Human Development Psychology

CAS 06-101P
GROUP1
Chapter II
HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT

Submitted to:
Prof. Agnes Montalbo
Rizal Technological University
Submitted by:
Abesamis, Maria Sofia C.
Abeto, Ma. Mercedes P.
Aguila, Arjay D.
Alegre, Jenica R.
Aquino, Joegema A.
Areglado,Ivan Camille P.

NATURE AND NURTURE
NATURE refers to the
heredity
NURTURE refers to the
influence of
the environment
NATURE AND NURTURE
NATURE refers to the
heredity
NURTURE
refers to the
influence of
the environment

DEVELOPMENT –is a continuous
progression that occurs in an individual as
a result of maturation.

 COGNITIVE PROCESS – development gains from simple (concrete)
to the more complex one.
 MATURATION-refers to the chronological characteristic of
biological growth and development.

PERIODS OF
DEVELOPMENT
Reported by :
Ma. Mercedes P. Abeto
CAS-06-101P

Prenatal Period
is the period which begins at conception & ends at
birth . It involves tremendous growth from one single
cell to an organism complete with brain & behavioral
capacities , produced in approximately 280 days or
nine month’s period calendar.

There are six characteristics to
be remembered during this period
that could affect the development
of the child in later years. They are
as follows :
1. During this period , the heredity endowment is already fixed
2. The sex of the newly created individual is fixed at the time
conception.
3. The mother’s favorable conditions during this period can fos
development, while the unfavorable conditions can hamper the
development of the child.

4. There is a rapid grow & development during this time.
5. Prenatal period is a time of many hazards, both physical
psychological.
6. This is the time when significant people from attitudes
newly created individuals.

Chromosomes
- Any of the rod shape or thread like DNA
containing structures of cellular organisms
that contain most or all of the genes of the organisms.
- Human body has a total of 46 chromosomes in each cell.
- 23 chromosomes come from the mother’s egg & 23 are f
father’s sperm.
- Dominant characteristics are determined by the 22 pairs o
chromosomes called autosomes while the last pair determines
of the person described as sex chromosomes.

Genes
- A part of DNA or RNA that contains
chemical information needed to make a
particular protein ( as an enzyme ) controlling or
influencing an inherited bodily trait. A gene is a molecular
unit of heredity of a living organism

DNA
- ( Deoxyribonucleic acid ) any of various
Nucleic acids that are usually the molecular
basis of heredity & are localized esp. in cell nuclei.
- The smallest particle of a substance that still has all the
properties of that substance.
- DNA consists of two strands , each composed of certain su
phosphates.

Determination of Gender
- Determination of the individual’s sex
would depend on the kind of spermatozoon
that unites with the ovum.
- XY then the baby is boy.
- XX then the baby is girl.
- The chromosomal portraits or karyotypes reveal that 22
pairs of chromosomes found in human beings.

Prenatal development is divided into
three periods :
1. The Germinal Period or the Zygote Period
- This is the start of fertilization & ends at second week
The size of the zygote is that of a pinhead.
- The zygote passes down the fallopian tube to the uterus.
It divides many times & the zygote attaches to the uterine w
• the blastocyst – inner layer of the cell
• the trophoblast – outer layer of the cell

2. The Embryonic Period
This refers to the period of prenatal development that
occurs from two to eight weeks after conception. This is the pe
of rapid cell division& differentiation. As the cell divides , the v
& major body structures are formed. As the zygote attaches th
wall , the zygote changes the embryo & forms three layers of th
• Embryo’s endoderm
• Ectoderm
• Mesoderm

Embryo’s layer’s forms the life support systems , the embryo al
& matures. These life support system include the placenta , the
cord & the amnion.
• Placenta – disk-shaped group of tissues
• Umbilical Cord- containing two arteries & one vein that connec
the placenta.
• Amnion- a bag or an envelope that contains a clear fluid in whi
developing embryo floats.

3. The Fetal Period
The actual fetal period starts
after 3 months when the baby can be called a fetus. By the fou
the baby develops the hair & nails. His genitals can be distingui
the kidneys give bodily fluids..

INFANCY
Infancy stage of human development
lasts from birth to approximately
two years of age.
Prepared by Ivan
Camille Areglado
CAS-06 101P

HAZARDS OF INFANCY
-UNFAVORABLE PRENATAL ENVIRONMENT
-A DIFFICULT AND COMPLICATED BIRTH
-A MULTIPLE BIRTH
-POSTMATURITY
-PREMATURITY
-INFANT MORTALITY

MAJOR REFLEXES PRESENT
IN FULL-TERM NEONATE
SURVIVAL REFLEX
-BREATHING REFLEX
-EYEBLINK REFLEX
-PUPILLARY REFLEX
-ROOTING REFLEX
-SUCKING REFLEX
-SWALLOWING REFLEX

PRIMITIVE REFLEXES
-BABINSKI REFLEX
-GRASPING REFLEX
-MORO REFLEX
-SWIMMING REFLEX
-STEPPING REFLEX

BABYHOOD
BABYHOOD IS FROM TWO
WEEKS TO TWO YEARS
OF LIFE SPAN.

