How to Start
Manufacturing Project of
Chocolate, Chewing Gum , Sugar Free
Confectionery, Liquorice Paste, Cream Paste ,
Aerated Confectionery, Invert Sugar, Jam, Jelly,
Marmalade, Toffee and Caramel Industry
(Confectionery Products Business)
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Introduction
Confectionery manufacture has been dominated by large
scale industrial processing for several decades.
Confectionery implies the food items that are rich in
sugar and often referred to as a confection and refers
to the art of creating sugar based dessert forms, or
subtleties (subtlety or sotelty), often with pastillage.
The simplest and earliest confection used by man was
honey, dating back over 3000 years ago.
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Traditional confectionery goes back to ancient times, and
continued to be eaten through the Middle Ages into the
modern era.
Sugar confectionery has developed around the properties
of one ingredient – Sucrose. It is a non- reducing
disaccharide. The principal ingredient in all confectionery
is sucrose, which in its refined form has little flavour
apart from its inherent sweetness.
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This handbook contains Packaging in the confectionery
industry, Structure of sugar confectionery, Flavouring
of confectionery, Confectionery plant, Ingredients,
Quality control and chemical analysis, Medicated
confectionery and chewing Gum, Chocolate flow
properties, General technical aspects of industrial sugar
confectionery manufacture, Manufacture of liquorice
paste,
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Extrusion cooking technology, Manufacture of invert
sugar, Marzipan and crystallized confectionery.
The manufacture of confectionery is not a science based
industry, as these products have traditionally been
created by skilled confectioners working empirically. The
aim of this handbook is to give the reader a perspective
on several processes and techniques which are generally
followed in the confectionery industry.
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The texture and technological properties of
confectionery products are to a large extent controlled
by its structure.
The book is aimed for food engineers, scientists,
technologists in research and industry, as well as for
new entrepreneurs and those who are engaged in this
industry.
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Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION
History
Raw materials
1. Physical and chemical properties
2. Sweetening ingredients
3. Other raw materials
Properties and microbiology of confectionery
Types of confectionery
Process and Machinery for confectionery production
Modern developments
Production of typical confectionery products
Fondant
Production of fondant
Casting fondant articles
Figure 1. Baker - Perkins fondant machine
Figure 2. NID high speed mogul molder
Caramel, fudge, and toffee
Formation of caramel bars and small units
Boiled sweets, hard candy, brittle, croquante,
and butterscotch
Marshmallows and nougat
Jellies, gums, and turkish delight
Panning
Other products
Packaging, storage, and economic aspects
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2. PACKAGING IN THE CONFECTIONERY
INDUSTRY
Trends and developments
The purpose of a package
The container
Materials
Metal cans
Paper and associated materials
Types of paper
Metal foil
Transparent films
Metallized films
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Shrink and stretch films
Laminates
Selection and use of wrapping materials for
chocolate and confectionery
The machinery
The type of wrap
Physical properties of wrapping materials-testing methods
Strengh
Permeability
Physical structure
Printing odors in food wrappers
Testing of wrappers for various other properties
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Resistance of printing ink and varnish to tropical conditions
Toxicity
Wrapping materials in display and advertising
Testing of wrapping and advertising material for fading
Adhesives
Physical properties of adhesives
Adhesive groups
Mechanical sealing methods
Adhesive tapes
Metal containers
Types of cans
Built-up body
Dessicant pouches
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3. SUGAR, SYRUP, CONFECTIONERY AND
SWEETENERS
Introduction
Composition
The production of beet sugar
The production process for beet sugar
The production of cane sugar
The production process for cane sugar
Kinds of sugar
Kinds of syrups
Confectionery, liquorice and wine gums
Confectionery
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Liquorice
Wine gums and soft gums
Sweeteners
The energy-supplying sweeteners
Saccharides
Polyalcohols
Non-nutritive sweeteners
Quality deterioration, spoilage and storage
4. FOOD VALUE OF CHOCOLATE AND
CONFECTIONERY
Food value and the composition of foods
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Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Mineral matter
Vitamins
The Labeling of Foods Containing Vitamins
Food values of chocolate and confectionery
Calculation of caloric value of a food
Supposed harmful effects of confectionery
The virtues of confectionery
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5. STRUCTURE OF SUGAR CONFECTIONERY
Introduction
Toffee
Starch gels
Pectin gels
Gelatin gels
Other protein gels
Boiled sweets and pulled sweets
Panned sweets and coatings
Chocolate-flavoured couvertures
Concluding comments
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6. LIQUORICE PASTE, CREAM PASTE AND
AERATED CONFECTIONERY
Liquorice paste: introduction
Liquorice paste: ingredients
1. Treacle
2. Wheat flour
3. Liquorice extract
4. Caramel
5. Rework
(The manufacture of liquorice paste)
1. Premixing
2. Cooking
3. Extrusion
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Cream pastes: introduction
Cream pastes : ingredients
The manufacture of cream paste
