This document discusses Carel's waterloop refrigeration systems that use natural refrigerants such as propane and CO2. It provides details of projects testing these systems, including a comparison of temperature and humidity control between HEOS waterloop systems and conventional waterloop systems using a fixed speed compressor. The document outlines the benefits of natural refrigerants such as lower carbon emissions and operating costs. It also shares preliminary positive results from real-world testing of HEOS systems using propane and CO2 refrigerants.
Energy saving technologies for alternative refrigerant- based systemsCAREL Industries S.p.A
On 4 and 6 December 2017, in Buenos Aires and Rosario, Argentina, two conferences entitled “Commercial Refrigeration: Experiences on new Low-GWP Technological Alternatives”, were held with the focus on the debate between speakers and the audiences on the future trends in commercial refrigeration. The conferences have been organised by the United Nations Industrial Development Agency (UNIDO) and Centro Studi Galileo in collaboration with the Argentinian Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development and the Italian Ministry of the Environment.
CAREL participated at the two conferences with a presentation entitled “Energy saving technologies for alternative refrigerant-based systems” by Miriam Solana, HVAC/R Engineer at our Knowledge Centre. The presentation will give an overview of the current scenario in the refrigeration sector, with a focus on the technologies that can be used to face the challenges dictated by the request for much lower GWP refrigerants, with lower energy consumption.
Case sharing of CO2 TC ejector system in Asia and potential in Japan plus plu...CAREL Industries S.p.A
This document discusses CAREL's natural refrigerant solutions including their first CO2 trans-critical system installed in Asia at a training center in China. It also discusses over 150 CO2 systems installed in Japan using CAREL controllers and expansion valves, and a case study of an R290 freezer using CAREL BLDC control that showed improved temperature stability and 25% energy savings.
The heat pump market is now growing faster, aided by carbon emission reduction goals and the availability of more renewable energy sources.
In this presentation, held in March 2020 at Forum Wentylacja in Warsaw, CAREL presents its control solutions.
Increasing CO2 gas cooler efficiency and safety with CAREL's chillBoosterCAREL Industries S.p.A
Giovanni Bonesso, Sales & Marketing Humidification Product Specialist and Federico Ferrari, Sales & Marketing Refrigeration Application Specialist at ATMO Virtual Trade Show 2021. Increasingly high summer temperature peaks impact condenser and gas cooler performance. Evaporative cooling is an effective solution to give new life to installed coils, increasing their efficiency and reliability, or reducing coil size for new installations. This webinar presents chillBoster, with the focus on the benefits it brings to food retail refrigeration systems.
Know more: natref.carel.com
Increasing CO2 gas cooler efficiency and safety with CAREL's chillBoosterCAREL Industries S.p.A
Giacomo Favari, Marketing Manager Refrigeration – North America at ATMO Vitual Trade Show 2021. Increasingly high summer temperature peaks impact condenser and gas cooler performance. Evaporative cooling is an effective solution to give new life to installed coils, increasing their efficiency and reliability, or reducing coil size for new installations. This webinar presents chillBoster, with the focus on the benefits it brings to food retail refrigeration systems.
Know more: natref.carel.com
Tecnologie ad alta efficienza con refrigeranti alternativi agli HFCCAREL Industries S.p.A
The recent introduction of international directives on the control of environmental CO2 emissions has had a major impact on the commercial refrigeration sector. Governments around the world are planning to soon approximate into national law directives on the reduction of HFC refrigerants, the so-called F-gases with high environmental impact, and establish regulations to promote the transition to natural refrigerants.
“High-efficiency technology using alternative refrigerants to HFCs” is the title of the presentation by Biagio Lamanna, CAREL HVAC/R Knowledge Center Manager, aimed at underlining how it is possible to combine natural refrigerants with energy saving.
This document discusses Carel's waterloop refrigeration systems that use natural refrigerants such as propane and CO2. It provides details of projects testing these systems, including a comparison of temperature and humidity control between HEOS waterloop systems and conventional waterloop systems using a fixed speed compressor. The document outlines the benefits of natural refrigerants such as lower carbon emissions and operating costs. It also shares preliminary positive results from real-world testing of HEOS systems using propane and CO2 refrigerants.
Energy saving technologies for alternative refrigerant- based systemsCAREL Industries S.p.A
On 4 and 6 December 2017, in Buenos Aires and Rosario, Argentina, two conferences entitled “Commercial Refrigeration: Experiences on new Low-GWP Technological Alternatives”, were held with the focus on the debate between speakers and the audiences on the future trends in commercial refrigeration. The conferences have been organised by the United Nations Industrial Development Agency (UNIDO) and Centro Studi Galileo in collaboration with the Argentinian Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development and the Italian Ministry of the Environment.
