This was the third presentation in a 6-part webinar series on the National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP). The presenter was Cody Hiemke, a Shropshire breeder from Wisconsin. The presentation was given on May 15, 2014.
This is the second presentation from a six part webinar series on the National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP). The presenter is Dr. Ken Andries from Kentucky State University. The date of the presentation was May 8, 2014.
This is the 5th and final presentation in a 5-part webinar series on Breeding Better Sheep & Goats. The presenter is Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
This document provides an overview of estimated breeding values (EBVs) for sheep and goat producers. EBVs quantify an animal's genetic merit for economically important traits and are calculated by the National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP). NSIP accounts for environmental effects, heritability, genetic relationships between animals, and genetic correlations between traits to calculate EBVs. Producers can use EBVs to make more informed breeding decisions by selecting animals with above average EBVs for traits important to their operation and production system.
This is the 4th webinar in a five part series on Breeding Better Sheep & Goats. This presentation entitled "Performance Evaluation" was given by Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
This document discusses the value of estimated breeding values (EBVs) for genetic improvement in the US meat goat industry. It explains that EBVs quantify an animal's genetic merit for economically important traits based on their own performance data as well as data from relatives. The accuracy of EBVs depends on contemporary groups, genetic connections between animals, and the amount of data collected. The National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP) currently provides EBVs for a few meat goat herds in the US through its Kidplan program. Producers can benefit from EBVs by selecting breeding stock with above average EBVs for important traits.
The document summarizes the Western Maryland Pasture-Based Meat Goat Performance Test. The test brings goats from different herds to one central location to evaluate genetic differences in economically important traits in a common environment. Over 100 goats are evaluated each year on pastures at the Western Maryland Research & Education Center. Goats are weighed, scored, sampled, and treated biweekly to assess growth, parasite resistance, and other traits over the 84-day test period. Top-performing bucks are identified based on criteria such as high average daily gain, low fecal egg counts, and good structure. The test is supported by a team from multiple universities and states.
This document summarizes a study comparing the health, performance, and carcass characteristics of pen-fed vs. pasture-raised meat goats. Over two years, male Kiko goat bucklings were either kept in pens and fed hay and grain, or grazed on pasture. The pen-fed goats had higher weight gains, lower parasite loads, and heavier carcasses with a higher percentage of lean meat compared to the pasture-raised goats. The study concluded that pen-feeding improved health and performance, adding $65-$70 of value per goat and was more profitable than pasture-raising in this two-year trial.
This is the second presentation from a six part webinar series on the National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP). The presenter is Dr. Ken Andries from Kentucky State University. The date of the presentation was May 8, 2014.
This is the 5th and final presentation in a 5-part webinar series on Breeding Better Sheep & Goats. The presenter is Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
This document provides an overview of estimated breeding values (EBVs) for sheep and goat producers. EBVs quantify an animal's genetic merit for economically important traits and are calculated by the National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP). NSIP accounts for environmental effects, heritability, genetic relationships between animals, and genetic correlations between traits to calculate EBVs. Producers can use EBVs to make more informed breeding decisions by selecting animals with above average EBVs for traits important to their operation and production system.
This is the 4th webinar in a five part series on Breeding Better Sheep & Goats. This presentation entitled "Performance Evaluation" was given by Susan Schoenian, University of Maryland Extension Sheep & Goat Specialist.
This document discusses the value of estimated breeding values (EBVs) for genetic improvement in the US meat goat industry. It explains that EBVs quantify an animal's genetic merit for economically important traits based on their own performance data as well as data from relatives. The accuracy of EBVs depends on contemporary groups, genetic connections between animals, and the amount of data collected. The National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP) currently provides EBVs for a few meat goat herds in the US through its Kidplan program. Producers can benefit from EBVs by selecting breeding stock with above average EBVs for important traits.
The document summarizes the Western Maryland Pasture-Based Meat Goat Performance Test. The test brings goats from different herds to one central location to evaluate genetic differences in economically important traits in a common environment. Over 100 goats are evaluated each year on pastures at the Western Maryland Research & Education Center. Goats are weighed, scored, sampled, and treated biweekly to assess growth, parasite resistance, and other traits over the 84-day test period. Top-performing bucks are identified based on criteria such as high average daily gain, low fecal egg counts, and good structure. The test is supported by a team from multiple universities and states.
This document summarizes a study comparing the health, performance, and carcass characteristics of pen-fed vs. pasture-raised meat goats. Over two years, male Kiko goat bucklings were either kept in pens and fed hay and grain, or grazed on pasture. The pen-fed goats had higher weight gains, lower parasite loads, and heavier carcasses with a higher percentage of lean meat compared to the pasture-raised goats. The study concluded that pen-feeding improved health and performance, adding $65-$70 of value per goat and was more profitable than pasture-raising in this two-year trial.
This document discusses crossbreeding Katahdin sheep with other breeds to improve productivity. It describes how crossbreeding combines genes from different breeds, creating hybrid vigor or heterosis that results in crossbred offspring performing better than the average of their purebred parents. Traits like reproduction, disease resistance and longevity benefit the most from heterosis. Crossbreeding can also take advantage of breed complementarity, combining strengths from different breeds. The document examines research on crossing Katahdins with breeds like Suffolk, Texel, and Dorper to improve growth rates and carcass traits while maintaining parasite resistance. It emphasizes that crossbreeding requires a systematic approach to pairing breeds with complementary traits to achieve production goals.
This document provides tips for improving lambing and kidding percentages through management, genetics, and selection. It discusses establishing benchmarks for lambing/kidding percentages on your farm and compares typical percentages to benchmarks. The key factors that affect lambing/kidding percentages are fertility, litter size, and survival from birth through weaning and beyond. Management practices, genetics, nutrition, and selection can all be used to improve percentages.
This document summarizes a webinar on selecting replacement ewes and culling underperforming ewes from the flock. The presenter discusses various criteria for selecting replacement ewes, including individual performance records, pedigree information, estimated breeding values, and visual appraisal. Traits like reproductive soundness, conformation, and health are important to evaluate. The main reasons for culling ewes include age, failure to lamb, udder/mastitis issues, parasites, and other health problems. Culling is necessary to improve the overall productivity and health of the flock over time.
ESTIMATES OF HERITABILITY AND BREEDING VALUES FOR GROWTH TRAITS IN MADURA CAT...UniversitasGadjahMada
The study is aimed to estimate the heritability for growth traits at weaning and yearling age, and to determine the breeding values for body weight in Madura cattle, reared in Pamekasan Regency. One hundred and four (194) calves were collected for body weight (BW), chest circumference (CC), body length (BL), withers height (WH) at weaning and yearling age. Paternal half-sib correlation method was used for heritability estimates. As a result, the estimates of heritability for growth traits in both weaning and yearling age were categorized in medium to high. The heritability estimates for BW, CC, BL, and WH in weaning age were 0.33±0.30, 0.35±0.31, 0.66±0.37 and 0.53±0.34, respectively. In yearling age, heritability estimates for BW, CC, BL, and WH were obtained to be 0.66±0.43, 0.71±0.67, 0.38±0.58, and 0.36±0.57, respectively. The top 10 sires based on estimated breeding value for body weight were also obtained, with a range value from 80.70 to 88.35 in weaning age, and from 101.86 to 118.55 in yearling age. It was found that the analyzed growth traits may be taken into consideration as selection criteria in Madura cattle.
