This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including:
- The main parts and functions of the heart and blood vessels.
- How blood flows through the heart chambers and circulates throughout the body and lungs via the pulmonary and systemic circulations.
- Key concepts like blood pressure and the heart's conduction system that regulates rhythms.
- Common diagnostic tests, pathologies, and congenital/acquired cardiovascular conditions.
This presentation provides a clear understanding of the physiology of the circulatory system. It focus lies on the division and component of the circulatory system, the three major function of the circulatory system, blood composition, structure of the heart, blood circulation; pulmonary and systemic circuit, valves of the heart, the pathway of blood flow through the heart, the cardiac cycle, pressure changes during the cardiac cycle; systole and diastole, cardiac output, heart sounds among others.
This presentation was designed by Fasama H. Kollie and presented by Benetta N. Kekulah, Cordelia Capehart and Abraham Peters.
Blood is carried through the body via blood vessels. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, where it branches into ever-smaller vessels.
This presentation provides a clear understanding of the physiology of the circulatory system. It focus lies on the division and component of the circulatory system, the three major function of the circulatory system, blood composition, structure of the heart, blood circulation; pulmonary and systemic circuit, valves of the heart, the pathway of blood flow through the heart, the cardiac cycle, pressure changes during the cardiac cycle; systole and diastole, cardiac output, heart sounds among others.
This presentation was designed by Fasama H. Kollie and presented by Benetta N. Kekulah, Cordelia Capehart and Abraham Peters.
Blood is carried through the body via blood vessels. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, where it branches into ever-smaller vessels.
Definition
Location of heart
Function of heart
Different layers of heart
Functions of different layers of heart
Chambers of heart
Valves of heart
Functions of the valves of the heart
Blood flow and cardiac cycle of heart
conducting system of heart
Artery and veins, capillaries, arteriole and venules, systemic circulation an...Dr Shahid Alam
Artery and veins, capillaries, arteriole and venules, systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation, blood vessels, heart, chambers of heart, dr shahid alam, shahid alam, doctor shahid alam, shahid, alam
Be the first to comment
Anatomy And Physiology of Human Heart
1. ANATOMY OF THE HEART By: Dr Mohammed Faez
2. The Heart The heart is a chambered muscular organ that pumps blood received from the veins into the arteries, thereby maintaining the flow of blood through the entire circulatory system.
3. The Heart • The heart is surrounded by membrane called Pericardium.
4. The Pericardium • The pericardium is a fibroserous sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels. • The pericardium lies within the middle mediastinum.
5. The Pericardium
6. The Pericardium • Its function is to restrict excessive movements of the heart as a whole and to serve as a lubricated container in which the different parts of the heart can contract.
Microcirculation and Capillary exchangeEvelinJoseph4
The microcirculation refers to the smallest blood vessels in the body: the smallest arterioles, the metarterioles, the precapillary sphincters, the capillaries,the small venules.
Capillary exchange refers to the exchange of material between the blood and tissues in the capillaries.
Circulation BloodVessels Heart Blood Diseases Circulatory System
2. Overview of Circulation Pulmonary circulation: blood flow between the heart and lungs Systemic circulation: blood flow from heart to rest of the body Cardiac circulation: blood flow within the heart
1 GNM - Anatomy unit - 4 - CVS by thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – IV:
Heart : Structure, functions including conduction system & cardiac cycle
Blood vessels : Types, Structure and position
Circulation of blood
Blood pressure and pulse
Heart
The circulatory system:
It consisting of blood, blood vessels, and heart.
This supplies oxygen and other nutrients,
Transports hormones
Removes unnecessary waste products.
Heart and its Structure
The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist,
located in mediastinum just behind and slightly left of the breastbone (sternum).
The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels (arteries and veins called the cardiovascular system).
Structure of heart:
Layers of the heart (3)
Chambers of the heart (4)
Valves of the heart (4)
Blood vessels of the heart (5)
3 layers of the heart:
Epicardium/pericardium: outer protective layer of the heart. Visceral and parietal (pericardial fluid). Protection for the heart and big vessels and prevent collapse of heart,
Myocardium: muscular middle layer wall of the heart. Responsible for keeping the heart pumping blood around the body.
