hope journal_lexical borrowing

HOPE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH
Volume: 2 Issue: 3 ISSN (P): 2313-8122
October 2014 ISSN (E): 2307-7034
HOUSE OF PAKISTANI EDUCATIONISTS 47
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LEXICAL BORROWINGS FROM ARABIC AND SEMANTIC CHANGE IN URDU:
A CROSS LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS
Dr Intakhab Alam Khan
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah
Saudi Arabia
Abstract
No language is exempted from the context of linguistic borrowings. Both Arabic
and Urdu are extremely important in Asia. Urdu is popularly known as the legitimate
child of Arabic. Many reasons can be attributed to the linguistic connection between the
two or more than two languages. Lexical borrowing from Arabic into Urdu vocabulary
is one of the examples of such a linguistic contact and its effect. This research paper
deals with the lexical analysis of Arabic borrowing in the present-day Urdu
vocabulary. The data have been collected from different sources, however
personal experience has contributed a lot in the formulation of the
hypotheses. The researcher analyzed the lexical aspects of Arabic borrowings in Urdu
and its use in semantically different context. The present paper is unique and different
from the previous attempts of studies in the area of ‘borrowings’ because the loan words are
used in the receiver language (Urdu) with a different meaning. For example, ‘ghareeb’ in
Arabic is a ‘stranger’ while the same word is used is Urdu as ‘poor’ who has no money. The
study alerts the users to take care while using (from its donor) in the context of the
receiver language (Urdu).The study is purely a theoretical attempt, however, the
findings will open up the room for future researchers to explore further in order to
study the corresponding causes of such semantic changes. The findings are expected to
be helpful in the classrooms especially at higher education level where contrastive

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studies are imperative in order to make diagnostic study to evolve comparative
methodologies of teaching the target language: Urdu.
Keywords: borrowings, semantic, lexical, morphological, donor, loan words,
comparative diagnostic study, methodology
1- Introduction
Word-borrowing is a common linguistic phenomenon. However, there is no
denying the fact that for most lexical borrowing a socio-cultural and linguistic
interaction between two or more linguistic communities is essential. The case of Arabic
borrowings in Urdu is also no exception. The interaction of Muslim army: Arabs, Iranians,
Turks, Afghans etc.) resulted into arrival in the Indian territory which later became the
basis for an emergence of a language like Urdu that etymologically means an ‘army’.
The presence of groups of lexical borrowings from different languages (especially
Arabic, Farsi, Turkish, Hindi etc) is evident from the historical development of Urdu
vocabulary and its contextual use. Urdu has been very close Arabic due to religious connection
of those who have been using the language for a very long time. Another factor associated with
the utilisation of the loan words could be the cultural connection especially with the migrants-
Muslims of other regions and the Iranians. It is said that Urdu is a nice composition of Persian,
Arabic and Turkish words emerged as a result of connections and interaction with the Muslim
travelers- armies and the local Hindi-speaking community in the medieval India.
1.1. Pedagogic connections
In order to arrive at an appropriate teaching of Urdu language at especially tertiary
education level, a contrastive analysis and a comparative study is imperative. The inference of
actual meaning in Urdu may not be possible unless the root word and the borrowing are studied.
The understanding of Urdu is better achieved when the connection of Urdu and Persian is
drawn.
2. The Linguistic Borrowing: Nature and types

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In a journey of a language, ‘words’ usually migrate from a place to another with cultures,
the users of language(s). Naturally speaking, there are many halts, stations and environments that
affect the linguistic achievement. In other words, there are so many linguistic, social, cultural
and political variables that attribute to the process of linguistic borrowing. As mentioned, Urdu is
known as a combination of many languages that originated abroad. It was believed that these
foreign languages were ‘mixed’ and may not be real or genuine, however Muslims welcomed
foreign languages and followed them for some reasons. Consequently, Urdu was born in the
Indian sub continent.
Historically, when a language with a lot of foreign words try to make a place in a
language like Urdu it is accepted especially if it is the case of Arabic (due to religious
connections), however, the attention is not much given on the sound system or its semantic
changes (if any). Out of many reasons, it can be pointed out that linguistic borrowing is the direct
or indirect result of ‘language contact’ or cultural interaction in which people exchange languag,
life aspects, and other cultural phenomena.
Bilingualism can be another reason of linguistic borrowing. For many ears Indians have
been bilinguals or even polyglots. Muslims are supposed to learn Arabic for religious reasons,
while Urdu is broadly considered as the language of Muslims in the subcontinent. As a matter of
other linguistic needs, the learners acquire Hindi ( or a local language) and English as a lingua
franca (the second-link language).
Attempts have been made to explore the types of borrowings , however in a given
perspective. The types may be related to the language, dialect, words, meaning or even the
sound. Language borrowing is closely related to the cultural borrowing because both the culture
and language are based on each other.
2.1. The context of the borrowing: The Case of Arabic and Urdu
The borrowings take place in the following two basic conditions:
1. Two languages may have certain features in common because these features may be universal
in nature,