This document discusses how to improve ewe efficiency in sheep production. It defines ewe efficiency as measures like lambs born and weaned per ewe, pounds of lamb produced per ewe, and profit per ewe. The key factors that determine efficiency are size, longevity, lambing percentage, lamb weights, feed efficiency, and health. The document provides tips for improving these factors through selection, nutrition management, health programs, and data recording to establish farm-specific efficiency benchmarks.
This document provides 10 things that every goat producer should do, including establishing goals and objectives, building good fences, having a marketing plan, learning to feed goats, enrolling in the mandatory scrapie eradication program, developing a veterinary-client relationship, having a biosecurity plan, keeping good records, educating oneself, and joining a goat association. It discusses each of these topics in detail with recommendations and tips for goat producers.
The document discusses whether it is possible to make money with a small flock or herd of sheep and goats. It defines a small flock or herd as ranging from 10 to 2000 animals. Making money can mean different things such as covering costs, earning a profit, or getting a tax benefit. The key factors that determine whether a small operation can make money include managing feed costs effectively, selecting productive breeds, marketing livestock strategically, and running the operation like a business by tracking costs and returns. The document provides tips in each of these areas and emphasizes the importance of feed cost management through practices like pasture management, balanced rations, and alternative feeds.
It is customary to replace 20% of the flock or herd each year through culling and deaths. The most common reasons for culling ewes include age, failure to lamb, teeth problems, and mastitis. Producers should cull animals that have health issues like lost udder function, oversized teats, or chronic infections. When selecting replacement females, producers should evaluate them visually for structural correctness and performance based on traits like weights and mothering ability. Raising replacements allows breeding for important traits, but purchasing replacements allows using a terminal sire. Producers must manage replacement females separately with adequate nutrition to support their growth.
The document summarizes the Western Maryland Pasture-Based Meat Goat Performance Test. The test evaluates weanling male goats over summer months on a rotational grazing system to identify genetically superior bucks. Key measurements include average daily gain, fecal egg counts to measure parasite resistance, and FAMACHA scores for parasite resilience. Over the 12-week test period, goats are monitored every 2 weeks and treated as needed. Top-performing bucks based on growth, parasite resistance, and other traits are eligible for sale. The goal is to select bucks that will produce offspring with improved productivity in pasture-based systems.
This document discusses lamb and kid nutrition over four phases: fetal, neonatal, nursing/suckling, and growing/finishing. It provides details on the importance of maternal nutrition during pregnancy for fetal development. Colostrum production and intake is critical for newborn lambs and kids. Creep feeding or grazing can boost growth rates during the nursing period. Different options for growing/finishing lambs and kids are discussed, along with their pros and cons. Nutrient requirements vary depending on factors like age, sex and growth goals. Overall nutrition management should be tailored to individual farm/flock conditions.
This document summarizes a presentation on breeding systems for sheep and goats. It discusses purebreeding, inbreeding/linebreeding, outcrossing, crossbreeding, and heterosis. Specific breeding systems covered include two-breed crosses, rotational crosses, and terminal crosses. Advantages of crossbreeding include hybrid vigor, utilizing complementarity between breeds, and producing a uniform product. The document provides examples of historic sheep and goat breeds and influential breeders like Robert Bakewell.
This PowerPoint is from a seminar originally presented at the 2010 Maryland Sheep & Wool Festival by Susan Schoenian, Sheep & Goat Specialist for University of Maryland Extension.
This document provides information on conformation in sheep. It defines conformation as the structural arrangement and physical appearance of an animal. Good conformation is important because physical traits are heritable and defects can reduce productivity. The document describes key aspects of conformation in sheep, including proper mouth and bite, sound legs and feet, appropriate muscling and proportions, and sex characteristics. It emphasizes the importance of balance, structural correctness, and freedom from defects when assessing conformation.
This document discusses how veterinarians can better serve sheep producers by gaining knowledge about sheep health, management, and production goals. It emphasizes the importance of the veterinarian-client relationship for flock health management and legal drug use. Veterinarians are encouraged to learn about common sheep health issues, production practices, and the enterprise goals for different farms. Both veterinarians and producers must be committed to animal welfare and improving communication and services.
This document discusses using genetics to improve flock health and productivity in sheep. It outlines several sheep diseases that have a genetic component, such as footrot, internal parasites, mastitis, and ovine progressive pneumonia. Selection criteria and methods for increasing resistance to these diseases are described, such as selecting animals with lower fecal egg counts or somatic cell counts. The document also discusses using crossbreeding to take advantage of hybrid vigor and complementary breed traits to further improve health and productivity.
This document discusses developing weaning programs for Katahdin sheep flocks. It explains that weaning involves removing lambs from their mothers' milk and separating them. Weaning can be stressful but has benefits for both ewes and lambs. Common weaning ages range from 3-6 months. Factors like lamb weight, breed, and pasture availability determine the best weaning time. The document provides details on early and late weaning programs and managing ewes and lambs through the process.
This document provides guidance on 10 things every goat producer should do, including establishing goals and objectives, building good fences, developing a marketing plan, learning to feed goats, enrolling in the mandatory scrapie eradication program, establishing a veterinary-client relationship, having a biosecurity plan, keeping good records, educating yourself, and joining a goat association. It emphasizes the importance of setting goals, building fences capable of containing goats, having a marketing strategy, understanding goat nutrition, complying with scrapie regulations, working with a veterinarian, implementing disease prevention protocols, maintaining accurate records, continuing education, and networking with other producers.
This document summarizes small ruminant reproduction and opportunities to enhance reproductive performance in sheep and goats. It discusses puberty, estrus cycles, breeding seasons, signs of estrus, factors affecting reproductive rates, common breeding practices, flushing, monitoring breeding activity, pregnancy diagnosis, breeding soundness exams, estrus synchronization, and out-of-season breeding techniques like ram/buck effect and CIDR inserts. The goal is to provide information to help sheep and goat producers improve reproductive efficiency and increase lamb and kid crops.
This document discusses maintaining hoof health in small ruminants. It notes that hoof health can affect animal performance, disease resistance, and welfare. Three primary hoof diseases are identified: foot scald, foot rot, and foot abscesses. Foot rot is highly contagious and difficult to eradicate, requiring isolation of infected animals, treatment, and culling of animals that do not respond to treatment. The document provides information on proper hoof trimming techniques and equipment, treatment and prevention of foot rot, and emphasizes the importance of biosecurity to prevent introduction and spread of foot rot.
The document outlines a workshop on workforce analysis and planning. It discusses identifying and collecting workforce data, developing current and future workforce profiles, conducting gap analyses to identify differences between current and future needs, and developing solutions, strategies, and implementation plans. The agenda includes developing workforce profiles using tools like tables, charts, and spreadsheets to analyze and display key workforce metrics and trends.