The extrusion of cream paste
Liquorice allsorts
Aerated confectionery: introduction
Methods of aeration
1. Mechanical aeration
2. Chemical aeration
Marshmallow
1. Batch marshmallow
2. Continuous marshmallow
Nougat
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7. CHEMISTRY OF FLAVOUR DEVELOPMENT
IN CHOCOLATE
Introduction
Fermentation
Drying
Roasting
1. An introduction to browning reactions
2. A closer look at browning reactions
Conching
Conclusion
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8. CONFECTIONERY COATINGS, CHOCOLATE
REPLACERS, DIETETIC COMPOUNDS
Confectionery coatings
Ingredients
Manufacturing processes
Conditions to be observed during production
Colored coatings and pastel coatings
Formulations
Dietetic coatings
Diabetic chocolate
Carob coatings
Defatted wheat germ
Medicated chocolates
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9. CHOCOLATE BARS AND COVERED
CONFECTIONERY
Production methods
Molding
Enrobing
Panning
Tempering
Other chocolate processes
Chocolate drops (chips)
Roller depositing
Aerated chocolate
Chocolate flake or bark
Chocolate vermicelli or streusel
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Laminated chocolate
Chocolate tempering
Compound coatings
Measurement of degree of temper
Chocolate molding
Molding chocolate blocks or bars
Hollow goods
Foiled articles
Shell forming equipment
The westal SCB process
Composition of chocolate for molding
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molding and shell plant coolers
Tablets
Shells
Good manufacturing practice
Chocolate enrobing
Mechanical
Chocolate cooling
Enrober coolers
Automatic enrober systems
Chocolate enrobing problems
Chocolate panning
Zein glazes
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10.CONFECTIONERY AND EXTRUSION
COOKING TECHNOLOGY
Introduction
Problem description
Curently realised extrusion cooking processes
Extrusion of starch
Extrusion of dry sucrose crystals
Extrusion of sucrose-starch mixtures
Extrusion of sucrose-syrup mixtures
Coextrusion
1. Die design
2. Size restrictions
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3. Recipe restrictions
4. Density influence
5. Centre pumping
6. Post-processing
7. Cutting
8. Process economics
11. SUGAR CONFECTIONERY IN THE DIET
Confectionery in society
Confectionery as food
Energy
Nutrients
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1. Carbohydrates
1.1 Starch
1.2 Sugars
2. Fats
3. Protein
4. Vitamins
5. Minerals
What food does: how it provides energy, growth and
maintenance
1. Confectionery as part of a healthy diet
2. Nutritional content of sugar confectionery Nutrition labelling
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1. Calculated nutritional data
2. Analysed nutritional data
3. Which nutrients are needed?
4. Development of nutritional content
Labelling sugar confectionery
Confectionery and the critics
1. Obesity
2. Additives
3. Hyperactivity or hyperkinesis
4. Dental caries
5. Other criticisms
Conclusion
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12. THE FLAVOURING OF CONFECTIONERY
Introduction
Basic confectionery types, recipes, inherent flavours
2. Fat boilings
3. Toffees and caramels
4. Fudge
5. Fondant
6. Candy
7. Cream and lozenge paste
8. Compressed tablets
9. Jellies and gums
10. Chewing gum
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11. Panned work
12. Chocolate
Flavours from ingredients
Flavours developed during processing
Selection of flavourings
13. EMULSIFIERS, COLOURS AND FLAVOURS
Emulsifiers
Sources of emulsifiers
Legislation
Examples of emulsifiers
Lecithin
Sucrose esters, E473
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Uses of emulsifiers in sugar confectionery
Colours
Technical Requirements of colours in sugar confectionery
Synthetic colours
Lake colours
Interference colours
Natural colours
Caramel, E150
Chlorophyll, E140
Copper chlorophyll, E141
Cochineal, E120
Roboflavin, E101
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Riboflavin-5-phosphate, E101a
Carbon black, E1 53
Curcumin, E100
Crocin
Carotenoids
β-Carotene, E160(a)
Annatto, E160(b)
Lutein, E161(b)
Betalaines
Anthocyanins
Flavours
Natural flavours
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The image of natural products
Nature-identical flavourings
The case of nature-identical flavours
Synthetic flavours
Dosing
Development in flavours
Antioxidants
Synthetic antioxidants
Tocopherols
14. CONFECTIONERY PLANT
Confectionery plant
Steam injection cooking
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Vacuum cooking
Continuous plant
15. INGREDIENTS
Ingredients
Molasses and treacle
Invert sugar
Glucose syrup (corn syrup)
Fructose
Dextrose
Lactose
Dairy ingredients
Sweetened condensed milk
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Evaporated milk (unsweetened condensed milk)
Milk powder
Butter
Butter oil (anhydrous milk fat)
Whey
Vegetable fats
Gums and gelling agents or hydrocolloids
Agar agar, E406
Alginates, E401
Carrageenan
Gelatine
Gellan gum, E418
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Gum acacia, also known as gum arabic, E414
Guar gum
Pectin
Starch
The cooking of starch
Obtaining different properties in the starch
The use of starch in confectionery
Thin boiling starches
Pre-gelatinised starches
Oxidised starches
Non-gelling starches
Gum tragacanth, E413
Locust bean or carob bean gum
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Xanthan gum
Egg albumen
Practical forms of egg albumen
Properties of egg albumen
Testing egg albumen
Substitutes for egg albumen
Chewing gum ingredients
Chicle
Jelutong
16. CHEWING GUM
Gum base characteristics
Texturisers
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Antioxidants
Sugars
Dextrose
Glucose syrup
Loss or gain of moisture
Flavours
17. TRADITIONAL CHOCOLATE MAKING History
Outline of process
1. Preparation of cocoa nib - flavour development
2. Grinding-particle size reduction