CAREL participated at the two conferences with a presentation entitled “Energy saving technologies for alternative refrigerant-based systems” by Miriam Solana, HVAC/R Engineer at our Knowledge Centre. The presentation will give an overview of the current scenario in the refrigeration sector, with a focus on the technologies that can be used to face the challenges dictated by the request for much lower GWP refrigerants, with lower energy consumption.
Case sharing of CO2 TC ejector system in Asia and potential in Japan plus plu...CAREL Industries S.p.A
This document discusses CAREL's natural refrigerant solutions including their first CO2 trans-critical system installed in Asia at a training center in China. It also discusses over 150 CO2 systems installed in Japan using CAREL controllers and expansion valves, and a case study of an R290 freezer using CAREL BLDC control that showed improved temperature stability and 25% energy savings.
The heat pump market is now growing faster, aided by carbon emission reduction goals and the availability of more renewable energy sources.
In this presentation, held in March 2020 at Forum Wentylacja in Warsaw, CAREL presents its control solutions.
Increasing CO2 gas cooler efficiency and safety with CAREL's chillBoosterCAREL Industries S.p.A
Giovanni Bonesso, Sales & Marketing Humidification Product Specialist and Federico Ferrari, Sales & Marketing Refrigeration Application Specialist at ATMO Virtual Trade Show 2021. Increasingly high summer temperature peaks impact condenser and gas cooler performance. Evaporative cooling is an effective solution to give new life to installed coils, increasing their efficiency and reliability, or reducing coil size for new installations. This webinar presents chillBoster, with the focus on the benefits it brings to food retail refrigeration systems.
Know more: natref.carel.com
Increasing CO2 gas cooler efficiency and safety with CAREL's chillBoosterCAREL Industries S.p.A
Giacomo Favari, Marketing Manager Refrigeration – North America at ATMO Vitual Trade Show 2021. Increasingly high summer temperature peaks impact condenser and gas cooler performance. Evaporative cooling is an effective solution to give new life to installed coils, increasing their efficiency and reliability, or reducing coil size for new installations. This webinar presents chillBoster, with the focus on the benefits it brings to food retail refrigeration systems.
Know more: natref.carel.com
Tecnologie ad alta efficienza con refrigeranti alternativi agli HFCCAREL Industries S.p.A
The recent introduction of international directives on the control of environmental CO2 emissions has had a major impact on the commercial refrigeration sector. Governments around the world are planning to soon approximate into national law directives on the reduction of HFC refrigerants, the so-called F-gases with high environmental impact, and establish regulations to promote the transition to natural refrigerants.
“High-efficiency technology using alternative refrigerants to HFCs” is the title of the presentation by Biagio Lamanna, CAREL HVAC/R Knowledge Center Manager, aimed at underlining how it is possible to combine natural refrigerants with energy saving.
Stay in Business - Stop installing R-404A / R-507AAaron P. Gerber
The massive HFC phase-down step in 2018 and the Global Warming Potential (GWP) limit of 2500 in 2020 do not leave you any choice:
If you want to stay in business,
you have to stop installing
R-404A / R-507A - NOW!
Raul Simonetti, CAREL HVAC/R Knowledge Centre Corporate Business Manager, has held a webinar organised by Centro Studi Galileo, speaking about alternative refrigerants for the air conditioning.
The document discusses ecodesign and energy labelling regulations for refrigeration equipment in the European Union. It provides background on ecodesign and energy labelling, outlines the key requirements for different refrigeration product categories like condensing units and refrigerated cabinets, and notes that a draft regulation for commercial refrigeration is pending but may take effect in June 2019. The document is intended to help refrigeration manufacturers understand the impact of evolving EU regulations on their products and business.
Mr Sanjay Goyal, Director & Sr. VP, VRV, Light Commercial Business & Technical Support, Daikin India gave presentation on The Ecological Power of Green Refrigerant at CII-IGBC 15th Green Building Congress 2017 event at Jaipur.
Which is the best solution for commercial and professional plug-in cabinets?CAREL Industries S.p.A
Miriam Solana Cipres, HVAC/R Knowledge Centre Engineer at Chillventa eSpecial 2020. This presentation describes the main objectives when designing a plug-in cabinet and Heosone, CAREL’s solution for commercial or professional plug-in cabinets.
Know more: natref.carel.com
Corning considers the protection of the environment and natural resources as one
of its most important business tasks and devotes significant efforts and resources to
the development of clean products and processes.
Transcritical CO2 - controller solution - Made in Ecuador Rack (in Spanish)CAREL Industries S.p.A
Carlos Mojica, Sales Consultant of CAREL Sud América, at ATMO Virtual Trade Show 2021. Introduction of CAREL solutions for CO2 compressor racks - pRack300T. This introduction presents a simplified view of the P+I control for a standard CO2 system in multiple configurations (parallel compressor, emJ), the main features available on the controller and a brief overview of the first compressor rack designed and assembled in South America.