This document discusses crossbreeding Katahdin sheep with other breeds to improve productivity. It describes how crossbreeding combines genes from different breeds, creating hybrid vigor or heterosis that results in crossbred offspring performing better than the average of their purebred parents. Traits like reproduction, disease resistance and longevity benefit the most from heterosis. Crossbreeding can also take advantage of breed complementarity, combining strengths from different breeds. The document examines research on crossing Katahdins with breeds like Suffolk, Texel, and Dorper to improve growth rates and carcass traits while maintaining parasite resistance. It emphasizes that crossbreeding requires a systematic approach to pairing breeds with complementary traits to achieve production goals.
This document provides tips for improving lambing and kidding percentages through management, genetics, and selection. It discusses establishing benchmarks for lambing/kidding percentages on your farm and compares typical percentages to benchmarks. The key factors that affect lambing/kidding percentages are fertility, litter size, and survival from birth through weaning and beyond. Management practices, genetics, nutrition, and selection can all be used to improve percentages.
This document summarizes a webinar on selecting replacement ewes and culling underperforming ewes from the flock. The presenter discusses various criteria for selecting replacement ewes, including individual performance records, pedigree information, estimated breeding values, and visual appraisal. Traits like reproductive soundness, conformation, and health are important to evaluate. The main reasons for culling ewes include age, failure to lamb, udder/mastitis issues, parasites, and other health problems. Culling is necessary to improve the overall productivity and health of the flock over time.
ESTIMATES OF HERITABILITY AND BREEDING VALUES FOR GROWTH TRAITS IN MADURA CAT...UniversitasGadjahMada
The study is aimed to estimate the heritability for growth traits at weaning and yearling age, and to determine the breeding values for body weight in Madura cattle, reared in Pamekasan Regency. One hundred and four (194) calves were collected for body weight (BW), chest circumference (CC), body length (BL), withers height (WH) at weaning and yearling age. Paternal half-sib correlation method was used for heritability estimates. As a result, the estimates of heritability for growth traits in both weaning and yearling age were categorized in medium to high. The heritability estimates for BW, CC, BL, and WH in weaning age were 0.33±0.30, 0.35±0.31, 0.66±0.37 and 0.53±0.34, respectively. In yearling age, heritability estimates for BW, CC, BL, and WH were obtained to be 0.66±0.43, 0.71±0.67, 0.38±0.58, and 0.36±0.57, respectively. The top 10 sires based on estimated breeding value for body weight were also obtained, with a range value from 80.70 to 88.35 in weaning age, and from 101.86 to 118.55 in yearling age. It was found that the analyzed growth traits may be taken into consideration as selection criteria in Madura cattle.
This document discusses how to improve ewe efficiency in sheep production. It defines ewe efficiency as measures like lambs born and weaned per ewe, pounds of lamb produced per ewe, and profit per ewe. The key factors that determine efficiency are size, longevity, lambing percentage, lamb weights, feed efficiency, and health. The document provides tips for improving these factors through selection, nutrition management, health programs, and data recording to establish farm-specific efficiency benchmarks.
This document provides 10 things that every goat producer should do, including establishing goals and objectives, building good fences, having a marketing plan, learning to feed goats, enrolling in the mandatory scrapie eradication program, developing a veterinary-client relationship, having a biosecurity plan, keeping good records, educating oneself, and joining a goat association. It discusses each of these topics in detail with recommendations and tips for goat producers.
The document discusses whether it is possible to make money with a small flock or herd of sheep and goats. It defines a small flock or herd as ranging from 10 to 2000 animals. Making money can mean different things such as covering costs, earning a profit, or getting a tax benefit. The key factors that determine whether a small operation can make money include managing feed costs effectively, selecting productive breeds, marketing livestock strategically, and running the operation like a business by tracking costs and returns. The document provides tips in each of these areas and emphasizes the importance of feed cost management through practices like pasture management, balanced rations, and alternative feeds.
It is customary to replace 20% of the flock or herd each year through culling and deaths. The most common reasons for culling ewes include age, failure to lamb, teeth problems, and mastitis. Producers should cull animals that have health issues like lost udder function, oversized teats, or chronic infections. When selecting replacement females, producers should evaluate them visually for structural correctness and performance based on traits like weights and mothering ability. Raising replacements allows breeding for important traits, but purchasing replacements allows using a terminal sire. Producers must manage replacement females separately with adequate nutrition to support their growth.
The document summarizes the Western Maryland Pasture-Based Meat Goat Performance Test. The test evaluates weanling male goats over summer months on a rotational grazing system to identify genetically superior bucks. Key measurements include average daily gain, fecal egg counts to measure parasite resistance, and FAMACHA scores for parasite resilience. Over the 12-week test period, goats are monitored every 2 weeks and treated as needed. Top-performing bucks based on growth, parasite resistance, and other traits are eligible for sale. The goal is to select bucks that will produce offspring with improved productivity in pasture-based systems.
This document discusses lamb and kid nutrition over four phases: fetal, neonatal, nursing/suckling, and growing/finishing. It provides details on the importance of maternal nutrition during pregnancy for fetal development. Colostrum production and intake is critical for newborn lambs and kids. Creep feeding or grazing can boost growth rates during the nursing period. Different options for growing/finishing lambs and kids are discussed, along with their pros and cons. Nutrient requirements vary depending on factors like age, sex and growth goals. Overall nutrition management should be tailored to individual farm/flock conditions.
This document summarizes a presentation on breeding systems for sheep and goats. It discusses purebreeding, inbreeding/linebreeding, outcrossing, crossbreeding, and heterosis. Specific breeding systems covered include two-breed crosses, rotational crosses, and terminal crosses. Advantages of crossbreeding include hybrid vigor, utilizing complementarity between breeds, and producing a uniform product. The document provides examples of historic sheep and goat breeds and influential breeders like Robert Bakewell.
This PowerPoint is from a seminar originally presented at the 2010 Maryland Sheep & Wool Festival by Susan Schoenian, Sheep & Goat Specialist for University of Maryland Extension.
This document provides information on conformation in sheep. It defines conformation as the structural arrangement and physical appearance of an animal. Good conformation is important because physical traits are heritable and defects can reduce productivity. The document describes key aspects of conformation in sheep, including proper mouth and bite, sound legs and feet, appropriate muscling and proportions, and sex characteristics. It emphasizes the importance of balance, structural correctness, and freedom from defects when assessing conformation.
This document discusses how veterinarians can better serve sheep producers by gaining knowledge about sheep health, management, and production goals. It emphasizes the importance of the veterinarian-client relationship for flock health management and legal drug use. Veterinarians are encouraged to learn about common sheep health issues, production practices, and the enterprise goals for different farms. Both veterinarians and producers must be committed to animal welfare and improving communication and services.
This document discusses using genetics to improve flock health and productivity in sheep. It outlines several sheep diseases that have a genetic component, such as footrot, internal parasites, mastitis, and ovine progressive pneumonia. Selection criteria and methods for increasing resistance to these diseases are described, such as selecting animals with lower fecal egg counts or somatic cell counts. The document also discusses using crossbreeding to take advantage of hybrid vigor and complementary breed traits to further improve health and productivity.