3. Conching—flavour and texture development
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18. SUGAR-FREE CONFECTIONERY
Laxative effects
The sugar substitutes
Bulk sweeteners - the polyols
Maltitol
Erythritol
Isomalt
Polydextrose
Intense sweeteners
Aspartame
Acesulfame K
Saccharin
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Stevioside
Thaumatin
Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone (NHDC)
Sucralose
Synergy
The Chemistry of sweetness
Making sugar-free products
Reducing the energy content
Sugar-free products
Chewing gum
Boiled sweets
The problems of making sugar-free high boilings from isomalt
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Gums and jellies
Turkish delight
Toffee
Controlled calorie products
19. QUALITY CONTROL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Introduction
Designer quality
Control of raw materials and packaging
1. Receipt of materials
2. Sampling
3. Testing
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Process control
Finished packs
Sensory evaluation
Hygiene
1. Microbiological testing
2. Foreign matter
Legislation
Chemicals analysis
1. Laboratory practice
2. Sugar analysis
3. Moisture content
4. Protein
5. Fat analysis
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6. Aflatoxins
7. Viscosity
8. Particle size
9. Acid content
Modern methods
Conclusion
20. MEDICATED CONFECTIONERY AND CHEWING
GUM
Medicated sugar confectionery
High boiled sugar medicated confectionery
Third ingredient addition
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Continuous operations
Depositing high boilings
The 'Apollo' centre-filling line from Euromec
The centre-filler hopper and pump unit
Bosch
Salvage
Chewy medicated confections
Gum products
Chewing gum
Packaging
Concluding remarks
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21. CHOCOLATE FLOW PROPERTIES
Flow behaviour of chocolate
How to measure flow properties
1. Rotational viscometers
Miscellaneous instruments
Factors affecting the flow properties of chocolate
1. Fat content
2. Lecithin and other emulsifiers
3. Moisture content
4. Particle size distribution
5. Temperature
6. Conching time
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7. Temper
8. Thixotropy
9. Vibration
Conclusions
22. GENERAL TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF INDUSTRIAL
SUGAR CONFECTIONERY MANUFACTURE
Introduction
Compositional effects
1. Sugars
2. Fats
3 Thickeners and stabilisers
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4. Proteins
Change of composition
1. Caramelisation
2. Inversion
3. Maillard reaction
4. Secondary reactions
Change of state
1. Crystallisation
2. Polymorphism
3. Starch
4. Enzymic changes
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Environmental behaviour
Evaporation
Sweetness and taste
23. CARAMEL TOFFEE AND FUDGE
Introduction
Ingredients
1. Sugar
2. Glucose syrup
3. Milk protein
4. Fat
5. Salt
6. Water
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7. Other additivies
Structure of toffee
Formulation
Processing
1. Equipment
2. Slab process
3. Cut and wrap process
4. Depositing
Toffee texture
Fudge
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24. TOFFEES AND CARAMELS
Cooking toffees
A typical toffee
Sugar
Glucose syrup 42 DE
Condensed milk
Fat
Optional ingredients
Whey powder
Hydrolysed whey syrup
Invert sugar syrup
Brown sugar
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Golden syrup
Emulsifiers
Glucose syrup 68 DE or higher
Isomerised glucose, also known as isoglucose or
High fructose corn syrup
Salt
Flavours and flavourings
Colour
The process
Dissolving
Emulsifying
Cooking
Shaping the toffee
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The slab process
Cut and wrap process
Depositing
Toffee as an ingredient of other products
Formulation considerations
Toffee in a chocolate-coated countline
Toffee in a moulded chocolate product
25. CHOCOLATE TEMPER
Introduction
Techniques
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Polymorphic transitions of triglycerides
Liquid state
Crystallization
The α-form
The β'-forms
The β -form
The β'1 —> β transition
Triple chain length structures
Cocoa butter
The crystallization of mixtures
26. TABLETS, LOZENGES AND SUGAR PANNING
Introduction
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Tableting
Granulation
1. Wet granulation
2. Fluidised bed granulation
3. 'Slugging'
Ingredients
1. Base materials
2. Binders
3. Lubricants
4. Disintegrants
5. Colours and flavours
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Compression
1. Bonding during compression
Problem solving
1. Capping
2. Sticking and picking
3. Pitting
4. Mottling
5. Size and weight variation
Lozenges
1. Composition
2. Processing
3. Drying
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Sugar panning
1. Equipment
2. Automatic panning systems
3. Auxillary equipment
Hard panning
1. Pretreatment of centres
2. Engrossing
3. Non-pareils (hundreds-and-thousands)
Soft panning
Flavour and colour
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1. Flavour
2. Colour
Polishing
Additional panning techniques
1. Alternative sweeteners
2. Silvering
27. SUGAR CONFECTIONERY, CHOCOLATE,
JAMS AND JELLIES
Agar-agar
Anti-tailing devices
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Automatic continuous sugar cooker
Non-vacuum cooker
Batch roller
Cacao
Cacao butter
Cacao moth
Cacao selection
Caramel
Chocolate-confectionery research
Clayed cacao
Colours for confectionery
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1. Selection of colouring matter
2. Method of dissolving
3. Concentration and purity
Conches
Circular or rotary conches
The theory of conching
Confectioners' glucose
Continuous vacuum sugar cookers
Cream beaters
1. The beater should be kept cool.
2. The syrup should be kept in the beater sufficiently
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long to ensue complete crystallisation.