Know more: natref.carel.com
At the technology round table strategic presentations on Commercial Refrigeration will be presented by leading industry representatives, followed by a panel discussion.
R32 refrigerant has a GWP of 675, about one-third that of R410A which has a GWP of 2088. The revised F-Gas regulation in Europe will significantly limit HFC refrigerants starting in 2020 based on their GWP and phase them down by 80% by 2030. R32 is a viable alternative to higher-GWP refrigerants as a single component refrigerant that allows for reduced charge sizes and system dimensions while maintaining efficiency. Some design aspects like compressor discharge temperatures can be managed with R32. Suitable oils are now available for use with R32.
01 Daikin Non Hcfc Alternatives For Ac Split System Hilde DhontKoeppen Halvart
1) The document evaluates alternatives to HCFC refrigerants for single split air conditioners, including HFC410A, HFO1234yf, propane, CO2, and HFC32.
2) It finds that HFC32 has the best balance of energy efficiency, total emissions, safety, and cost for new single split air conditioners currently. CO2 requires significant cost improvements while higher flammable refrigerants have bigger safety risks.
3) The document recommends HFC32 as the best alternative for the time being but suggests HFO mixtures could be an option in the future if efficiency is improved.
The document summarizes the results of a verification test of a clean burning diesel fuel made with HydroAtomic Nano Gas (HNG). When diesel was burned alone, it produced high emissions of sulfur, carbon monoxide, and soot. However, when a small amount of HNG was added, emissions were dramatically reduced - sulfur was eliminated, carbon monoxide levels fell to zero, and the flame burned cleaner with increased oxygen and higher efficiency. The accredited laboratory that performed the tests confirmed they had never seen such remarkable results before. The test demonstrated that adding HNG to fossil fuels can make them climate neutral by completely cleaning up emissions.
This document discusses CAREL's experiences improving energy efficiency in refrigeration systems for Biedronka retail stores in Poland using CO2 booster packs. Data from four stores shows refrigeration energy use was 42.2% lower in DC rotary compressor stores compared to reciprocating compressor stores when outdoor temperatures were between 16-25°C. Overall, DC rotary technology provided an estimated average 22.8% reduction in refrigeration energy use and costs savings of over 5,000 euros per year for the stores analyzed. The document concludes real store performance data supports the estimated 15% energy savings potential of DC rotary compressor technology found in prior modeling and testing.
This document discusses natural refrigerant solutions for semi plug-in refrigeration showcases. It notes trends in the US market towards more decentralized systems and increased use of natural refrigerants like propane and CO2. Direct current technology systems using natural refrigerants provide benefits like reduced charge size and improved temperature control. The document compares the performance of CO2 and propane systems, finding neither is uniformly better and end users can choose based on their needs. It concludes natural refrigerant systems are becoming more viable options worldwide.
Plug-in cabinets solutions overview for commercial and professional refrigera...CAREL Industries S.p.A
Giovanni Tonin, Sales & Marketing Refrigeration Application Manager and Sebastiano Di Lena, Sales & Marketing Refrigeration Group Marketing – Food Retail at Chillventa eSpecial 2020. From iJ to HEOSone: CAREL's solutions for plug in cabinets
Know more: natref.carel.com
How indoor air quality and relative humidity control affect your life: fighti...CAREL Industries S.p.A
Andrea Oscar Frisiero, Sales & Marketing HVAC Application Specialist at Chillventa eSpecial 2020. This presentation describes the role of air quality and humidity control in fighting the spread of airborne diseases and in preserving human health and the role of an HVAC company to reach these goals.
Know more: healthcare.carel.com
More Related Content
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Stay in Business - Stop installing R-404A / R-507AAaron P. Gerber
The massive HFC phase-down step in 2018 and the Global Warming Potential (GWP) limit of 2500 in 2020 do not leave you any choice:
If you want to stay in business,
you have to stop installing
R-404A / R-507A - NOW!
Raul Simonetti, CAREL HVAC/R Knowledge Centre Corporate Business Manager, has held a webinar organised by Centro Studi Galileo, speaking about alternative refrigerants for the air conditioning.
The document discusses ecodesign and energy labelling regulations for refrigeration equipment in the European Union. It provides background on ecodesign and energy labelling, outlines the key requirements for different refrigeration product categories like condensing units and refrigerated cabinets, and notes that a draft regulation for commercial refrigeration is pending but may take effect in June 2019. The document is intended to help refrigeration manufacturers understand the impact of evolving EU regulations on their products and business.
Mr Sanjay Goyal, Director & Sr. VP, VRV, Light Commercial Business & Technical Support, Daikin India gave presentation on The Ecological Power of Green Refrigerant at CII-IGBC 15th Green Building Congress 2017 event at Jaipur.
Which is the best solution for commercial and professional plug-in cabinets?CAREL Industries S.p.A
Miriam Solana Cipres, HVAC/R Knowledge Centre Engineer at Chillventa eSpecial 2020. This presentation describes the main objectives when designing a plug-in cabinet and Heosone, CAREL’s solution for commercial or professional plug-in cabinets.