This document discusses developing weaning programs for Katahdin sheep flocks. It explains that weaning involves removing lambs from their mothers' milk and separating them. Weaning can be stressful but has benefits for both ewes and lambs. Common weaning ages range from 3-6 months. Factors like lamb weight, breed, and pasture availability determine the best weaning time. The document provides details on early and late weaning programs and managing ewes and lambs through the process.
This document provides guidance on 10 things every goat producer should do, including establishing goals and objectives, building good fences, developing a marketing plan, learning to feed goats, enrolling in the mandatory scrapie eradication program, establishing a veterinary-client relationship, having a biosecurity plan, keeping good records, educating yourself, and joining a goat association. It emphasizes the importance of setting goals, building fences capable of containing goats, having a marketing strategy, understanding goat nutrition, complying with scrapie regulations, working with a veterinarian, implementing disease prevention protocols, maintaining accurate records, continuing education, and networking with other producers.
This document summarizes small ruminant reproduction and opportunities to enhance reproductive performance in sheep and goats. It discusses puberty, estrus cycles, breeding seasons, signs of estrus, factors affecting reproductive rates, common breeding practices, flushing, monitoring breeding activity, pregnancy diagnosis, breeding soundness exams, estrus synchronization, and out-of-season breeding techniques like ram/buck effect and CIDR inserts. The goal is to provide information to help sheep and goat producers improve reproductive efficiency and increase lamb and kid crops.
This document discusses maintaining hoof health in small ruminants. It notes that hoof health can affect animal performance, disease resistance, and welfare. Three primary hoof diseases are identified: foot scald, foot rot, and foot abscesses. Foot rot is highly contagious and difficult to eradicate, requiring isolation of infected animals, treatment, and culling of animals that do not respond to treatment. The document provides information on proper hoof trimming techniques and equipment, treatment and prevention of foot rot, and emphasizes the importance of biosecurity to prevent introduction and spread of foot rot.
The document outlines a workshop on workforce analysis and planning. It discusses identifying and collecting workforce data, developing current and future workforce profiles, conducting gap analyses to identify differences between current and future needs, and developing solutions, strategies, and implementation plans. The agenda includes developing workforce profiles using tools like tables, charts, and spreadsheets to analyze and display key workforce metrics and trends.
The document discusses different methods of collecting primary and secondary data. It describes primary data collection methods such as observation, interviews using questionnaires/schedules, and surveys. It provides details on structured vs unstructured observation, participant vs non-participant observation, and structured vs unstructured interviews. It also discusses advantages and limitations of interviews and questionnaires. Secondary data collection involves obtaining published data from various sources such as government publications, books, reports, and public records. When using secondary data, the researcher must evaluate the reliability, suitability, and adequacy of the data.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
ppt on data collection , processing , analysis of data & report writingIVRI
This document provides information on data collection methods and statistical analysis. It discusses various types of data collection including observation, interviews, questionnaires, surveys, and case studies. It also covers primary and secondary sources of data. The document outlines steps for processing and analyzing data such as editing, coding, tabulation, and classification. It describes various statistical tools for analysis including measures of central tendency, dispersion, t-tests, and chi-square tests. Guidelines are provided for writing reports to communicate the results of a research study.
There are various methods for collecting primary and secondary data. Primary data collection methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. Secondary data refers to previously collected data that is analyzed and available for use in other studies. Factors to consider when selecting a data collection method include the nature, scope, and objective of the research, available funds and time, and required precision.
This document discusses out-of-season breeding and accelerated birthing in sheep and goats. It notes that breeding sheep and goats outside their typical season can allow marketing animals when prices are higher and provide other advantages. However, litter sizes may be smaller and the animals' seasonal breeding habits must be overcome. Accelerated birthing programs aim to increase productivity by having multiple birthing periods per year through shortened intervals between births. Both practices present challenges around winter birthing, nutrition, facilities, and labor. The document reviews approaches to induce out-of-season breeding like genetic selection, male introduction, hormones, and light manipulation. It also describes some accelerated birthing programs and their schedules.
Dr. Matt Culbertson - Feeding Sows for Maximum Lifetime ProductionJohn Blue
This document discusses strategies for maximizing lifetime sow production through gilt development programs and sow herd management. It emphasizes the importance of gilt growth rate and parity 1 litter size on lifetime performance. Specific recommendations include ad libitum feeding for gilts, flushing before breeding, and training gilts for electronic sow feeding systems. For sow herds, the focus should be on maximizing feed intake from farrowing to breeding through aggressive lactation diets and continued feeding after weaning. Novel approaches discussed include using linoleic acid to reduce seasonal infertility impacts. Overall, the key is continual evaluation and optimization of all production phases.
UrbanShepherds.org is presenting information on using ultrasound scanning of loin eye muscle to select sheep for breeding stock and to set quality standards. The document discusses the value of ultrasound for improving carcass traits like muscle depth and back fat thickness. It also proposes that a co-op could use ultrasound to measure lamb crops and ensure they meet quality requirements for selling to local markets. The goal is to help producers increase profitability by providing higher quality lamb that fetches better prices.
1. The document summarizes research into the relationships between genetic traits and maternal productivity in beef cattle from industry herd data and breeder interviews.
2. Breeder management approaches differed in their control of inputs, with some targeting leaner cattle better suited to variable resource environments.
3. Higher estimated breeding values (EBVs) for traits like rib and rump fat were found to decrease days to calving and increase pre-calving fat depth, with a larger effect in autumn-calving herds.
Jennifer Patterson - Improving Efficiencies of Replacement Gilt ManagementJohn Blue
Improving Efficiencies of Replacement Gilt Management - Jennifer Patterson, from the 2018 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, 2018, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2018-leman-swine-conference-material
World Wide Sires has been offering high quality bovine genetics for over 40 years. They combine two large American bull studs with over 51,000 co-op members. They have delivered many successful sires that have contributed greatly to Irish herds and the global dairy industry. With over 600 bulls available, they offer genetics to suit all farming systems. Their focus on genomic selection and mating tools ensures profitable cows for the future.
Dr. Mark Knauer - Evaluating Body Condition & Reproductive PerformanceJohn Blue
Evaluating Body Condition & Reproductive Performance - Dr. Mark Knauer, North Carolina State University, from the 2014 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-16, 2014, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-leman-swine-conference-material
This document summarizes the operations and performance of a purebred beef unit for the past year. Key points include average birth weights for bull and heifer calves, conception rates, calving percentages, financial summary showing net income of $13,406.49, herd health issues, marketing accomplishments like revenue from the Beef Day bull sale, and recommendations to expand operations and continue improving genetics.
1) The document presents research on the relationship between milk production and age in Holstein-Friesian dairy cows.
2) Data was collected from 40 randomly selected cows at Givat Hayyim Dairy farm over 30 days, measuring milk production and age.
3) The results show that milk production increases with age up to around 4-5 years of age, after which production declines, indicating a polynomial relationship between milk production and age.