Endocardium: the inner layer of the heart. Regulate blood flow through the chambers of the heart and pass the electrical impulses
Chambers of the heart:
The atria: These are the 2 upper chambers, which receive blood. RA / LA
The ventricles: These are the 2 lower chambers, which discharge blood. RV/ LV
A wall of tissue called the septum separates the left and right atria called atrial septum and the left and right ventricle called ventricular septum.
Valves in the heart:
There are four valves
Two-atrio ventricular valves: The 2 types: bicuspid (mitral) - LA & LV, and tricuspid valves - RA & RV.
Two-semilunar valves: The aortic valves and the pulmonary valve.
Major blood vessels of the heart
There are 5 major blood vessels
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Aorta[artery]
Inferior vena cava [IVC] veins
Superior vena cava [SVC] veins
Functions of heart:
Pumping oxygenated blood to the body parts.
Pumping nutrients and other vital substances
Receiving deoxygenated blood and carrying metabolic waste products from the body
Pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
Maintaining blood pressure.
Conduction system
The electrical conduction system that controls the heart rate.
This system generates electrical impulses and conducts them throughout the muscle of the heart, stimulating the heart to contract and pump blood.
The electrical pulses determine the order in which the chambers contract & the heart rate
Conductive system consist of:
SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of his or His Bundles – bundle of branches
( right and left)
4. Purkinje fibres
Sinoatrial node (SA) : also known as the pace maker of the heart and Located in the upper wall of the right atrium
Made up of both muscle and nervous tissue
Here the electrical impulse begins
Atrioventricular (AV) node:
located between the atria and ventricles of the heart
The electrical impulse is carried fr
The Human Blood Circulatory system
Humans and other vertebrates have a closed blood circulatory system:
This system consists of
the heart (pump),
series of blood vessels
the blood that flows through them.
This means that circulating blood is pumped through a system of vessels.
Functions of Human Blood Circulatory System
1. oxygen
2. carbon dioxide
3 nutrients
4. water
5. ions
6. hormones
7. antibodies
8. metabolic wastes
Definition
Location of heart
Function of heart
Different layers of heart
Functions of different layers of heart
Chambers of heart
Valves of heart
Functions of the valves of the heart
Blood flow and cardiac cycle of heart
conducting system of heart
Artery and veins, capillaries, arteriole and venules, systemic circulation an...Dr Shahid Alam
Artery and veins, capillaries, arteriole and venules, systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation, blood vessels, heart, chambers of heart, dr shahid alam, shahid alam, doctor shahid alam, shahid, alam
Be the first to comment
Anatomy And Physiology of Human Heart
1. ANATOMY OF THE HEART By: Dr Mohammed Faez
2. The Heart The heart is a chambered muscular organ that pumps blood received from the veins into the arteries, thereby maintaining the flow of blood through the entire circulatory system.
3. The Heart • The heart is surrounded by membrane called Pericardium.
4. The Pericardium • The pericardium is a fibroserous sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels. • The pericardium lies within the middle mediastinum.
5. The Pericardium
6. The Pericardium • Its function is to restrict excessive movements of the heart as a whole and to serve as a lubricated container in which the different parts of the heart can contract.
Microcirculation and Capillary exchangeEvelinJoseph4
The microcirculation refers to the smallest blood vessels in the body: the smallest arterioles, the metarterioles, the precapillary sphincters, the capillaries,the small venules.
Capillary exchange refers to the exchange of material between the blood and tissues in the capillaries.
Circulation BloodVessels Heart Blood Diseases Circulatory System
2. Overview of Circulation Pulmonary circulation: blood flow between the heart and lungs Systemic circulation: blood flow from heart to rest of the body Cardiac circulation: blood flow within the heart
1 GNM - Anatomy unit - 4 - CVS by thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – IV:
Heart : Structure, functions including conduction system & cardiac cycle
Blood vessels : Types, Structure and position
Circulation of blood
Blood pressure and pulse
Heart
The circulatory system:
It consisting of blood, blood vessels, and heart.