Know more: natref.carel.com
Corning considers the protection of the environment and natural resources as one
of its most important business tasks and devotes significant efforts and resources to
the development of clean products and processes.
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Carlos Mojica, Sales Consultant of CAREL Sud América, at ATMO Virtual Trade Show 2021. Introduction of CAREL solutions for CO2 compressor racks - pRack300T. This introduction presents a simplified view of the P+I control for a standard CO2 system in multiple configurations (parallel compressor, emJ), the main features available on the controller and a brief overview of the first compressor rack designed and assembled in South America.
Know more: natref.carel.com
At the technology round table strategic presentations on Commercial Refrigeration will be presented by leading industry representatives, followed by a panel discussion.
R32 refrigerant has a GWP of 675, about one-third that of R410A which has a GWP of 2088. The revised F-Gas regulation in Europe will significantly limit HFC refrigerants starting in 2020 based on their GWP and phase them down by 80% by 2030. R32 is a viable alternative to higher-GWP refrigerants as a single component refrigerant that allows for reduced charge sizes and system dimensions while maintaining efficiency. Some design aspects like compressor discharge temperatures can be managed with R32. Suitable oils are now available for use with R32.
01 Daikin Non Hcfc Alternatives For Ac Split System Hilde DhontKoeppen Halvart
1) The document evaluates alternatives to HCFC refrigerants for single split air conditioners, including HFC410A, HFO1234yf, propane, CO2, and HFC32.
2) It finds that HFC32 has the best balance of energy efficiency, total emissions, safety, and cost for new single split air conditioners currently. CO2 requires significant cost improvements while higher flammable refrigerants have bigger safety risks.
3) The document recommends HFC32 as the best alternative for the time being but suggests HFO mixtures could be an option in the future if efficiency is improved.
The document summarizes the results of a verification test of a clean burning diesel fuel made with HydroAtomic Nano Gas (HNG). When diesel was burned alone, it produced high emissions of sulfur, carbon monoxide, and soot. However, when a small amount of HNG was added, emissions were dramatically reduced - sulfur was eliminated, carbon monoxide levels fell to zero, and the flame burned cleaner with increased oxygen and higher efficiency. The accredited laboratory that performed the tests confirmed they had never seen such remarkable results before. The test demonstrated that adding HNG to fossil fuels can make them climate neutral by completely cleaning up emissions.
This document discusses CAREL's experiences improving energy efficiency in refrigeration systems for Biedronka retail stores in Poland using CO2 booster packs. Data from four stores shows refrigeration energy use was 42.2% lower in DC rotary compressor stores compared to reciprocating compressor stores when outdoor temperatures were between 16-25°C. Overall, DC rotary technology provided an estimated average 22.8% reduction in refrigeration energy use and costs savings of over 5,000 euros per year for the stores analyzed. The document concludes real store performance data supports the estimated 15% energy savings potential of DC rotary compressor technology found in prior modeling and testing.
This document discusses natural refrigerant solutions for semi plug-in refrigeration showcases. It notes trends in the US market towards more decentralized systems and increased use of natural refrigerants like propane and CO2. Direct current technology systems using natural refrigerants provide benefits like reduced charge size and improved temperature control. The document compares the performance of CO2 and propane systems, finding neither is uniformly better and end users can choose based on their needs. It concludes natural refrigerant systems are becoming more viable options worldwide.
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Giovanni Tonin, Sales & Marketing Refrigeration Application Manager and Sebastiano Di Lena, Sales & Marketing Refrigeration Group Marketing – Food Retail at Chillventa eSpecial 2020. From iJ to HEOSone: CAREL's solutions for plug in cabinets
Know more: natref.carel.com
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Know more: healthcare.carel.com
Marco Piovan, Sales & Marketing HVAC Application Manager and Matteo Venturi, Sales & Marketing Application Specialist at Chillventa eSpecial 2020. NEW uChiller for process chiller and use of Chillbooster for condenser and liquid coolers for industrial applications.
Know more: carel.com/product/mchiller-process
Michele Mohorovicich, Marketing Manager Refrigeration – EMEA CAREL, at Eurovent Middle East 2020. This presentation describes the solution trends for Supermarket retrofit and the benefits of DC inverter technology and EXV in food retail applications. Explore CAREL DC technology solutions to reach energy efficiency and food preservation.
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Andrea Oscar Frisiero, Application Specialist – Indoor Air Quality and Climate Control e Andrea Pagan, Application Manager – Ventilation and Systems a MCE Live & Digital 2021.
La recente pandemia ha evidenziato l'importanza di un corretto controllo dell'umidità (RH 40-60%) al fine di limitare la diffusione ed il rischio di contagio all'interno degli edifici.