Cashmore Oaklea Ram Sale Catalogue 2016John Keiller
This document provides information about the Cashmore Oaklea Ram sale to be held on October 14th, 2016. It includes details about the vendors, health status of the rams, and overview of the rams being offered. On average, the 424 rams for sale are in the top 10 percentile for Maternal $ Index and top 3 percentile for various ASBVs. The document provides explanations of various ASBVs and traits recorded to assist buyers in selecting rams suitable for their specific production systems.
Peter and Amy Vingerhoeds operate an 80-100 head Boer goat farm. They have implemented improved record keeping over the past few years to better manage their herd. This includes identifying goats with ear tags, recording kidding and treatment details, monitoring feed costs, and weighing market kids regularly. Keeping detailed records has helped them select the best breeding stock, market kids at optimal weights, and understand their production costs and profits. The records have helped them make progress on their farm goals of selling goats at high prices, improving herd genetics, and understanding their business metrics.
This document discusses selecting replacement females and culling underperforming females. It covers determining breeding goals, identifying strengths and weaknesses, selecting replacement females using performance evaluation of individual animals and their relatives, and estimated breeding values. Traits like birth weight, growth rates, litter weight, and parasite resistance are important. Record keeping tools to evaluate performance include spreadsheets from universities and software. National programs provide estimated breeding values to compare genetically superior breeding stock.
Dr. George Foxcroft - Risk Factors For Sow CullingJohn Blue
Risk Factors For Sow Culling - Dr. George Foxcroft, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, from the 2015 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 19-22, 2015, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-leman-swine-conference-material
This document discusses technological options to improve livestock breeding in Ethiopia. It describes challenges like weak artificial insemination systems and high prices for improved dairy animals. Options discussed include artificial insemination with hormonal synchronization, sexed semen, and embryo transfer. Experience from projects in Tigray and SNNPR showed that using mobile artificial insemination teams with hormonal synchronization can increase pregnancy rates and the number of female calves produced per technician. The document also outlines a vision for the future including introducing new dairy breeds, developing the Boran breed for beef, and using technologies like sexed semen and embryo transfer.
This document provides an overview of beef cattle production through the cow/calf system. It discusses the key phases of production including breeding, gestation, calving, weaning, and raising replacement stock. Important factors that determine profitability are outlined such as reproductive efficiency, growth rates, maternal ability, and genetics. Basic husbandry practices like weighing, tagging, feeding and health protocols are also summarized. The role of the brood cow is defined as calving regularly and weaning marketable calves matched to the environment. Traits like milk production, fertility, frame size, and disposition are highlighted. Performance recording is noted as important for identifying ideal traits.
This document discusses strategies for improving lambing and kidding percentages on sheep and goat farms. It begins by stating that the average lambing rate in the US in 2015 was 111 lambs per 100 ewes, and in Virginia it was 116% in 2015 and 104% in 2014. The rest of the document provides tips for increasing birthing rates, including focusing on genetics through selection and crossbreeding, optimal nutrition, culling underperforming females, matching breeding seasons to natural cycles, and accelerated lambing/kidding systems. The key factors that influence birthing rates are fertility, litter size, and survival from birth to weaning.
The document discusses overcoming seasonal reproduction in ewes. It begins by explaining that ewes naturally breed seasonally due to climate and day length factors. It then discusses the benefits of out-of-season lambing, such as better facility use and taking advantage of market price increases when supply is low. Various methods are presented, including natural techniques like ram introduction or ewe lamb selection, as well as artificial methods like using progestins, gonadotropins or both to induce estrus and ovulation out of season.
Grouping and nutritional strategies for dairy heifersJaylor
This document discusses strategies for grouping and feeding dairy heifers. It emphasizes the importance of measuring heifer height, weight, and body condition score to evaluate nutritional management. Heifers should be grouped by size, not age, and moved to the next group when consistent in size. Rations should be tailored to the heifers' stage of growth and balanced to support gains without becoming overconditioned before calving. Close-up heifers require similar transition rations as mature cows. Proper grouping, nutrition, and record keeping are essential to maximize heifer productivity and lifetime profitability.
This document discusses guidelines for weaning and raising dairy replacement heifers. It recommends weaning calves based on weight and physical condition between 2.5-3.5 months. After weaning, heifers should be fed quality roughages, hay, silage and concentrates to support steady growth of 0.5-0.8 kg per day depending on breed. Heifers should calve at 15 months and weigh 300-350 kg for large breeds and 230-275 kg for small breeds to maximize future milk production potential. Both underfeeding and overfeeding heifers can negatively impact their health, fertility and lifetime productivity.
Similar to How, when, and what data to collect (20)
Feed costs usually account for up to 75% of costs in a small ruminant enterprise. Reproductive efficiency and market prices also greatly impact profitability. To increase profits, producers should focus on reducing expenses like feed costs through strategies like maximizing pasture use, proper hay storage, and mixing their own rations. Producers should also focus on increasing income through higher reproductive rates and selling surplus lambs and kids. Achieving reproductive rates over 150% and weaning rates over 100% kids/ewes are important benchmarks for profitability.
This document discusses health care recommendations for pregnant ewes and does. It outlines common nutritional diseases like pregnancy toxemia and milk fever that can occur in late pregnancy. Risk factors and treatment options are provided. Preventative strategies focus on adequate nutrition, calcium intake, and minimizing stress. Vaccination for clostridial diseases prior to lambing/kidding is also recommended. Proper nutrition during late gestation is important to support fetal growth and development while also preparing for lactation. Balancing rations, monitoring intake, and maintaining hygienic conditions can help pregnant females have successful pregnancies and give birth to healthy offspring.
This document provides information on hoof care for sheep and goats. It discusses the importance of regular hoof inspection and trimming to prevent lameness and disease. Factors like genetics, environment, and diet can affect hoof growth rates. Dairy goats may need trimming every 4 months to prevent overgrowth issues. Proper restraint, tools, and techniques are described for safe trimming. Common hoof diseases like footrot, foot scald, and abscesses are explained. The document provides guidance on quarantine, treatment, and eradication protocols to prevent and eliminate footrot from a flock or herd.
This document provides information on proper deworming methods for small ruminants. It discusses the different classes of dewormers available and lists specific dewormers within each class. It also covers topics like determining dewormer resistance, targeted selective treatment, tools for selective deworming decisions, and combination dewormer treatments. The document emphasizes the importance of following proper dosing and administration techniques to effectively deworm animals while preventing further development of dewormer resistance.
This document discusses goat hoof health and management. It covers the importance of regular hoof inspection and trimming to prevent issues like lameness. Factors that influence hoof growth like genetics, environment and diet are outlined. Common hoof diseases in goats like footrot, foot scald and foot abscesses are described along with their causes and treatments. The document provides guidance on developing a prevention and treatment plan for hoof diseases that includes quarantine of new animals, foot bathing, clean pastures and culling infected animals.
This document discusses strategies for minimizing antibiotic and anthelmintic use in sheep through improved management practices and prevention of common diseases. It recommends rotational grazing, genetic selection, targeted selective treatment, and combination dewormer treatments to control internal parasites. Vaccination, clean housing, and nutrition are emphasized for preventing enterotoxemia, respiratory disease, footrot, abortion, and mastitis. Proper use of antibiotics, vaccines, and dewormers is also discussed when drugs are necessary.