Air-cooled cream beaters
Cream and fondant making plant
Dextrose
Diabetic foods - chocolate
Dragee pans
Egg albumen
Enrobers
Automatic temperature control
Fermentation of cacao beans
Flavourings
Classification of flavouring materials
Fondant paste
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Fumigation with ethylene oxide
Gas fires for sugar boiling
Half-coating device
Heat penetration of cacao
Invert sugar
Use in confectionery
Manufacture of invert sugar
Jam manufacture - scientific principles
Pectin
Sugar
Acidity
End point of boil
Statutory regulations
Standard for jam
Standard for marmalade
General
Technique of manufacture
Fruit preparation
Preparation of juice for "jelly" jams
Preparation of recipes
Boiling
Cooling, filling and capping
Storage
Jelly crystals
Jelly manufacture
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Gelatin testing
Proportions of ingredients
Boiling and mixing
(1) preparation of gelatin
(2) preparation of the sugar syrup
(3) mixing and dissolving
Choice of colour
Clarification
Cooling and setting
Cutting
Packaging
Production control
Lactic acid
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Lecithin
Lemon curd
Liquid sugar/liquid glucose mixtures
Liquorice
Liquorice products
Machines for the manufacture of hard-boiled goods
Maple sugar
Marmalade manufacture
Grading
Steaming barrels
Peeling
Gouging
Pulp and dummy
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Peel
Juice
Recipes
Boiling
Marshmallow beaters
Marzipan
Marzipan fruits and mosaics
Marzipan substitutes
Melangeurs
Milk chocolate
Mogul machine
1. The starch must be clean and dry.
Piping jelly
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Piping jelly from fruit puree and agar-agar
Piping jelly from fruit puree and pectin
Piping jelly from fruit and sugar
Refiners
Refractometers
Roasters
Unit roasters
Continuous roasters
Steam roasters
Principles of roasting
Changes brought about in cacao beans owing to roasting
The removal of shell from the NIB
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(1) Chemical changes
(2) Physical changes
Steam pans
Sugar
Bibliography
Sugar for the chocolate manufacturer
Sugar for the confectioner
Testing of refined sugars
Tempering and storage kettles
The outlet valve
Thermometers for sugar boiling
The recording dial thermometer
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Adjustment of thermometers: the effect
of barometric pressure on the boiling-point
Toffee
Physical nature of toffees and caramels
Flavour
Colour
Texture
Shelf life
Graining
Raw materials
Manufacture
Wrapping and packing
Vacuum pans
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Vertical mixers
Winnower
28. CENTERS, FONDANTS, MARZIPAN AND
CRYSTALLIZED CONFECTIONERY
Introduction
Recipes
Cremes
3. Fudge
Marzipan
Variables affecting the properties of fondant
Moisture content
The amount of sugar crystals present
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The concentration and viscosity of the syrup phase
Crystal size of the sugar
Basic steps in making the confections
Fondant
Crème making
Fudge making
Marzipan
Uses of fondant
Making impression in starch
Uses of fudges and marzipan
Quality control in fondant cremes, fudges and marzipan
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1. Moisture content
2. Soluble solids of the syrup phase
3. Sugar crystal size
4 Fat content
5. Density
Conclusion
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Niir Project Consultancy Services (NPCS)
can provide Process Technology Book on
Confectionery Products
(Chocolate, Toffees, Chewing Gum & Sugar Free
Confectionery)
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How to Start Manufacturing Project of Chocolate, Chewing Gum , Sugar Free Confectionery, Liquorice Paste, Cream Paste , Aerated Confectionery, Invert Sugar, Jam, Jelly, Marmalade, Toffee and Caramel Industry (Confectionery Products Business)

  • 1.
    How to Start ManufacturingProject of Chocolate, Chewing Gum , Sugar Free Confectionery, Liquorice Paste, Cream Paste , Aerated Confectionery, Invert Sugar, Jam, Jelly, Marmalade, Toffee and Caramel Industry (Confectionery Products Business)
  • 2.
    www.entrepreneurindia.co Introduction Confectionery manufacture hasbeen dominated by large scale industrial processing for several decades. Confectionery implies the food items that are rich in sugar and often referred to as a confection and refers to the art of creating sugar based dessert forms, or subtleties (subtlety or sotelty), often with pastillage. The simplest and earliest confection used by man was honey, dating back over 3000 years ago.
  • 3.
    www.entrepreneurindia.co Traditional confectionery goesback to ancient times, and continued to be eaten through the Middle Ages into the modern era. Sugar confectionery has developed around the properties of one ingredient – Sucrose. It is a non- reducing disaccharide. The principal ingredient in all confectionery is sucrose, which in its refined form has little flavour apart from its inherent sweetness.
  • 4.
    www.entrepreneurindia.co This handbook containsPackaging in the confectionery industry, Structure of sugar confectionery, Flavouring of confectionery, Confectionery plant, Ingredients, Quality control and chemical analysis, Medicated confectionery and chewing Gum, Chocolate flow properties, General technical aspects of industrial sugar confectionery manufacture, Manufacture of liquorice paste,
  • 5.
    www.entrepreneurindia.co Extrusion cooking technology,Manufacture of invert sugar, Marzipan and crystallized confectionery. The manufacture of confectionery is not a science based industry, as these products have traditionally been created by skilled confectioners working empirically. The aim of this handbook is to give the reader a perspective on several processes and techniques which are generally followed in the confectionery industry.
  • 6.
    www.entrepreneurindia.co The texture andtechnological properties of confectionery products are to a large extent controlled by its structure. The book is aimed for food engineers, scientists, technologists in research and industry, as well as for new entrepreneurs and those who are engaged in this industry.
  • 7.
    www.entrepreneurindia.co Table of Contents 1.INTRODUCTION History Raw materials 1. Physical and chemical properties 2. Sweetening ingredients 3. Other raw materials Properties and microbiology of confectionery Types of confectionery Process and Machinery for confectionery production Modern developments Production of typical confectionery products Fondant
  • 8.