Le tecnologie di umidificazione adiabatica sono la risposta più idonea al fine di garantire massima igienicità ed efficienza.
La norma VDI6022 costituisce il riferimento per le caratteristiche funzionali e costruttive per la gestione, la conduzione e la manutenzione sia dell'umidificatore che dell'intero sistema di ventilazione.
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Scopri di più: healthcare.carel.com
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Questa situazione non è sostenibile nel lungo periodo a causa di maggiori consumi e costi operativi.
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Know more: natref.carel.com
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Know more: natref.carel.com
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Know more: natref.carel.com
Gaurav Bali, Manager Technical Sales- Refrigeration & Retail (India), at ATMO Virtual Trade Show 2021. Ammonia is the perfect refrigerant in terms of refrigeration performance; however, safety and low charge are important for ammonia-based rack systems.
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The document discusses the importance of proper humidity levels in healthcare facilities. Maintaining relative humidity between 40-60% can help reduce the spread of infections and pathogens. Low humidity allows microorganisms to grow and spread more easily through air. Multiple studies show humidity control can decrease virus infectivity and the transmission of diseases like SARS-CoV-2. Controlling relative humidity through humidification systems is necessary for patient health and comfort, and can lower costs by reducing healthcare-associated infections.
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solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
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We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
ML Based Model for NIDS MSc Updated Presentation.v2.pptx
How will Commercial Refrigeration Develop in the Future?
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How will commercial
refrigeration develop in the
future?
Focus on European normative and trends
This document and all of its contents are property of CAREL
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Miriam Solana
Belgrade, 13th April 2018
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HVAC/R Knowledge Center
Research
Lobby / networking
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HVAC/R Knowledge Center
DocumentationTrainings
Blog
Training / Divulgation
Conferences
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Summary
1. Refrigerant regulations and trends
2. The use of CO2 as refrigerant
3. Propane: flammability requirements
4. Ecodesign and Energy Labelling
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1. Refrigerant regulations and
trends
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GWP
Global Warming Potential
ODP
Ozone Depletion Potential
For example:
R-12 ODP=1
R-22 ODP=0.05
It means that 1 kg of R-12 damages
the ozone layer like 20 kg of R-22!!
For example:
R-410A GWP=2088
R-744 (CO2) GWP=1
It means that 1 kg of R-410A has the
same greenhouse effect as 2088 kg
of CO2!!
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GLIDE
A1 B1
A2L B2L
A2 B2
A3 B3
Toxicity
Flammability
Safety classification*
*ASHRAE Standard 34
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HFC (R-134a, R-410A, R-32)
ODP=0, high GWP
HCFC (R-22)
ODP, high GWP
CFC (R-12)
High ODP, high GWP 1930
1950
1990
Natural refrigerants (CO2, NH3) 1834
1987: Montreal Protocol
1997: Kyoto Protocol
2016: Kigali Agreement
Refrigerant history
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HFC (R-134a, R-410A, R-32)
ODP=0, high GWP
HCFC (R-22)
ODP, high GWP
CFC (R-12)
High ODP, high GWP 1930
1950
1990
Natural refrigerants (CO2, NH3) 1834
1987: Montreal Protocol
1997: Kyoto Protocol
2016: Kigali Agreement
Refrigerant history
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HFC (R-134a, R-410A, R-32)
ODP=0, high GWP
HCFC (R-22)
ODP, high GWP
CFC (R-12)
High ODP, high GWP 1930
1950
1990
Natural refrigerants (CO2, NH3) 1834
1987: Montreal Protocol
1997: Kyoto Protocol
2016: Kigali Agreement
Refrigerant history
Video Refrigerant history
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HFO and relative blends (R-1234yf, R-1234ze(E))
ODP=0, low or very low GWP, low flammability
Natural: HC (Propane, Isobutane, Propylene)
ODP=0, very low GWP,
flammability
Natural (NH3, CO2)
High level of technical
knowledge
XXI century
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HFO and relative blends (R-1234yf, R-1234ze(E))
ODP=0, low or very low GWP, low flammability
Natural: HC (Propane, Isobutane, Propylene)
ODP=0, very low GWP,
flammability
Natural (NH3, CO2)
High level of technical
knowledge
XXI century
Go back to the 1800’s??
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Kigali Agreement (October 2016)
Montreal Protocol Amended
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1. Restrictions: based on the GWP of the refrigerant.