This supplies oxygen and other nutrients,
Transports hormones
Removes unnecessary waste products.
Heart and its Structure
The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a fist,
located in mediastinum just behind and slightly left of the breastbone (sternum).
The heart pumps blood through the blood vessels (arteries and veins called the cardiovascular system).
Structure of heart:
Layers of the heart (3)
Chambers of the heart (4)
Valves of the heart (4)
Blood vessels of the heart (5)
3 layers of the heart:
Epicardium/pericardium: outer protective layer of the heart. Visceral and parietal (pericardial fluid). Protection for the heart and big vessels and prevent collapse of heart,
Myocardium: muscular middle layer wall of the heart. Responsible for keeping the heart pumping blood around the body.
Endocardium: the inner layer of the heart. Regulate blood flow through the chambers of the heart and pass the electrical impulses
Chambers of the heart:
The atria: These are the 2 upper chambers, which receive blood. RA / LA
The ventricles: These are the 2 lower chambers, which discharge blood. RV/ LV
A wall of tissue called the septum separates the left and right atria called atrial septum and the left and right ventricle called ventricular septum.
Valves in the heart:
There are four valves
Two-atrio ventricular valves: The 2 types: bicuspid (mitral) - LA & LV, and tricuspid valves - RA & RV.
Two-semilunar valves: The aortic valves and the pulmonary valve.
Major blood vessels of the heart
There are 5 major blood vessels
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Aorta[artery]
Inferior vena cava [IVC] veins
Superior vena cava [SVC] veins
Functions of heart:
Pumping oxygenated blood to the body parts.
Pumping nutrients and other vital substances
Receiving deoxygenated blood and carrying metabolic waste products from the body
Pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
Maintaining blood pressure.
Conduction system
The electrical conduction system that controls the heart rate.
This system generates electrical impulses and conducts them throughout the muscle of the heart, stimulating the heart to contract and pump blood.
The electrical pulses determine the order in which the chambers contract & the heart rate
Conductive system consist of:
SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of his or His Bundles – bundle of branches
( right and left)
4. Purkinje fibres
Sinoatrial node (SA) : also known as the pace maker of the heart and Located in the upper wall of the right atrium
Made up of both muscle and nervous tissue
Here the electrical impulse begins
Atrioventricular (AV) node:
located between the atria and ventricles of the heart
The electrical impulse is carried fr
The Human Blood Circulatory system
Humans and other vertebrates have a closed blood circulatory system:
This system consists of
the heart (pump),
series of blood vessels
the blood that flows through them.
This means that circulating blood is pumped through a system of vessels.
Functions of Human Blood Circulatory System
1. oxygen
2. carbon dioxide
3 nutrients
4. water
5. ions
6. hormones
7. antibodies
8. metabolic wastes
This presentation is a combination of different slides which I re-purposed. I included a reference of all the slides I used at the end of my presentation.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
3. Objectives
After studying this chapter you will be able
to:
•Name the parts of the cardiovascular system and
discuss the function of each part.
•Define combining forms used in building words that
relate to the cardiovascular system.
•Identify the meaning of related abbreviations.
•Name the common diagnoses, clinical procedures,
and laboratory tests used in treating the
cardiovascular system.
4. Objectives Part 2
•List and define the major pathological conditions
of the cardiovascular system.
•Explain the meaning of surgical terms related to
the cardiovascular system.
•Recognize common pharmacological agents used
in treating the cardiovascular system.
5. The Heart
The Heart
•Pumps blood
through the blood
vessels to all body
cells.
•Is covered by a
protective sac
called the
pericardium which
is divided into two
layers the visceral
and parietal
pericardium.
•Is divided into
right and left
sides by the
septum.
•Each side
consists of an
atria and a
ventricle.
6. Layers of the Heart
Layers of the Heart
Inside the pericardium, the
heart has three layers of
tissue.