This document discusses strategies for minimizing drug use in small ruminant production. It begins by listing commonly used drugs like dewormers, vaccines, and antibiotics. It then discusses the risks of antibiotic resistance and regulatory changes around antibiotic use. For small ruminant producers, this means many antibiotics now require a prescription. The document provides alternatives to drug use like vaccinations, pasture management, genetic selection, and targeted selective treatment to control parasites. It emphasizes preventative healthcare through good nutrition, housing, and sanitation.
This document provides information for those considering getting goats. It discusses checking zoning laws and HOA rules, developing facilities and budgets, acquiring goats, and different goat production systems. Key points covered include the need to determine goals for goats, legal and neighbor considerations, ensuring adequate housing, fencing and supplies are in place, and acquiring goats through breeders versus auctions to avoid health risks. Production options like dairy, fiber, meat and vegetation control are overviewed.
Sheep and goats produce many marketable products including meat, fiber, dairy, and vegetation control through grazing. Meat from sheep and goats can be sold through traditional markets like auctions or cooperatives, or through non-traditional direct marketing to consumers. Fiber from sheep and goats can also be sold traditionally through pools or warehouses, or directly to consumers as raw fiber or value-added products. Dairy from sheep and goats has similar regulations to cow dairy but with more limited infrastructure and competition from imports. Sheep and goats can also provide vegetation control services through solar grazing programs.
This document discusses bacterial diseases in animals caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodusus which can have similar symptoms. Pregnancy toxemia is more common. Treatment involves using macrocyclic lactone dewormers like Ivomec or insecticides containing permethrins. The diseases can affect the abomasum and small intestines and may be clinical or sub-clinical.
The document provides guidelines for feeding sheep and goats at different stages of production. It discusses nutrient requirements for maintenance, flushing, gestation, lactation, weaning, and growing lambs and kids. Feeding recommendations are given for different forage types and amounts of grain supplementation. Protein levels are outlined for various classes of animals. The goal is to meet nutritional needs at lowest cost while maintaining body condition.
This document outlines the typical yearly cycle for raising sheep, beginning with breeding season in October and ending when the cycle repeats the following October. Key points include: rams are added in October to breed ewes; lambing occurs in March after a 152-day gestation; newborn lambs are jugged with their mothers and receive care; lambs are weaned at around 90 days old; ewes recover over summer before the breeding season starts again in the fall.
The document provides an overview of considerations for raising sheep, including different breeds and purposes for raising sheep, facilities and equipment needed, health and management practices, and regulations. Key factors that are discussed include deciding the purpose of raising sheep, such as for meat, wool, or dairy; land and fencing requirements; and common challenges like parasites, predators, and profitability. Resources are also provided for those interested in learning more about raising sheep.
This document provides information on managing internal parasites in small ruminants. It discusses the primary internal parasites affecting sheep and goats, including roundworms, tapeworms, flukes, coccidia, and protozoa. An integrated approach to parasite control is recommended, combining management strategies like grazing management with targeted selective treatment. Key management strategies include developing host immunity, husbandry practices, nutritional management, and genetic selection. Diagnostic tools for targeted treatment include FAMACHA, five point check, and fecal egg counts. Combination dewormer treatments are advised to slow development of anthelmintic resistance.
This document discusses strategies for controlling gastrointestinal parasites like Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm) in small ruminants. It emphasizes using integrated and targeted approaches like selective deworming based on FAMACHA scores, pasture management, and limiting drug use to reduce anthelmintic resistance. Proper administration and alternating between drug classes is also important for effective control. Sustainable practices involve preventing environmental contamination through various animal health and grazing techniques.
This document provides information on dewormer use and resistance in goats from a presentation at Langston University. It discusses proper drug usage, the different drug families and their modes of action, strategies for deworming, and methods to prevent resistance development like the FAMACHA system. The FAMACHA system allows selective treatment by using eye color charts to identify anemia levels and target only animals with scores of 3-5 that likely need deworming.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
1. NSIP Webinar Series
How, when, and what data to collect
May 15, 2014
Cody Hiemke
NSIP Vice-Chairman
2. Discussion Topics
1) NSIP Production Data Collection Table
2) Understand Contemporary Groups, and how to
optimize them
3) Online information
4) Basic Data that can be Collected, When it should be
Collected, and the EBVs that will result
5) Additional Data that can be collected
3. NSIP Production Data Collection Table
Age used to describe
different traits
NSIP Guidelines for Age
Ranges (duration in
parenthesis)
LambPlan Guidelines
for Age Ranges
(duration in
parenthesis)
Pedigree Master
Minimum and
Maximum Ages
Live weight
(lb)
Muscle &
fat depth
(mm)
Fleece
traits
Scrotal
Circumference
(cm)
Worm
egg
count
(epg)
Birth < 24 hours (35d) < 24 hours (42d) < 24 hours YES
Weaning 42 – 90 days (35) 40 - 120 days (42) 32 – 132 days YES YES
Early post-weaning* 91 - 150 days (35) 80 - 240 days (42) 64 – 264 days YES YES YES YES
Post weaning 151 - 304 days (35) 160 - 340 days (42) 128 – 374 days YES YES YES YES YES
Yearling 305 – 426 d, 10 – 14 mo. 290 - 430 days (70) 232 – 473 days YES YES YES YES YES
Hogget 427 – 580 d, 14 -19 mo. 410 - 550 days (70) 320 – 660 days YES YES YES YES
Adult 2Y n/a 530 - 1000 days 421 – 1107 days YES** YES
Adult 3Y n/a 890 - 1300 days 655 – 1549 days YES** YES
Adult 4Y n/a 1260 - 1660 days 918 – 1990 days YES** YES
Adult 5Y n/a 1600 - 2030 days 1181 – 2553 days YES** YES
Breed groupings for which these traits are available
Terminal YES YES YES Soon
Western Range YES YES YES YES Soon
Maternal Wool YES YES YES YES YES
Hair YES YES YES YES
Goats YES YES YES Soon
*For extensively managed operations, the early post-weaning category can suffice for a weaning category. Determine the best category by optimizing the
contemporary groups within the date ranges.
**Live weights can be entered for these traits, but the adjustment factors are not active and therefore EBVs are not yet available.
4. Contemporary Groups
A contemporary group is a set of animals that are
managed and fed the same within a specified age range.
Different sires represented within the same
contemporary groups allows for genetic comparisons.
Similar genetics represented in different contemporary
groups (different seasons, farms, production, feeding,
and/or management systems) allows NSIP to compare
genetics across different environments.
Properly designed contemporary groups will increase EBV
accuracy.
5. Contemporary Groups
Planning an optimum contemporary group can start when breeding groups
and dates are planned.
Planning considerations:
• At least two sires should be represented per group to provide for distinct
genetic competition
• Each ram should sire at least 15 lambs that will compete against each
other within a contemporary group
• Ideally a ram or another ram closely related should be represented in
subsequent contemporary/breeding groups to provide genetic
connectivity over time.
• Keep in mind you might “throw out” data on some lambs due to injury or
sickness, or maybe you sell light lambs into an ethic trade or to 4-H kids
before a post-weaning measurement is taken.