Application Fluorinated
refrigerants
Unacceptable as
of
Domestic refrigerators and freezers GWP≥150 1 January 2015
Refrigerators and freezers for commercial use (Hermetically sealed) GWP≥2500 1 January 2020
GWP ≥ 150 1 January 2022
Stationary refrigeration and A/C equipment GWP ≥2500 1 January 2020
Multipack centralized ref. systems for commercial use with a rated capacity ≥40 kW GWP ≥ 150 1 January 2022
Movable room A/C equipment GWP ≥ 150 1 January 2020
Single split A/C systems containing less than 3 kg of fluorinated greenhouse gases GWP ≥ 750 1 January 2025
2. Leak checking: the frequency depends on the tonnes of CO2 equivalents.
Tonnes of CO2-eq. per circuit Frequency of leak checking
Less than 5 (=5000 kg) Exempted
Less than 10, if hermetically sealed Exempted
5-50 Every 12 months (or 24 months with a leakage detection and monitoring system)
50-500 Every 6 months (or 12 months with a leakage detection and monitoring system)
Over 500 Every 3 months (or 6 months with a leakage detection and monitoring system)
3. Quota: quantities of HFCs, expressed in CO2-equivalent that producers and importers of
HFCs are entitled to place on the market according to the phase-down steps.
F-gas
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F-gas restrictions
Unacceptable fluorinated refrigerants according to GWP values:
Application Fluorinated
refrigerants
Unacceptable as
of
Domestic refrigerators and freezers GWP≥150 1 January 2015
Refrigerators and freezers for commercial use
(Hermetically sealed)
GWP≥2500 1 January 2020
GWP ≥ 150 1 January 2022
Stationary refrigeration equipment GWP ≥2500 1 January 2020
Multipack centralized ref. systems for
commercial use with a rated capacity ≥40 kW
GWP ≥ 150 1 January 2022
R-404A and R-507 banned in all the applications.
Only refrigerants with GWP<150 will be acceptable
in all the applications, except stationary.
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Movable room air-conditioning equipment
Domestic refrigerators and freezers Refrigerators and freezers for
commercial use
(hermetically sealed)
Multipack centralized refrigeration
systems for commercial use (≥ 40 kW)
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2500
1500
750
150
Domestic refrigerators and freezers 1 January 2015
Refrigerators and freezers for commercial
use (hermetically sealed equipment)
1 January 2022
Multipack centralized refrigeration
systems for commercial use with a rated
capacity of 40 kW or more
1 January 2022
Movable room air-conditioning equipment 1 January 2020
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R-455A
R-454C
PURE HFO
R-1234yf
R-1234ze(E)
R-1233zd(E)
HYDROCARBONS
R-290 (Propane)
R-600a (Isobutane)
R-1270 (Propylene)
CO2
NH3
Charge limits (A2L), except R-
1233zd(E) that is A1.
Charge limits (A3).
Local norms and other
drawbacks due to flammability.
Low flammability (A2L).
GLIDE≈8-12°C.
High pressure, high level of
technical knowledge.
Low flammability, toxic,
corrosive, high level of technical
knowledge, license.
GWP<150
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Single split air-conditioning systems containing less than 3 kg of fluorinated
greenhouse gases
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2500
1500
750
150
Single split air-conditioning systems containing
less than 3 kg of fluorinated greenhouse gases
1 January 2025
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R-454B, R-452B
R-32
R-513A
R-450A
Low flammability (A2L).
GLIDE≈1.5°C.
Low flammability (A2L),
High discharge temperature.
GLIDE= less than 1 °C.
Medium temperature.
GLIDE= 0°C.
Medium temperature.
GWP<750
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Stationary refrigeration equipment
Stationary air conditioning equipment
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2500
1500
750
150
Refrigerators and freezers for commercial use
(hermetically sealed equipment)
1 January 2020
Stationary refrigeration and air conditioning equipment
(including multipack centralized refrigeration systems for
commercial use with a rated capacity of less than 40 kW)
1 January 2020
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R-452A
GLIDE=3°C
R-407A
GLIDE=3°C
R-410A
R-407F
GLIDE=7°C
R-407C
GLIDE=7°C
R-134a
R-448A
GLIDE=6°C
R-449A
GLIDE=6°C
GWP<2500
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CO2 equivalents = kg of refrigerant × GWP
Example:
5 kg of R-410A (GWP=2088)
5 × 2088 = 10,440 kg of CO2 equivalents
10.4 tonnes of CO2 equivalents
F-gas: concept of CO2
equivalents
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Tonnes of CO2-eq. per circuit Frequency of leak checking
Less than 5 (=5000 kg)
(e.g. for R-410A, GWP 2088: less than
5000/3922=2.4 kg)
Exempted
Less than 10, if hermetically sealed and
labelled as such
(e.g. for R-410A: less than 10000/2088=4.8 kg)
Exempted
5-50
(e.g. for R-410A: 2.4-24 kg)
Every 12 months (or 24 months with a
leakage detection and monitoring system).
50-500
(e.g. for R-410A: 24-240 kg)
Every 6 months (or 12 months with a
leakage detection and monitoring system).
Over 500
(e.g. for R-410A: over 240 kg)
Every 3 months (or 6 months with a leakage
detection and monitoring system).