    Production of fondant Castingfondant articles Figure 1. Baker - Perkins fondant machine Figure 2. NID high speed mogul molder Caramel, fudge, and toffee Formation of caramel bars and small units Boiled sweets, hard candy, brittle, croquante, and butterscotch Marshmallows and nougat Jellies, gums, and turkish delight Panning Other products Packaging, storage, and economic aspects www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 9.
    2. PACKAGING INTHE CONFECTIONERY INDUSTRY Trends and developments The purpose of a package The container Materials Metal cans Paper and associated materials Types of paper Metal foil Transparent films Metallized films www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 10.
    Shrink and stretchfilms Laminates Selection and use of wrapping materials for chocolate and confectionery The machinery The type of wrap Physical properties of wrapping materials-testing methods Strengh Permeability Physical structure Printing odors in food wrappers Testing of wrappers for various other properties www.entrepreneurindia.co
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    Resistance of printingink and varnish to tropical conditions Toxicity Wrapping materials in display and advertising Testing of wrapping and advertising material for fading Adhesives Physical properties of adhesives Adhesive groups Mechanical sealing methods Adhesive tapes Metal containers Types of cans Built-up body Dessicant pouches www.entrepreneurindia.co
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    3. SUGAR, SYRUP,CONFECTIONERY AND SWEETENERS Introduction Composition The production of beet sugar The production process for beet sugar The production of cane sugar The production process for cane sugar Kinds of sugar Kinds of syrups Confectionery, liquorice and wine gums Confectionery www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 13.
    Liquorice Wine gums andsoft gums Sweeteners The energy-supplying sweeteners Saccharides Polyalcohols Non-nutritive sweeteners Quality deterioration, spoilage and storage 4. FOOD VALUE OF CHOCOLATE AND CONFECTIONERY Food value and the composition of foods www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 14.
    Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Mineral matter Vitamins The Labelingof Foods Containing Vitamins Food values of chocolate and confectionery Calculation of caloric value of a food Supposed harmful effects of confectionery The virtues of confectionery www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 15.
    5. STRUCTURE OFSUGAR CONFECTIONERY Introduction Toffee Starch gels Pectin gels Gelatin gels Other protein gels Boiled sweets and pulled sweets Panned sweets and coatings Chocolate-flavoured couvertures Concluding comments www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 16.
    6. LIQUORICE PASTE,CREAM PASTE AND AERATED CONFECTIONERY Liquorice paste: introduction Liquorice paste: ingredients 1. Treacle 2. Wheat flour 3. Liquorice extract 4. Caramel 5. Rework (The manufacture of liquorice paste) 1. Premixing 2. Cooking 3. Extrusion www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 17.
    Cream pastes: introduction Creampastes : ingredients The manufacture of cream paste The extrusion of cream paste Liquorice allsorts Aerated confectionery: introduction Methods of aeration 1. Mechanical aeration 2. Chemical aeration Marshmallow 1. Batch marshmallow 2. Continuous marshmallow Nougat www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 18.
    7. CHEMISTRY OFFLAVOUR DEVELOPMENT IN CHOCOLATE Introduction Fermentation Drying Roasting 1. An introduction to browning reactions 2. A closer look at browning reactions Conching Conclusion www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 19.
    8. CONFECTIONERY COATINGS,CHOCOLATE REPLACERS, DIETETIC COMPOUNDS Confectionery coatings Ingredients Manufacturing processes Conditions to be observed during production Colored coatings and pastel coatings Formulations Dietetic coatings Diabetic chocolate Carob coatings Defatted wheat germ Medicated chocolates www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 20.
    9. CHOCOLATE BARSAND COVERED CONFECTIONERY Production methods Molding Enrobing Panning Tempering Other chocolate processes Chocolate drops (chips) Roller depositing Aerated chocolate Chocolate flake or bark Chocolate vermicelli or streusel www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 21.
    Laminated chocolate Chocolate tempering Compoundcoatings Measurement of degree of temper Chocolate molding Molding chocolate blocks or bars Hollow goods Foiled articles Shell forming equipment The westal SCB process Composition of chocolate for molding www.entrepreneurindia.co
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    molding and shellplant coolers Tablets Shells Good manufacturing practice Chocolate enrobing Mechanical Chocolate cooling Enrober coolers Automatic enrober systems Chocolate enrobing problems Chocolate panning Zein glazes www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 23.
    10.CONFECTIONERY AND EXTRUSION COOKINGTECHNOLOGY Introduction Problem description Curently realised extrusion cooking processes Extrusion of starch Extrusion of dry sucrose crystals Extrusion of sucrose-starch mixtures Extrusion of sucrose-syrup mixtures Coextrusion 1. Die design 2. Size restrictions www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 24.
    3. Recipe restrictions 4.Density influence 5. Centre pumping 6. Post-processing 7. Cutting 8. Process economics 11. SUGAR CONFECTIONERY IN THE DIET Confectionery in society Confectionery as food Energy Nutrients www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 25.
    1. Carbohydrates 1.1 Starch 1.2Sugars 2. Fats 3. Protein 4. Vitamins 5. Minerals What food does: how it provides energy, growth and maintenance 1. Confectionery as part of a healthy diet 2. Nutritional content of sugar confectionery Nutrition labelling www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 26.
    1. Calculated nutritionaldata 2. Analysed nutritional data 3. Which nutrients are needed? 4. Development of nutritional content Labelling sugar confectionery Confectionery and the critics 1. Obesity 2. Additives 3. Hyperactivity or hyperkinesis 4. Dental caries 5. Other criticisms Conclusion www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 27.