HAZARDS IN BABYHOOD
THERE ARE CERTAIN HAZARDS THAT
ARE MORE COMMON DURING THIS
PERIOD THAN AT OTHER AGES.
-ILLNESSES AND ACCIDENTS
-CRIB DEATH
-MALNUTRITION
-FAILURE TO MASTER DEVELOPMENTAL TASK
-MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IS DELAYED
-SPEECH HAZARD

EARLY CHILDHOOD
THE AVERAGE CHILD
GROWS 2 ½ INCHES IN
HEIGHT AND GAINS
BETWEEN 5-6 POUNDS
A YEAR DURING EARLY
CHILDHOOD

WHY SOME CHILDREN
ARE UNUSUALLY SHORT ?

HERE ARE SOME REASONS WHY SOME
CHILDREN ARE UNUSUALLY SHORT
-CONGENITAL FACTORS WHICH ARE
GENETIC OR PARENTAL PROBLEM
-PHYSICAL PROBLEM OR EMOTIONAL DIFFICULTY
-GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY

3 THEORIES COVERED IN
THIS STAGE
-PREOPERATIONAL
-SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH
-ZONE PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
-INFORMATION PROCESSING (EXECUTIVE ATTENTION AND
SUSTAINED ATTENTION)

Report by:
Maria Sofia C.
Abesamis

memory
The memory span in the
respect varies from one
individual to another. In
short term memory one
retain information for up to
30 seconds if there is no
practice of information.

Late childhood
 Its begin at 7 t0 12 or 13 years old.
 Changes in height and weight.

 For boys - running
speed and ability to
jump.
 For girls - rhythm and
ability to hop.

Gradually developed the
preoperational stage and
concrete stage..

Hazards of early and late
childhood
 Illness  Obesity

 Unattractiveness  accidents

Puberty
 Cames from the word “pubertas” which
means AGE OF MANHOOD.
 Its an overlapping period..
 For girls at age of 11 to 15 years old.
 For boys at age of 12 to 16.

 Also the time of rapid growth and
changes.
 Changes in status toward to their
opposite sex.
 Also parent and children relationship
and regulation

 Among noticeable changes are sign of
sexual maturation and increases to their
height and weight.
 For female …
 enlargement of the breast
 pubic hair appearance.
 hair in armpit and hips become wider
than shoulder.

Menarche
 Its refers to a girl’s
menstruation.
 It starts at age of 11.
But sometimes its
start as earlier as 9
or late as 15.
 For boys at age by
14, they begin to
surpass girls.

Hormones are powerful
chemical substances secreted
by the endocrine glands..
Hypothalamus
Pituitary glands
Gonands (testes & ovaries)
Testosteron and estradiol

Hazards of puberty
 The hazards of puberty are due to slight
or major malfunctioning of the endocrine
glands that control the puberty growth
spurts and the sexual changes that take
place.

 Common psychology hazards….
 Underachivement

 Lack of preparation for the changes.

 Dissatisfied with their changed bodies

 Their acceptance approved sex roles

 The deviation in sexual maturing

The term adolescence comes from the Latin word
“Adolescere” which means “to grow to maturity”.
Adolescence Is the period between puberty to adulthood,
adolescence is divided into early and late adolescence.
Early adolescence is from 13-16 or 17 years and Late
adolescence covers the period from then to up to 18.

Starts in the age of 13 and ends up when you are 16 or
17. At this stage they are considered and labeled by
parents and teachers as a problem stage, because of
their inability to cope with their problem alone as well
as they believe they can. Physical changes in our body
starts to occur in this stage.

From 17 to 18 years old. In this stage a person starts to
face the reality that he is turning to be an adult.
Responsibilities comes in this stage like helping their
parents or those people around him/her. A person starts to
be matured in this stage he already know what is the right
or wrong thing to do.

~The physical hazards among adolescence are illness, physical
defects, clumsiness, awkwardness and sex-inappropriate body
build.
~Psychological hazards in adolescence are evidenced by their
immaturity in the areas of social behavior, sexual behavior, moral
and family relationships.

~Adulthood is divided into three stages. Early adulthood
is from 20 years old to 40 years of age, middle adulthood
is from 40-60 years of age, and the late adulthood or
senescence ranges from 60 to death.

Early adulthood is the stage of personal need for intimacy and
sex. Failure to achieve this need results in isolation and
avoidance, and as a result they strive for love ad compassion or
they will sublimate. The young adult learns that love and
compassion may be rewarding.

Physical unattractiveness
~are usually the common hazards in early
adulthood because this becomes detrimental to the
individuals personal and social adjustments.

In midlife, as in another age periods, individual
makes choices, select what to do, invest time and
resources, and evaluate what aspects of their lives
they need to change. This is the time when major
restructuring of time and reassessment of life’s
priorities takes place

One of the most visible signs in physical changes in
middle adulthood is physical appearance.
Vision and hearing are also affected in this stage.
The common hazards of middle adulthood that affect the social adjustment are
acceptance of the “rocking chair” philosophy, lack of social skills
preference for family contacts and financial problems.