For stationary refrigeration equipment, stationary
air conditioning equipment and stationary heat
pumps:
Leak detection system
F-gas: leak checking
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F-gas: quota
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Compared to the
average 2009-2012
EU HFC
consumption
F-gas: quota
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F-gas: quota
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Prices are speedily increasing…
F-gas: consequences
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F-gas quota: consequences
Italy (listino Rivoira,
December 2017)
R-404A ~ 55 €/kg
R-410A ~ 59 €/kg
R-134a ~ 35 €/kg
R-448A ~ 35 €/kg
R-32 ~ 13 €/kg
R-452B ~ 33 €/kg
R-1234yf ~ 90 €/kg
R-1234ze~ 24 €/kg
R-290 ~ 6 €/kg
R-744 ~ 3 €/kg
Natural
HFO and mixtures
HFC
R-404A
R-410A
R-134a
R-448A
R-32
R-1234yf
R-290
R-744
R-1234ze
R-32
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
€/kg
GWP
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Honeywell communicated last April its intention to stop selling the high
GWP refrigerants R-404A and R-507 in Europe from next year. Link
“Legacy products like R-404A, R-134a and R-407C may become
harder to find in the coming years” (Chemours) Link
“We have to manage our quota and for every container of R-404A we
can sell three containers of R-449A to help the market transition”
(Chemours) Link
Availability will speedily decrease…
F-gas: consequences
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Taxation for HFC’s
• Poland:
- a placing on the market fee (new installations) for F-Gases at
0,003 PLN per kg (=0,0007 €/kg)
- an emissions fee (servicing/ topping up leaked refrigerants) for
F-Gases at 27,66 PLN per kg (6.6 €/kg)
• Slovenia: Taxation in place since 2013. Target tax of 0.71 € per ton
of CO2 equivalent.
• Serbia: From 2014, licenses have been required for the import,
export and placing on the market of HFCs (and other F-gases), as
well as the import and export of air-conditioning equipment using F-
gases.
• Czech Republic: no taxation
• Hungary: no taxation
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United States: SNAP
Stand-Alone Units
R-744 (CO2)
R-290 (Propane), R-600a (Isobutane), R-441A
R-450A, R-513A LIMITED TO MT APPLICATIONS
R-448A, R-449A, R-449B Acceptable in LT equipment only
R-134a Unacceptable in new MT units: 2019/2020
LIMITED TO MT APPLICATIONS
R-407C, R-410A Unacceptable in new units: 2019/2020
R-404A, R-507, R-507A Unacceptable in retrofit and new units: 2016/2020
Remote Condensing Units/Typical Supermarket Systems
R-744 (CO2)
R-134a LIMITED TO MT APPLICATIONS
R-450A, R-513A LIMITED TO MT APPLICATIONS
R-448A, R-449A, R-449B
R-410A
R-407A, R-407C, R-407F
R-404A,R-507, R-507A
Unacceptable in retrofit equipment: 2016.
Unacceptable in new equipment: 01/01/ 2017 (supermarkets)
Unacceptable in new equipment: 01/01/2018 (condensing units)
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China:Recommended Substitutes
Refrigerant Recommended
Substitute
Application
R-22 R-290 (Propane) Commercial independent refrigeration system
R-22 R-600a (Isobutane) Commercial independent refrigeration system
R-22 R-744 (CO2) Industrial/commercial freezing and refrigeration
system (used as refrigerant and secondary
refrigerant)
R-22 R-717 (Ammonia) Refrigerated warehouse; Transport refrigeration;
Condensing unit; Industrial refrigeration system
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Trends
Isobutane
Propane
Propane R-448A, R-449A
(retrofit)
CO2 (new)
Ammonia
Domestic
units
Beverage
coolers
Supermarkets and
convenience stores
Industrial
refrigeration
Plug-in and semi
plug-in units
Propane
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2. The use of CO2 as refrigerant
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Subcritical CO2, cascade
• In subcritical cascade systems, CO2 is
used as the refrigerant for the low
temperature stage (compressor suction
temperature -30/-35°C).
• The heat from condensation of the CO2
is absorbed by the refrigerant in the
medium temperature stage.
• This process takes place via a cascade
heat exchanger between the two
refrigerants.
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Subcritical CO2, pumped
• In subcritical pumped systems, CO2 is
used as the refrigerant for both stages
(if featured), low and medium
temperature.
• In these systems, CO2 is a secondary
refrigerant, and the primary circuit,
typically a chiller using HFCs/HCs, has
the task of cooling the liquid CO2, which
is then pumped inside the system.
• This process also takes place via a heat
exchanger, with the addition of a liquid
receiver and a pump.
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Transcritical CO2, booster
• A booster system is when there are
two stages of compression of the
same refrigerant, therefore the CO2
discharged by the low temperature
compressors flows, via a intercooler,
to the suction port of the medium
temperature compressors.