•Epicardium (outermost layer)
•Myocardium (middle layer of
muscular tissue)
•Endocardium (inner layer)
myocardium
epicardium
endocardium
7. Heart Chambers
Heart Chambers
•Right and left atria are the
upper chambers of the heart.
•Right and left ventricles are
the lower chambers of the
heart.
•Fibers in the ventricles
(Purkinje fibers) cause the
ventricles to contract.
•Blood flows through the heart in only one
direction regulated by valves.
9. Valves of the Heart
Valves of the Heart
Atrioventricular Valves Semilunar Valves
Control blood flow
within the heart
Prevent the backflow
of blood into the heart
Cross Sectional Top View of Heart
•Bicuspid valve
(mitral)
•Tricuspid valve
•Pulmonary valve
•Aortic valve
10.
11.
12. Coronary Circulation
Coronary Circulation
Circulation of blood within the heart muscle by
the coronary arteries.
•Coronary arteries branch off of the aorta, which is the
largest artery in the body.
•Coronary arteries encircle the heart to supply the heart
muscle with about 100 gallons of blood daily.
•The heart requires more oxygen than any other organ
in the body except the brain.
14. Blood Vessals
• (blud VEH-sel) A tube through which the blood circulates
in the body. Blood vessels include a network of arteries,
arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
•
15. • Blood vessel, a vessel in the human or animal body in
which blood circulates.
• The vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called
arteries, and their very small branches are arterioles.
• Very small branches that collect the blood from the various
organs and parts are called venules, and they unite to form
veins, which return the blood to the heart.
• Capillaries are minute thin-walled vessels that connect the
arterioles and venules; it is through the capillaries that
nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the blood and
body tissues.
16.
17. Systemic Circulation
Systemic Circulation
Flow of blood between the
heart and the cells of the
entire body.
•Blood travels through
the body in a surge as
a result of the heart
contractions.
•Blood vessels
become smaller in
diameter as the blood
leaves the heart.
artery arteriole capillary
venule
vein
•Remember arteries leave the heart and veins
return to the heart. Capillaries are the smallest
blood vessels and they serve as a transfer
station between the arteries and veins.
18. Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure
•Measures the force of the
blood surging against the
walls of the arteries.
Systole
Contraction phase of the heart
Diastole
Relaxation phase of the heart
20. Conduction System Part 2
Conduction System
The heart’s pacemaker causes regular
contracting of the myocardium resulting in a
regular heartbeat or pulse.
Contraction Phases
•Polarization (resting)
•Depolarization (contracting)
•Repolarization (recharging)
21. Conduction System Part 3
Conduction System
Factors affecting the heart rate:
•Health status
•Physical activity
•Emotions
During one cardiac cycle the heart contracts and
relaxes.
Cardiac Cycle = 1 contraction + 1 relaxation
23. Combining Forms & Abbreviations [angi(o)]
Combining Form Meaning
angi (o)
aort (o)
arteri (o)
ather (o)
atri (o)
cardi (o)
hemangi (o)
blood vessel
arter
y
fatty matter
atrium
heart
blood vessel
aorta
24. Combining Forms & Abbreviations
[pericardi(o)]
Combining Form Meaning
pericardi (o)
phleb (o)
sphygm (o)
thromb (o)
vas (o)
ven (o)
pericardium
vein
pulse
blood clot
blood vessel
vein
25. Combining Forms & Abrbeviations [AcG]
Abbreviation Meaning
AcG
AF
AS
ASCVD
ASD
ASHD
AV
accelerator globulin
atrial fibrillation
aortic stenosis
arteriosclerotic
cardiovascular disease
atrial septal defect
arteriosclerotic heart disease
atrioventricular
26. Combining Forms & Abbreviations [BP]
Abbreviation Meaning
BP
CABG
CAD
cath
CCU
CHD
CHF
blood pressure
coronary artery bypass
graft
coronary artery disease
catheter
coronary care unit
coronary heart disease
congestive heart failure
27. Combining Forms & Abbreviations [CO]
Abbreviation Meaning
CO
CPK
CPR
CVA
CVD
DSA
DVT
cardiac output
creatine phosphokinase
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
cerebrovascular accident
cardiovascular disease
digital subtraction angiography
deep venous thrombosis
28. Diagnostic, Procedural & Laboratory Tests
Cardiology is the treatment of cardiovascular
diseases and the physician who specializes in heart
conditions is called a cardiologist.