Late adulthood is the closing period in the
life-span which begins at sixty years and
characterized by physical and psychological
changes that are leading to poor adjustments
and unhappiness.

There are notions that
women live longer than men.
Cancer of the respiratory system, motorcycle accidents, cirrhosis of the liver,
emphysema, and coronary heart disease are the leading causes of death for
men.

Common hazards in late
adulthood
~diseases, malnutrition, dental
disorders, accidents, poor eyesight,
loss of hearing, sensitivity to pain.

Presented by:
Joegema A. Aquino

Biological Theories of Aging
1. Cellular Clock
Theory
Leonard Hayflick(1997)
stated that cells can
divide a maximum of 75
to 80 times and become
less capable of dividing.

2. Free Radical Theory
States that people age because
when cells metabolize energy, the
by- product include unstable oxygen
molecules known as free radicals.

3. Mitochondrial Theory
State that aging is due to the
decay of mitochondria. It appear
that this decay is primarily due to
oxidative damage and loss of
critical micronutrients supplied by
the cell.

4. Hormonal Stress Theory
This theory argues that
aging in the body’s
hormonal system
can lower resistance
to stress and
increase the likelihood of
disease.

Theories of Development
Cognitive Development
by Jean Piaget
Cognitive development is
a study in development in terms of
information processing, conceptual
resources, perceptual skill, language
learning, and other aspects of brain
development ..It had four stages.

Sensorimotor
(Birth-2 yrs.)
Differentiates self from objects.
Recognizes self as agent of action
and begins to act intentionally.
Achieves object permanence.

Preoperational
(2-7 yrs.)
Learns to use language and to
represent objects by images
and words.
Thinking is still egocentric
Classifies objects by single
feature.

Concrete Operational
(7-11 yrs.)
Can think logically about
objects and events.
Achieves conservation of
number.
Classifies objects according
to several features.

Formal Operational
(11 yrs.-up)
Can think logically about
abstract proposition and test
hypotheses systematically.
Becomes concerned with the
hypothetical, the future and
ideological problems.

Psychoanalytic Theory
This theory was expounded by
Sigmund Freud. In this theory describe
development as primarily unconscious
and heavily colored by emotion. It also
emphasize that behavior is merely a
surface characteristic and that a true
understanding of development requires
analyzing the symbolic meaning of behavior
and the deep inner working of the mind.

Psychosexual Stages
and Characteristics
Oral Stage (Birth- 1 ½ yrs.)
- Infant’s pleasure centers on the mouth.
Anal Stage (1 ½ - 3 yrs.)
- Child’s pleasure focuses on the anus.
Phallic Stage (3-6 yrs.)
- Child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals.
Latency Stage (6 – Puberty)
- Child represses sexual interest and develops
social and intellectual skills.
Genital Stage (Puberty Onward)
- A time of sexual reawakening.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory/
Development Period
Erikson's stage theory
characterizes an individual
advancing through the eight
life stages as a function of
negotiating his or her
biological forces and
sociocultural forces.

Erikson VS Freud
Most of the theories of Erikson are
contrast to the theories of Freud.

Erikson VS Freud
Erik Erikson
it is social and
reflects a to affiliate
with other people.
developmental
change occurs
throughout the life
span.
Sigmund Freud
Human behavior is
sexual in nature.
basic personality is
shaped in the first
5 years of life.

Erikson VS Freud
Erik Erikson
emphasis the
importance of
both early and
the later
experiences.
Sigmund Freud
early
experience is
far more
important than
later ones.

Trust vs.
Mistrust
Infancy
(1st year)
Autonomy vs.
Shame and Doubt
Infancy
(1-3 yrs.)
Initiative vs.
Guilt
Early childhood
(Preschool yrs.
3-5 yrs.)
Industry vs.
Inferiority
Middle and late
childhood
(Elementary school
yrs. 6 to puberty.)
Psychosocial Stages and
Developmental Period

Identity vs.
Identity
Confusion
Adolescence
(10 -20 yrs.)
Intimacy vs.
Isolation
Early adulthood
(20 -40 yrs.)
Generativity vs.
Stagnation
Middle adulthood
(40- 60 yrs.)
Integrity vs.
Despair
Late adulthood
(60 onwards)
Psychosocial Stages and
Developmental Period

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural
Cognitive Theory
Lev Vygotsky believed
that children actively
construct their
knowledge. But he gave
more emphasis on social
interaction and culture as
an important role in the
cognitive development.

The Information –
Processing Theory
Machines “ Founding
Father” of the
information- processing
theory .None was more
important than the
computer. Individuals
develop a gradually
increasing capacity for
processing information.

FIN :D
Hope You Liked it and
Learned from it….

Human Development Psychology

More Related Content

What's hot

Similar to Human Development Psychology

More from AgnesRizalTechnological

Recently uploaded

Human Development Psychology