    12. THE FLAVOURINGOF CONFECTIONERY Introduction Basic confectionery types, recipes, inherent flavours 2. Fat boilings 3. Toffees and caramels 4. Fudge 5. Fondant 6. Candy 7. Cream and lozenge paste 8. Compressed tablets 9. Jellies and gums 10. Chewing gum www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 28.
    11. Panned work 12.Chocolate Flavours from ingredients Flavours developed during processing Selection of flavourings 13. EMULSIFIERS, COLOURS AND FLAVOURS Emulsifiers Sources of emulsifiers Legislation Examples of emulsifiers Lecithin Sucrose esters, E473 www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 29.
    Uses of emulsifiersin sugar confectionery Colours Technical Requirements of colours in sugar confectionery Synthetic colours Lake colours Interference colours Natural colours Caramel, E150 Chlorophyll, E140 Copper chlorophyll, E141 Cochineal, E120 Roboflavin, E101 www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 30.
    Riboflavin-5-phosphate, E101a Carbon black,E1 53 Curcumin, E100 Crocin Carotenoids β-Carotene, E160(a) Annatto, E160(b) Lutein, E161(b) Betalaines Anthocyanins Flavours Natural flavours www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 31.
    The image ofnatural products Nature-identical flavourings The case of nature-identical flavours Synthetic flavours Dosing Development in flavours Antioxidants Synthetic antioxidants Tocopherols 14. CONFECTIONERY PLANT Confectionery plant Steam injection cooking www.entrepreneurindia.co
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    Vacuum cooking Continuous plant 15.INGREDIENTS Ingredients Molasses and treacle Invert sugar Glucose syrup (corn syrup) Fructose Dextrose Lactose Dairy ingredients Sweetened condensed milk www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 33.
    Evaporated milk (unsweetenedcondensed milk) Milk powder Butter Butter oil (anhydrous milk fat) Whey Vegetable fats Gums and gelling agents or hydrocolloids Agar agar, E406 Alginates, E401 Carrageenan Gelatine Gellan gum, E418 www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 34.
    Gum acacia, alsoknown as gum arabic, E414 Guar gum Pectin Starch The cooking of starch Obtaining different properties in the starch The use of starch in confectionery Thin boiling starches Pre-gelatinised starches Oxidised starches Non-gelling starches Gum tragacanth, E413 Locust bean or carob bean gum www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 35.
    Xanthan gum Egg albumen Practicalforms of egg albumen Properties of egg albumen Testing egg albumen Substitutes for egg albumen Chewing gum ingredients Chicle Jelutong 16. CHEWING GUM Gum base characteristics Texturisers www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 36.
    Antioxidants Sugars Dextrose Glucose syrup Loss orgain of moisture Flavours 17. TRADITIONAL CHOCOLATE MAKING History Outline of process 1. Preparation of cocoa nib - flavour development 2. Grinding-particle size reduction 3. Conching—flavour and texture development www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 37.
    18. SUGAR-FREE CONFECTIONERY Laxativeeffects The sugar substitutes Bulk sweeteners - the polyols Maltitol Erythritol Isomalt Polydextrose Intense sweeteners Aspartame Acesulfame K Saccharin www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 38.
    Stevioside Thaumatin Neohesperidine dihydrochalcone (NHDC) Sucralose Synergy TheChemistry of sweetness Making sugar-free products Reducing the energy content Sugar-free products Chewing gum Boiled sweets The problems of making sugar-free high boilings from isomalt www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 39.
    Gums and jellies Turkishdelight Toffee Controlled calorie products 19. QUALITY CONTROL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Introduction Designer quality Control of raw materials and packaging 1. Receipt of materials 2. Sampling 3. Testing www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 40.
    Process control Finished packs Sensoryevaluation Hygiene 1. Microbiological testing 2. Foreign matter Legislation Chemicals analysis 1. Laboratory practice 2. Sugar analysis 3. Moisture content 4. Protein 5. Fat analysis www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 41.
    6. Aflatoxins 7. Viscosity 8.Particle size 9. Acid content Modern methods Conclusion 20. MEDICATED CONFECTIONERY AND CHEWING GUM Medicated sugar confectionery High boiled sugar medicated confectionery Third ingredient addition www.entrepreneurindia.co
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    Continuous operations Depositing highboilings The 'Apollo' centre-filling line from Euromec The centre-filler hopper and pump unit Bosch Salvage Chewy medicated confections Gum products Chewing gum Packaging Concluding remarks www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 43.
    21. CHOCOLATE FLOWPROPERTIES Flow behaviour of chocolate How to measure flow properties 1. Rotational viscometers Miscellaneous instruments Factors affecting the flow properties of chocolate 1. Fat content 2. Lecithin and other emulsifiers 3. Moisture content 4. Particle size distribution 5. Temperature 6. Conching time www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 44.
    7. Temper 8. Thixotropy 9.Vibration Conclusions 22. GENERAL TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF INDUSTRIAL SUGAR CONFECTIONERY MANUFACTURE Introduction Compositional effects 1. Sugars 2. Fats 3 Thickeners and stabilisers www.entrepreneurindia.co
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    4. Proteins Change ofcomposition 1. Caramelisation 2. Inversion 3. Maillard reaction 4. Secondary reactions Change of state 1. Crystallisation 2. Polymorphism 3. Starch 4. Enzymic changes www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 46.
