Treatment
Specific treatment is yet to b explored.
Acyclovir 200 mg 5 times x 5days.
Saline water bath.
Hsg
Hysterosalpingography
Dr. Yashika
Hysterosalpingography (HSG)
Hystero + Salpingo + Graphy
HSG is a radiological procedure done to assess the interior anatomy of the uterine cavity and the shape and patency of the fallopian tubes.
It is a radiographic study using fluorescent dye to visualise the anatomy of uterus and fallopian tubes.
Indications:
Assessment of tubal patency.
Detection of uterine malformation.
Diagnosis of cervical incompetence.
Detection of translocated IUD.
Diagnosis of uterine synechiae.
Diagnosis of uterine fibroid , uterine polyp.
Diagnosis of abdominal pregnancy.
Uterine Malformation
Steps of operation
The patient is asked to remain empty bladder.
Operation is done under general anaesthesia.
The patient is placed in lithotomy position.
Local antiseptic cleaning is done.
Posterior vaginal speculum is introduced.
Anterior lip of cervix is grasped with Allis tissue forcep.
HSG cannula is fitted with a syringe containing radio opaque dye. About 5- 10 ml of dye is slowly introduced.
The passage of the dye is observed by using X-ray intensifier and a video display unit.
Two radiographic X-rays are taken. First one to show the filling of uterine cavity and other one 10-15 mins after the completion of procedure.
Timing of procedure :
HSG is done between D6 and D10 of cycle.
Antibiotics are given one day prior the procedure up to 5 days.
Contrast media
Complications
Peritoneal irritation.
Pelvic pain.
Vasovagal attack.
Intravasation of dye into the venous or lymphatic channels.
Flaring up of pelvic infections.
Gonorrhoea
GONORRHOEA
Dr. Yashika
Introduction
Causative agent : Neisseria gonorrhoea (gram negative diplococcus).
Incubation period : 3-7 days.
Site of invasion : columnar and transitional epithelium of the genitourinary tract.
Primary sites of infection : endocervix, urethra and Bartholins gland.
Other sites of infection : Oropharynx, anorectal and conjuctiva.
Clinical features :
Local:
Excessive irritant vaginal discharge
Dysuria
Acute unilateral pain
Swelling over labia.
Pharyngeal infection
Intermenstrual bleeding.
Rectal discomfort.
Signs :
Swollen labia and inflammed.
Mucopurulent vaginal discharge.
Speculum examination reveals congested endocervix.
Distant symptoms :
Perihepatitis
Septicaemia
Complications:
PID
Infertility
Ectopic pregnancy
Chronic pelvic pain
Tubo ovarian mass
Bartholins gland abscess.
Diagnosis
Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT)
urine culture
Drug sensitivity test.
Treatment
Adequate therapy for gonococcal infection.
To treat both the partner simultaneously.
To avoid multiple sex partner.
To use condom till free from disease.
Dilatation and Insufflation
Dilatation and Insufflation
Dr. Yashika
Dilatation and Insufflation (D&I)
Also known as Rubin’s test.
Operation for dilatation of cervix and insufflation of air (CO2) in to the uterine cavity to know the patency of fallopian tubes.
Indications of D&I
Investigation for fertility.
Following tuboplasty.
Contraindication : Pelvic infections.
Steps of operation
The patient is asked to remain empty bladder.
Operation is done under general anaesthesia.
The patient is placed in lithotomic position
Local antiseptic cleaning is done.
Posterior vaginal speculum is introduced.
Anterior lip of cervix is grasped with Allis tissue forceps.
7. Uterine sound is introduced to confirm the position and to note the length of cervical canal.
Cervical canal is dilated with graduated dilators.
After the desired dilatation, the insufflation cannula is introduced into the cervical canal.
10. Air is introduced in the uterus and the hissing sound is auscultated over the flanks.
Test
Positive Test:
An audible hissing sound on the flanks due to exit of air.
Patient complains of shoulder painon sitting.
Negative Test:
No hissing sound over the flanks.
Complications
Complications
More from yashikasingh37 (20)
Recently uploaded
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...chandankumarsmartiso
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel With 100% Satisfaction
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
It includes regulation of combination products and medical devices. FDA and industry liaisons.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Swisschem Dermacare has mentioned the List of The Best Antifungal Soap In India 2022. All of these soaps are trusted by various Dermatology Experts.
Journal Article Review on Rasamanikya
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Learn about body grief and ways to cope with it. We will also explore methods to heal from this challenging experience.
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
STIs may cause PID. For the both disease, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a solution.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
we have mentioned the best 10 ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups. You can check all these products and choose the best one for yourself.
Top-Vitamin-Supplement-Brands-in-India List
Swisschem Dermacare provides the Top 10 Vitamin Supplement Brands in India. To know more about us give us call at our official number
Recently uploaded (20)
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Phone Us ❤8107221448❤ #ℂall #gIRLS In Dehradun By Dehradun @ℂall @Girls Hotel...
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
CHEMOTHERAPY_RDP_CHAPTER 6_Anti Malarial Drugs.pdf
Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Disease
- 2. Introduction • Causative agent : Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV) • HIV belongs to retrovirus family (double stranded RNA).
- 3. Mode of transmission • Sexual intercourse • IV drug abusers • Blood transfusion • Use of contaminated needles • Breastfeeding • Perinatal transmission
- 4. Immunopathogenesis Clinical latency Immune response to HIV Acute syndrome Primary infection 3 – 6 weeks 1 week – 3 months 1 – 2 weeks 7 – 10 years
- 5. Immunological Markers • CD4 T lymphocyte count • RT-PCR • Raised P-24 antigen titre • Raised serum β2 microglobulin
- 6. Clinical Presentation • Development of Ab marks the stage of seroconversion aka flu-like syndrome. • Acute infection syndrome characterized by fever, skin rash, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy and diarrhoea. This is called seroconversion illness lasts upto 2-3 weeks and gets resolved itself spontaneously.
- 7. Gynaecological Symptoms • Infections of genital tract. • Neoplasm of genital tract. • Menstrual abnormalities. • Fertility and pregnancy are not affected.
- 8. Diagnosis • Detection of IgG antibody. • ELISA • Western blot • PCR
- 9. Treatment Preventive • Safer sex • Male circumcision • HIV negative blood transfusion • Termination of pregnancy • Avoid breastfeeding Definitive • Antiretroviral therapy • Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors • Non Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors • Protease Inhibitors