• Wethers are placed into a different contemporary group. This should be a
consideration when developing contemporary groups if you castrate.
6. Contemporary Groups
A real life example of contemporary group
planning successes and failures for a smaller flock.
The Plan:
…”Sheep don’t read spreadsheets.”
- Attributed to the presenter of this webinar, muttered occasionally
Early Drop Mature Ewes (bred to lamb 2/2/14 to 2/25/14, a 23 day period)
Fall 2013 Sires # of Ewes Anticipated lambing % Anticipated Lambs Born Per Sire
FG 5815 QR 1,1 15 170% 25.5
MM 12005 QR 4,4 12 170% 20.4
MM 12007 QR 1,4 13 170% 22.1
Late Drop Yearling Ewes (bred to lamb 3/18/14 to 4/10/14, a 23 day period)
Fall 2013 Sires # of Ewes Anticipated lambing % Anticipated Lambs Born Per Sire
FG 5815 QR 1,1 3 110% 3.3
MM 12005 QR 4,4 3 110% 3.3
MM 12007 QR 1,4 3 110% 3.3
7. Contemporary Groups
Unanticipated variations in “The Plan”:
• Five ewes bred to the two least-used rams were
sold
• One mature ewe didn’t settle in the first
breeding, one ewe lamb was open
• Four lambs dropped out of contemporary groups
due to sickness and injury
• The sheep didn’t read the spreadsheets!
8. Contemporary Groups
The Results:
Comments and conclusions:
• The late drop contemporary groups are sub-ideal (known from the get-go).
• The early drop groups for 12005 and 12007 are slightly smaller than ideal.
• Better contemporary groups would have been realized if the bred ewes weren’t
sold last fall.
• A wider lambing percentage variation could have been anticipated considering
the age of ewes to which the rams were exposed.
• Pumpkins have the flushing ability of corn.
• HAVE A PLAN!
Early Drop Ewes (lambed in a 26 day window)
Fall 2013 Sires # of ewes Actual lambing% # of live lambs minus "throw-out" lambs Lambs per contemporary group
FG 5815 QR 1,1 15 200% 30 0 30
MM 12005 QR 4,4 11 145% 16 2 14
MM 12007 QR 1,4 9 156% 14 2 12
35 60
Late Drop Ewes (lambed in an 18 day window)
Fall 2013 Sires # of ewes Actual lambing% # of live lambs minus "throw-out" lambs Lambs per contemporary group
FG 5815 QR 1,1 2 150% 3 0 3
MM 12005 QR 4,4 4 150% 6 0 6
MM 12007 QR 1,4 2 100% 2 0 2
8 11
9. Contemporary Groups: Date Planning
Excel can be very helpful.
Dates can be subtracted from
one another to calculate days
of age, and target ages can be
added to dates to determine
target dates.
Make tweaks to the target
weigh dates based on
personal schedules and the
deadlines for data runs.
Lamb ID Date Born
Wean
Wt date
DOA at
"wean"
Wt
EPW Wt
date
DOA at
EPW Wt
1401 1/31/14 4/14/14 73 6/27/14 147
1461 2/26/14 4/14/14 47 6/27/14 121
1462 3/19/14 5/23/14 65 7/27/14 130
1472 4/6/14 5/23/14 47 7/27/14 112
WWT youngest 40 days
WWT Target 75 days (when oldest lamb is 75d)
WWT oldest 120 days
EPWT youngest 80 days
EPWT target 150 days (when oldest lamb is 75d)
EPWT oldest 240 days
Target date for early drop WWT: 4/16/14
Age of youngest lamb in group at Target WWT date: 49
Target date for late drop WWT: 6/2/14
Age of youngest lamb in group at Target WWT date: 57
Early drop ultrasound date no later than: 6/30/14
Age of youngest lamb in group at above date: 124
Late drop ultrasound date no later than: 8/16/14
Age of youngest lamb in group at above date: 132
Notes: 4/14 was chosen for the early drop WWT so
that data could be entered for the 4/14 run. 5/23 was
chosen for the late drop WWT because that’s about
when those ewes will run out of feed, and the target
dates for ultrasound were moved up so that the
information could be included in the earlier data run.
10. Contemporary Groups: Final Thoughts
Sub-optimal contemporary groups will lead to lower EBV
accuracy.
It is important to consider - if your flock is too small to
develop ideal contemporary groups with two sires - that
SOME production information is better than NONE.
To quote Dr. Notter: “the goal is whole-flock recording…as far
as I am concerned, a contemporary group of 2 is still data.”
EBVs are more accurate than adjusted weights since they take
into account pedigree performance and adjust for
environmental influences.
EBVs can do an excellent job of tracking and benchmarking
within-flock performance.
11. Online Resources
• The NSIP “Educational Info” website page
(http://nsip.org/?page_id=10) has numerous helpful
documents linked in the lower right corner, including EBV
descriptions and notebooks from Dr. Notter.
• The “NSIP Info” website page also has links to resources
(http://nsip.org/?page_id=880), including the new Pedigree
Master Manual which can be found linked on this page:
http://nsip.org/?page_id=859.
• The LambPlan Breeders Quality Assurance Manual is an
excellent resource and can be downloaded from their site:
http://www.sheepgenetics.org.au/Getting-started/QA-
guidelines.
• LambPlan also has a variety of brochures and fact sheet:
http://www.sheepgenetics.org.au/Resources/Brochures-
and-fact-sheets.
Keep in mind, some of the information provided in the
LambPlan documents is not valid for NSIP.
12. Weights are a keystone to EBVs.
Birth weights (< 24 hours ) can be very easy to
record if it fits into your production system. We
simply use a 5 gallon bucket and a hanging scale.
Weights are taken when navels are dipped and
same-sex twin/trip lambs are “marked”.
If your management system doesn’t allow a
simple opportunity to collect birth weights, don’t
sweat it.
Data to Collect: Weights
13. Weights are a keystone to EBVs.
Whether you participate in NSIP or not, a good
scale and handling system is a great long term
investment.
I have a decent scale
setup for my size flock.
The time commitment
is nominal; I can weigh
100 lambs in an hour.
Data to Collect: Weights
14. Data to Collect: Birth and Weaning Basics
• Parentage
• Birth Date, Type of Birth, and Rearing Type
Record all open ewes, dead and aborted lambs
• Birth Weights (pounds, not a deal breaker if not feasible)
• Weaning Weight (pounds, range of age = 40-120 days, 42-90 would be
best)
Often referred to as a 60-day weight, weaning weights DO NOT need to be taken
right at weaning.
For extensively managed flocks that wean ewes after 120 days (and assuming those
ewes are still milking well), one might consider using the early post-weaning (80 to
240 day) category as a recording time for weaning weights. Plan the date accordingly
to optimize contemporary groups.
Relevant for all breeds, birth and weaning data will provide EBVs for: BWT, WWT,
MWWT, NLB, NLW. Some of these data points will influence other traits (i.e. post-
weaning) to which they are correlated.