    Environmental behaviour Evaporation Sweetness andtaste 23. CARAMEL TOFFEE AND FUDGE Introduction Ingredients 1. Sugar 2. Glucose syrup 3. Milk protein 4. Fat 5. Salt 6. Water www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 47.
    7. Other additivies Structureof toffee Formulation Processing 1. Equipment 2. Slab process 3. Cut and wrap process 4. Depositing Toffee texture Fudge www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 48.
    24. TOFFEES ANDCARAMELS Cooking toffees A typical toffee Sugar Glucose syrup 42 DE Condensed milk Fat Optional ingredients Whey powder Hydrolysed whey syrup Invert sugar syrup Brown sugar www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 49.
    Golden syrup Emulsifiers Glucose syrup68 DE or higher Isomerised glucose, also known as isoglucose or High fructose corn syrup Salt Flavours and flavourings Colour The process Dissolving Emulsifying Cooking Shaping the toffee www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 50.
    The slab process Cutand wrap process Depositing Toffee as an ingredient of other products Formulation considerations Toffee in a chocolate-coated countline Toffee in a moulded chocolate product 25. CHOCOLATE TEMPER Introduction Techniques www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 51.
    Polymorphic transitions oftriglycerides Liquid state Crystallization The α-form The β'-forms The β -form The β'1 —> β transition Triple chain length structures Cocoa butter The crystallization of mixtures 26. TABLETS, LOZENGES AND SUGAR PANNING Introduction www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 52.
    Tableting Granulation 1. Wet granulation 2.Fluidised bed granulation 3. 'Slugging' Ingredients 1. Base materials 2. Binders 3. Lubricants 4. Disintegrants 5. Colours and flavours www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 53.
    Compression 1. Bonding duringcompression Problem solving 1. Capping 2. Sticking and picking 3. Pitting 4. Mottling 5. Size and weight variation Lozenges 1. Composition 2. Processing 3. Drying www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 54.
    Sugar panning 1. Equipment 2.Automatic panning systems 3. Auxillary equipment Hard panning 1. Pretreatment of centres 2. Engrossing 3. Non-pareils (hundreds-and-thousands) Soft panning Flavour and colour www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 55.
    1. Flavour 2. Colour Polishing Additionalpanning techniques 1. Alternative sweeteners 2. Silvering 27. SUGAR CONFECTIONERY, CHOCOLATE, JAMS AND JELLIES Agar-agar Anti-tailing devices www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 56.
    Automatic continuous sugarcooker Non-vacuum cooker Batch roller Cacao Cacao butter Cacao moth Cacao selection Caramel Chocolate-confectionery research Clayed cacao Colours for confectionery www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 57.
    1. Selection ofcolouring matter 2. Method of dissolving 3. Concentration and purity Conches Circular or rotary conches The theory of conching Confectioners' glucose Continuous vacuum sugar cookers Cream beaters 1. The beater should be kept cool. 2. The syrup should be kept in the beater sufficiently www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 58.
    long to ensuecomplete crystallisation. Air-cooled cream beaters Cream and fondant making plant Dextrose Diabetic foods - chocolate Dragee pans Egg albumen Enrobers Automatic temperature control Fermentation of cacao beans Flavourings Classification of flavouring materials Fondant paste www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 59.
    Fumigation with ethyleneoxide Gas fires for sugar boiling Half-coating device Heat penetration of cacao Invert sugar Use in confectionery Manufacture of invert sugar Jam manufacture - scientific principles Pectin Sugar Acidity End point of boil Statutory regulations
  • 60.
    Standard for jam Standardfor marmalade General Technique of manufacture Fruit preparation Preparation of juice for "jelly" jams Preparation of recipes Boiling Cooling, filling and capping Storage Jelly crystals Jelly manufacture www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 61.
    Gelatin testing Proportions ofingredients Boiling and mixing (1) preparation of gelatin (2) preparation of the sugar syrup (3) mixing and dissolving Choice of colour Clarification Cooling and setting Cutting Packaging Production control Lactic acid www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 62.
    Lecithin Lemon curd Liquid sugar/liquidglucose mixtures Liquorice Liquorice products Machines for the manufacture of hard-boiled goods Maple sugar Marmalade manufacture Grading Steaming barrels Peeling Gouging Pulp and dummy www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 63.
    Peel Juice Recipes Boiling Marshmallow beaters Marzipan Marzipan fruitsand mosaics Marzipan substitutes Melangeurs Milk chocolate Mogul machine 1. The starch must be clean and dry. Piping jelly www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 64.
    Piping jelly fromfruit puree and agar-agar Piping jelly from fruit puree and pectin Piping jelly from fruit and sugar Refiners Refractometers Roasters Unit roasters Continuous roasters Steam roasters Principles of roasting Changes brought about in cacao beans owing to roasting The removal of shell from the NIB www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 65.
    (1) Chemical changes (2)Physical changes Steam pans Sugar Bibliography Sugar for the chocolate manufacturer Sugar for the confectioner Testing of refined sugars Tempering and storage kettles The outlet valve Thermometers for sugar boiling The recording dial thermometer www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 66.
    Adjustment of thermometers:the effect of barometric pressure on the boiling-point Toffee Physical nature of toffees and caramels Flavour Colour Texture Shelf life Graining Raw materials Manufacture Wrapping and packing Vacuum pans www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 67.
    Vertical mixers Winnower 28. CENTERS,FONDANTS, MARZIPAN AND CRYSTALLIZED CONFECTIONERY Introduction Recipes Cremes 3. Fudge Marzipan Variables affecting the properties of fondant Moisture content The amount of sugar crystals present www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 68.