Auscultation may reveal
the following abnormal
heart sounds:
•Murmur
•Bruit
•Gallop
29. Common Diagnostic Tests
Common Diagnostic Tests
Exercise tolerance test (ETT)
•Patients exercise on a treadmill
and the technician monitors the
heart rate and respiratory rate.
Electrocardiography
•Produces an electrocardiogram
which measures the amount of
electricity that flows through the
heart.
•Electrodes placed on the skin at
specific points detect the heart’s
electrical impulses.
30. Tests Involving X-Rays
Tests involving x-rays
•Angiocardiogram
-injection of a dye followed by x-rays of the heart and
the heart’s large blood vessels
Others Tests
•angiogram
•arteriogram
•aortogram
•venogram(phlebogram)
•ventriculogram
31. Ultrasound Tests
Ultrasound tests produce images by using sound
waves.
Doppler ultrasound
•Measures blood
flow in certain blood
vessels
Echocardiography
•Records sound
waves to show the
structure and
movement of the
heart
32. Other Noninvasive Tests
Other Noninvasive Tests
•Cardiac scan
•Positron emission tomography (PET)
•Multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) angiography
•Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Other procedures require insertion of an actual
device such as a catheter into a vein or artery, and
the device is guided to the heart as with cardiac
catheterizations.
33. Laboratory Tests
Laboratory Tests
LDL
HDL
The flow of blood
in the arteries is
affected by the
amount of
cholesterol and
triglycerides
contained in the
blood.
•High-density lipoproteins actually
remove lipids from the arteries and
protect from the formation of
blockages.
•Low-density lipoproteins and very
low-density lipoproteins cause
cholesterol to form blockages in
the arteries.
34. Laboratory Test Part 2
Laboratory Tests
Also help to diagnose
myocardial infarction.
•Troponin T and
troponin I are
proteins found in
the heart and tests
for these can
diagnose a
myocardial
infarction faster
than most other lab
tests.
•Cardiac enzymes also called
serum enzyme tests measure the
amount of enzymes released into
the blood by the damaged heart
muscle during a myocardial
infarction.
-CPK (creatine phosphokinase)
-LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)
-GOT (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase)
35. Pathology
Risk Factors to
Developing
Cardiovascular
Disease (CVD)
poor diet
smoking
lack of exercise
Abnormal rhythms are called arrhythmias.
•Bradycardia
•Tachycardia
•Atrial Fibrillation
•Flutter
•Murmur
•Gallop
•Premature atrial
contractions (PAC)
•Premature
ventricular
contractions (PVC)
Heart Rhythm
36. Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure abnormalities can
damage the heart and other body
systems.
•Hypertension (too high)
•Hypotension (too low)
•Essential hypertension occurs without any
specific cause.
•Secondary hypertension has a known cause, for
example, high-salt intake.
37. Diseases of the Blood Vessels
Diseases of the Blood Vessels
plaque
atheroma
thrombus
embolus
phlebitis
varicose
veins
38. Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary Artery Disease
Refers to any condition that reduces the
nourishment the heart receives from the blood
flowing through the arteries of the heart, such
as:
Aortic stenosis
Coarctation of the aorta
Pulmonary artery stenosis
Angina Pectoris
39. General Heart & Lung Diseases
General Heart and Lung Diseases
Myocardial infarction
•Disruption of blood flow to the heart muscle; also called
heart attack.
Cardiac Arrest
•Also known as asystole, is the sudden stopping of the heart.
Congestive Heart Failure
•Occurs when the heart is unable to pump the necessary
amount of blood.
40. Specific Inflammatory Heart Conditions
Specific Inflammatory Conditions of the Heart
•endocarditis
•myocarditis
•bacterial endocarditis
•pericarditis
Other Conditions
•cardiomyopathy •intracardiac tumor
42. Surgical Terms
The goal of most cardiovascular surgery is to
improve blood flow to all body cells.