• The high pressure valve (HPV) is the
heart of this type of installation,
making sure it works efficiently and in
the most favourable conditions at any
given moment; consequently, it
lowers the operating pressure of the
receiver downstream to 35-40 barg so
as to condense the CO2.
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Transcritical CO2, booster
Transcritical CO2 system with
Modulating Ejector
3 working modes:
• Winter: standard CO2 transcritical
system, ejector as replacement of
transcritical valve, flash gas valve
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Transcritical CO2, booster
Transcritical CO2 system with
Modulating Ejector
3 working modes:
• Winter: standard CO2 transcritical
system, ejector as replacement of
transcritical valve, flash gas valve
• Mid: standard CO2 transcritical
system, ejector as replacement of
transcritical valve, flash gas valve
and parallel compressors
synchronization
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Transcritical CO2, booster
Transcritical CO2 system with
Modulating Ejector
3 working modes:
• Winter: standard CO2 transcritical
system, ejector as replacement of
transcritical valve, flash gas valve
• Mid: standard CO2 transcritical
system, ejector as replacement of
transcritical valve, flash gas valve
and parallel compressors
synchronization
• Summer: Ejector mode, medium
temp and parallel compressors all
working as parallel compressors,
gas ejectors maintaning ΔP for
flooded evaporators
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Ejector
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3. Propane:
flammability requirements
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Commercial refrigeration
GENERAL STANDARD PRODUCT STANDARD
INTERNATIONAL ISO:
ISO 5149
IEC:
IEC 60335-2-89
EUROPE cen:
EN 378
CENELEC:
EN 60335-2-89
UNITED STATES ASHRAE:
ASHRAE 15
UL:
UL 60335-2-89
These standards often reference other standards, such as the standard dealing
with explosive atmospheres, EN 60079. EN 60079 defines explosive
atmospheres, gives guidelines on how to install electrical applications and protect
equipment in these environments.
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IEC 60335-2-89
• Household and similar electrical appliances- Safety- Part 2-89:
Particular requirements for commercial refrigerating appliances
with an incorporated or remote refrigerant unit or compressor.
• An International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) working group
has prepared a draft to change the charge limit on hydrocarbons
and define the measures to maintain the equivalent safety level as
for the present limit.
• The new limit is expected to change from 150 g 16 × LFL (500 g
for propane).
• The draft will probably be approved by the end of 2018 and would
come in force in 2019.
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IEC 60335-2-89
If 60335-2-89-2018 draft is approved, and according to the
information we have now, the main news will be:
• Charge limit: it will increase to 16 × LFL (500 g for propane).
• Refrigerants: A2L will be included
• Ice makers will be included
• Only hermetically sealed systems shall be used for appliances with
flammable refrigerant
• Appliances with more than 150 gr of flammable refrigerants:
additional test to determine the gas concentration beyond the
boundary of the appliance
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4. Ecodesign and Energy Labelling
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Condensing units: ecodesign
NEW LIMITS FROM JULY 2018!
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Condensing units: ecodesign
2.25
2.35
2.55
2.65
1.5 1.6
1.6
1.7
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 10 20 30 40 50
MinimumSEPR
Rated cooling capacity (kW)
MEDIUM T: July 2016
MEDIUM T: July 2018
LOW T: July 2016
LOW T: July 2018
SEPR:
Seasonal
Energy
Performance
Ratio
NEW LIMITS FROM JULY 2018!
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Appliance Date Limit
Professional refrigerated
storage cabinets
Exceptions:
Heavy-duty cabinets
Refrigerator-freezers
1 July 2016 EEI<115
1 January
2018
EEI<95
1 July 2019 EEI<85
Heavy duty cabinets 1 July 2016 EEI<115
Professional refrigeration cabinets
Ecodesign
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Energy labelling
Energy
efficiency class
EEI
A+++ EEI < 5
A++ 5 ≤ EEI < 10
A+ 10 ≤ EEI < 15
A 15 ≤ EEI < 25
B 25 ≤ EEI < 35
C 35 ≤ EEI < 50
D 50 ≤ EEI < 75
E 75 ≤ EEI < 85
F 85 ≤ EEI < 95
G 95 ≤ EEI < 115 From 1 July 2016
From 1 July 2019
Professional refrigeration cabinets
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Trends
• Electronic expansion valve
• Variable velocity compressors
• Inverter
• Evaporative cooling
• Ejectors
• Control and supervisory systems with energy saving functions
• High efficiency heat exchangers
• Electrical ventilators and pumps
55. This document and all of its contents are property of Carel
All unauthorised use, reproduction or distribution of this document or the information contained in it,
by anyone other than Carel, is severely forbidden
Stay tuned!
http://www.carel.com/white-papers
http://www.carel.com/blog
56. This document and all of its contents are property of Carel
All unauthorised use, reproduction or distribution of this document or the information contained in it,
by anyone other than Carel, is severely forbidden