    The concentration andviscosity of the syrup phase Crystal size of the sugar Basic steps in making the confections Fondant Crème making Fudge making Marzipan Uses of fondant Making impression in starch Uses of fudges and marzipan Quality control in fondant cremes, fudges and marzipan www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 69.
    1. Moisture content 2.Soluble solids of the syrup phase 3. Sugar crystal size 4 Fat content 5. Density Conclusion www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 70.
    www.entrepreneurindia.co Niir Project ConsultancyServices (NPCS) can provide Process Technology Book on Confectionery Products (Chocolate, Toffees, Chewing Gum & Sugar Free Confectionery) See more http://goo.gl/w9DBKm http://goo.gl/GGeVg8 http://goo.gl/wAQotP
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    Take a lookat NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES on #StreetView https://goo.gl/VstWkd www.entrepreneurindia.cowww.niir.org
  • 73.
    Locate us on GoogleMaps https://goo.gl/maps/BKkUtq9gevT2 www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 74.
    An ISO 9001:2008Company www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 75.
    o One ofthe leading reliable names in industrial world for providing the most comprehensive technical consulting services o We adopt a systematic approach to provide the strong fundamental support needed for the effective delivery of services to our Clients’ in India & abroad Who are we? www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 76.
    o Project Identification oDetailed Project Reports/Pre-feasibility Reports o Business Plan o Industry Trends o Market Research Reports o Technology Books and Directory o Databases on CD-ROM o Laboratory Testing Services o Turnkey Project Consultancy/Solutions o Entrepreneur India (An Industrial Monthly Journal) What do we offer? www.entrepreneurindia.co
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    o We havetwo decades long experience in project consultancy and market research field o We empower our customers with the prerequisite know-how to take sound business decisions o We help catalyze business growth by providing distinctive and profound market analysis o We serve a wide array of customers , from individual entrepreneurs to Corporations and Foreign Investors o We use authentic & reliable sources to ensure business precision How are we different ? www.entrepreneurindia.co
  • 78.
    Our Approach Requirement collection Thoroughanalysis of the project Economic feasibility study of the Project Market potential survey/research Report Compilation www.entrepreneurindia.co
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    Who do weserve? o Public-sector Companies o Corporates o Government Undertakings o Individual Entrepreneurs o NRI’s o Foreign Investors o Non-profit Organizations, NBFC’s o Educational Institutions o Embassies & Consulates o Consultancies o Industry / trade associations www.entrepreneurindia.co
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    Sectors We Cover oAyurvedic And Herbal Medicines, Herbal Cosmetics o Alcoholic And Non Alcoholic Beverages, Drinks o Adhesives, Industrial Adhesive, Sealants, Glues, Gum & Resin o Activated Carbon & Activated Charcoal o Aluminium And Aluminium Extrusion Profiles & Sections, o Bio-fertilizers And Biotechnology o Breakfast Snacks And Cereal Food o Bicycle Tyres & Tubes, Bicycle Parts, Bicycle Assembling www.entrepreneurindia.co
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    Sectors We CoverCont… o Bamboo And Cane Based Projects o Building Materials And Construction Projects o Biodegradable & Bioplastic Based Projects o Chemicals (Organic And Inorganic) o Confectionery, Bakery/Baking And Other Food o Cereal Processing o Coconut And Coconut Based Products o Cold Storage For Fruits & Vegetables o Coal & Coal Byproduct www.entrepreneurindia.co
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    Sectors We CoverCont… o Copper & Copper Based Projects o Dairy/Milk Processing o Disinfectants, Pesticides, Insecticides, Mosquito Repellents, o Electrical, Electronic And Computer based Projects o Essential Oils, Oils & Fats And Allied o Engineering Goods o Fibre Glass & Float Glass o Fast Moving Consumer Goods o Food, Bakery, Agro Processing www.entrepreneurindia.co
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    Sectors We CoverCont… o Fruits & Vegetables Processing o Ferro Alloys Based Projects o Fertilizers & Biofertilizers o Ginger & Ginger Based Projects o Herbs And Medicinal Cultivation And Jatropha (Biofuel) o Hotel & Hospitability Projects o Hospital Based Projects o Herbal Based Projects o Inks, Stationery And Export Industries www.entrepreneurindia.co
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    Sectors We CoverCont… o Paints, Pigments, Varnish & Lacquer o Paper And Paper Board, Paper Recycling Projects o Printing Inks o Packaging Based Projects o Perfumes, Cosmetics And Flavours o Power Generation Based Projects & Renewable Energy Based Projects o Pharmaceuticals And Drugs o Plantations, Farming And Cultivations o Plastic Film, Plastic Waste And Plastic Compounds o Plastic, PVC, PET, HDPE, LDPE Etc. www.entrepreneurindia.co
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    Sectors We CoverCont… o Potato And Potato Based Projects o Printing And Packaging o Real Estate, Leisure And Hospitality o Rubber And Rubber Products o Soaps And Detergents o Stationary Products o Spices And Snacks Food o Steel & Steel Products o Textile Auxiliary And Chemicals www.entrepreneurindia.co
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  • 88.
    Niir Project ConsultancyServices 106-E, Kamla Nagar, New Delhi-110007, India. Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886 Mobile: +91-9811043595 Fax: +91-11-23841561 Website : www.niir.org www.entrepreneurindia.co Take a look at NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICES on #StreetView https://goo.gl/VstWkd www.niir.org www.entrepreneurindia.co
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    For more information,visit us at: www.entrepreneurindia.co