43. PTCA
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
(PTCA) is a surgical procedure in which a balloon
catheter is inserted into a blocked blood vessel to
increase the blood flow of that vessel.
Narrowed artery with balloon catheter positioned.
Inflated balloon presses against arterial wall.
44. Cardiac Catheterization
Cardiac Catheterization is the most common type
of operation performed in the United States.
Other procedures involving catheters:
Balloon valvuloplasty
•Used to open narrowed cardiac valve openings.
Coronary angioplasty
•Used to open a blood vessel.
Angioscopy
•Uses a fiberoptic catheter to view the interior of a blood
vessel
45. Coronary Bypass Surgery
Some conditions require
the creation of a bypass
around blockages.
Coronary bypass surgery
•A vein from another part of the body is often used as a graft
to bypass an arterial blockage.
•Saphenous vein and the mammary arteries are commonly
used as grafts for this procedure.
Fontan’s operation
•Creates a bypass from the right atrium to the main
pulmonary artery.
46. Removal & Replacement Surgery
Surgical removal and replacement procedures
•Heart transplant
•Thrombectomy
•Embolectomy
•Atherectomy
•Valve replacement
•Endarterectomy
•Arteriotomy
•Valvotomy
•Venipuncture
Surgical reconstruction and repair procedures
•Valvuloplasty
•Anastomosis
47. Pharmacology
Drug therapy for
the cardiovascular
system generally
treats the following
conditions:
•angina
•heart attack
•high blood pressure
•high cholesterol
•congestive heart
failure
•rhythm disorders
•vascular problems
CARDIOVASCULAR
CONDITIONS
49. Hypertension
High blood
pressure may
require treatment
with one or more
drugs.
Medications for:
HYPERTENSION
•vasodilators
•diuretics
•angiotensin
converting enzyme
(ACE) inhibitors
50. Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive heart
failure is treated
with medications
that increase
myocardial
contractions. In
certain situations
the blood vessels
may need to be
narrowed as
well.
Medications for:
CONGESTIVE
HEART
FAILURE
•ACE inhibitors
•diuretics
•cardiotonics
•vasoconstrictors
51. Rhythm Disorders
Rhythm disorders
are treated with
medications that
normalize the
heart rate by
affecting the
nervous system
that controls the
heart rate.
Medications for:
RHYTHM
DISORDERS
•beta blockers
•calcium channel
blockers
52. Pharmacology – Other Medications
Other Medications
Lipid-lowering drugs
help the body
excrete unwanted
cholesterol.
Anticoagulants and
antiplatelet
medications inhibit the
ability of the blood to
clot.
Medications used for vascular
problems may include drugs
that decrease the thickness
of the blood or drugs that
increase the amount of blood
the heart is able to pump.
53. Apply Your Knowledge
All arteries except one carry oxygenated blood
and all veins except one carry deoxygenated
blood.
The ( ) artery carries
deoxygenated blood.
The ( ) vein carries oxygenated
blood.
pulmonary
pulmonary
54. Apply Your Knowledge Part 2
In fetal circulation, blood flows from the right
atrium through the foramen ovale into the left
atrium. What would happen if the foramen ovale
remained open permanently after birth?
Answer: This would result in a mixing of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood,
which would cause an impairment in the
delivery of oxygenated blood to the
body cells.
55. Apply Your Knowledge Part 3
Henry, age 56, arrives at a local emergency room
complaining of chest “tightness”. Which of the
following tests might the physician order to
evaluate his symptoms?
A. Holter monitor
B. electrocardiography
C. doppler ultrasound
Answer: B. electrocardiography
56. Apply Your Knowledge Part 4
In mitral valve prolapse, which of the following
would you expect to occur based on your
knowledge of the normal flow of blood through
the heart?
A. Blood would become congested in
the lower legs
B. Blood would become congested in
the vena cava
C. Blood would become congested in
the lungs.
Answer: C. Blood would become congested in the lungs