15. Data to Collect: Post-Weaning Weights
Three Main Pre-Adult Categories:
• Early post-weaning (80 - 240 day age range, 91 – 150 preferred)
– Generally suited for flocks that creep feed lambs and/or grain immediately
after weaning at approximately two months of age
– Might also be suitable for the first weight on extensively raised lambs as a
“weaning weight”
• Post-Weaning (160 - 340 day age range, 151 – 304 preferred)
– Generally geared toward forage-based and range flocks
• Yearling (290 - 430 days, 305 – 426 preferred)
– Can work as an additional weigh category (and wool trait and fecal egg
count data collection time) for all flock types if contemporary group
structure is well maintained
Relevant for all breeds, weights corresponding to the
categories above will develop post-weaning growth EBVs.
Each of these categories are highly correlated for growth.
16. Data to Collect: Carcass Traits
Ultrasound measurements are best obtained during early
post-weaning, post-weaning or yearling age categories.
Ultrasound measurements are best taken at a time when
the lambs are nearest the weight they would be
harvested.
Ultrasound results must be accompanied by weights (lbs)
obtained within 7 days of ultrasound. Terminal sire breed
lambs must be a minimum of 66 pounds for the lamb’s
data to be entered.
Ultrasound dates prior to the yearling category will
generally offer better contemporary groups.
17. Data to Collect: Carcass Traits
EBVs for carcass traits are available on all breeds.
Carcass traits (loin depth and fat thickness) are collected between the
12th and 13th rib and are reported in metric (mm).
An excellent reference sheet can be found here: http://nsip.org/wp-
content/uploads/2011/05/Recording-and-reporting-scanning-data.pdf.
The NSIP ultrasound committee is proposing to the NSIP Board that
certified ultrasound technicians must be used effective January 1,
2016 (this is not yet approved).
A list of certified ultrasound technicians can be found here:
http://nsip.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Ultrasound-certified-
scanners.pdf. A new certification program is schedule for next week on
Thursday, May 22nd.
Note: if the files change in the future, the above links may not work. Go to the NSIP.org website to find these documents.
18. Data to Collect: Adult Weights
Selection for increased post weaning growth generally increases mature body size, resulting in higher
maintenance costs.
Maintenance costs can be decreased if a breeder discriminates between high post-weaning growth and
lower mature weights. This is a tall order since all the weight categories are positively correlated.
The following is a table of genetic correlations between different weight categories for Western Range
breeds:
Hogget weights (410 to 550 days of age) are moderately heritable and will respond to selection. Hogget
weights can be submitted for Western Range breeds, but for some producers that age range might be
confounded by various contemporary group variations (open vs. bred/weaned). It is advisable to collect
weights on adult ewes at breeding.
The NSIP Technical Advisory Committee is evaluating the opportunity for hogget and adult weight EBVs in
additional breed groups.
Note: the Western Range Index addresses mature weights by placing a positive emphasis on post-
weaning growth and a negative emphasis on hogget weight.
Weight
Weight
Birth Weaning Postweaning Yearling Hogget
Birth 0.50 0.45 0.30 0.20
Weaning 0.88 0.35 0.25
Postweaning 0.65 0.40
Yearling 0.70
19. Data to Collect – Fleece/Wool
Fleece and wool traits include:
(1) Fleece Weight, (2) Fiber diameter (microns), (3) Fiber Diameter Coefficient
of Variance, (4) Fiber Curvature, and (5) Staple length (mm)
An excellent reference to explain these traits is found in the September 1,
2011 NSIP EBV Notebook for Western Range Genetic Evaluations:
http://www.nsip.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/New-Traits-for-
Targhee.pdf.
Note: if the file changes in the future, the above links may not work. Go to the NSIP.org website to find these documents.
Wool Data can be collected at various points between post-weaning and
five years of age.
Only yearling, hogget, and the first-recorded adult fleece (2 to 5 year)
data is evaluated for EBVs; subsequent adult data can be entered to be
stored in Pedigree Master.
20. Data to Collect – Fleece/Wool
Due to high heritability, wool trait EBVs can be calculated
based off a single data submission for each of the three
time periods used to calculated the EBVs.
If previously shorn, the shearing date needs to be included
during data entry even if fleece weight/traits weren’t
obtained during the prior shearing. This is done so that the
proper shearing interval is calculated.
If obtaining breeding and fleece
weights on different dates, one
might need to get creative on
choosing dates for entry.
21. List of Wool Labs
Texas A&M San Angelo Wool Lab
http://sanangelo.tamu.edu/agrilife-research-san-angelo/current-wool-mohair-research-projects/the-bill-sims-wool-mohair-
research-laboratory/
Yocom-McColl Wool Testing Labs
http://www.ymccoll.com/
22. Data to Collect: Fecal Egg Counts
The Worm Egg Count (WEC) EBV evaluates the
genetic merit for parasite resistance from egg
counts evaluated at weaning, early post-, or post-
weaning ages.
WEC can also be recorded at older ages, but that
data is not currently used to calculate EBVs.
If multiple WEC are recorded only the first
recording will be used to calculate EBVs, so make
sure it is the most representative data that is first-
entered.
23. Data to Collect: Fecal Egg Counts
Dr. Dave Notter and Dr. Joan Burke have been
researching WEC in ewes at lambing. It is possible in
the future WEC can be obtained on adult ewes from
7 days prior until three weeks after lambing, but
this research is not yet complete.
Currently Hair and Polypay sheep have access to
WEC EBVs.
Dr. Notter will soon provide access to all other
breeds.
24. Data to Collect: Additional
Optional data that can be collected:
• Breeding Date (for gestation length)
Currently no report from NSIP, but it can be recorded in Pedigree Master.
• Dystocia scoring
Currently no report from NSIP, but it can be recorded in Pedigree Master.
Reference 1 through 5 scale in Pedigree Master for scoring system.
• Scrotal Circumference (PSC, cm)
Can be obtained at early post-weaning, post-weaning and yearling time
frames.
An early post- or post-weaning measurement will likely offer a better
contemporary group.
Scrotal Circumference SHOULD
NOT be taken at weaning
25. Data to Collect: NSIP Time Commitment
• At lambing, what I do for NSIP is the same as what I did prior to NSIP
and a fundamental basis for purebred record keeping = 0 hours.
• To weigh the 50 to 80 lambs at weaning = 1 hour.
• To weigh 50 to 80 lambs at post-weaning = 50 minutes.
(lambs move through the chute easier)
• To ultrasound lambs (as producer, not technician) = 2 hours.
• Time required to enter all this data into Pedigree Master and submit
= 3 hours, maximum, once you’re used to the system.
• Time required to study the results = as long as you want.
• Total NSIP time: 6 hours and 50 minutes.
26. It took more time to develop this PowerPoint than
it does for to collect and enter the required data
for NSIP!
Start collecting production data. You can’t enter it
into NSIP until you have it collected.
Questions?
Editor's Notes
When we transitioned to running EBVs in Aus, we moved the NSIP system into the LambPlan system. Their software is set up based on LambPlan age ranges. These age ranges will work, but the EBVs will be more accurate if you can plan contemporary groups based on the NSIP Guidelines.
Even for smaller flocks, using EBVs within the flock can help track performance.