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2. Two languages may share features because they have inherited them from a common ancestor
language or common culture. In the following pages, we may explore commonly used words in
both Arabic and Urdu, but it is more interesting to note that the words borrowed from Arabic and
used in Urdu in different contexts. In languages, borrowing implies that one language takes
something from another language and makes it into a permanent part of its own system.
Linguistically, a language has four major elements: sound system (Phonology),
vocabulary (Lexicon), meaning (Semantics) and structure (Morphology). The most important
aspect of a language is ‘Vocabulary’ that is basically due to the reason that it is most commonly
affected by the cultural exchange and social interaction. The present attempt is also related to
Arabic lexicon and semantic change in Urdu.
2.2. Theoretical perspective
Linguistic borrowing is important to study because of its historical and linguistic
connections between the donor and the receiver languages. The borrowing may result into issues
pertaining to the sound system, dialect, lexicon, syntax and even morphology. The following
aspects are quite significant in this context:
2.2.1. Words appearing the same
The following are some of the borrowed words that appear to be nearly the same, and
learners are often found confused with.
Table-1
Words of Arabic roots Word(s) used in
Urdu
Razzaq Rozaiq Raziq - - Only ‘razzaq’ is
used in Urdu
Sakan sakin Sikkeen Miskeen ‘miskeen’

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Saad saeed Masood - - All these names are
found in Urdu
Hamad hammad Hameed Hamoud Mahmoud Hameed and
Mehmoud
Shahid shahadah shahood Shaheed shohda Almost all the words
are found in Urdu
Sahib sahabah Ashaab - - Sahib is mostly used
in Urdu
- - - Makaan makeen Makaan
- - Zayer Zuaar - None is used in Urdu
The borrowing from the Arabic to Urdu basically depends on the urgent need and
importance. In addition, the words that are typically and classically Arabic were not borrowed
due to the possible issue of difficulties in the use. In addition, borrowings to Urdu are not
limited to the Arabic language, rather a lot of words were borrowed from the classical Persian
language. And, if the needs were not fulfilled, Urdu borrowed certain words from the Turkish
language. The above table may explain the case. The Arabic words (singular) were easier so
they were borrowed to Urdu, and in other cases, the easier choice of plural formation were
borrowed and used more in other forms than the Arabic language. If we take the exam[le of
singular ‘sahib’(friend/master), it was borrowed and used, but used as a substitute for a
respectable person and not as a friend. On the other hand, in the case of its plural ‘ashab’, Urdu
did not borrow from the Arabic (for general use).
2.2.2. Words from ‘one’ family

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It is interesting to note that in some cases, almost all the words have been taken from one
family. However, we can notice minor changes in the contextual uses of these borrowed words.
Table-2
Arabic words
written in
English
In Urdu In Arabic meaning Used in Urdu
katîb ‫كاتب‬ ‫كاتب‬
(a machine)
Writer Person who writes
Kitâb ‫كتاب‬ ‫كتاب‬ Book Same use
Kutub ‫كتب‬ ‫كتب‬
Pl.of book
Books Used in the same way
Kutayyib ‫كتيب‬ Booklet Not used in Urdu
Maktûb ‫مكتوب‬ Letter Written matter
Maktab ‫مكتب‬ ‫مكتب‬ office,
table
School
Miktâb Typewriter
Maktaba ‫مکتبہ‬ Library,
stationery
Used in the same
context
2.2.3. Individual borrowing
Another category of words that needs attention of the researchers and the learners
follow. Matbakh (noun) is used in classical Urdu in the same meaning but rest two are only used
in Arabic context: Matbakh(n), uTabbakh(v), Tabbaakh(n).
Table-3
Adjectives (Arabic) used in Urdu

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Praiseworthy
Arabic words Written in
Arabic
Used in
Urdu
Hameeda ‫حًيذج‬ ‫حًيذج‬
Madihah ‫يذيحح‬ ‫يذيحح‬
Mahmood ‫يحًىد‬ ‫يحًىد‬
Muhammad ‫دمحم‬ ‫دمحم‬
Hamoud ‫حًىد‬ Not used
Hammad ‫حًاد‬ Not used
2.2.4. Family borrowing
This category belongs to those borrowed words that belong to one family or the root.
But, there is no change in meaning in Urdu.
Table-4
Words Written in
Arabic
Written in
Urdu
Meaning in both the
languages
Madarsa ‫مدرسه‬ ‫مدرسه‬ school
Mudarris ‫المدرس‬ ‫يذرص‬ Teacher
Mudarreseen ‫مدرسين‬ ‫مدرسين‬ Plural of teacher in
Urdu (two teachers in
Arabic)
Dars ‫درس‬ ‫درس‬ Teaching
Tadrees ‫تدريس‬ ‫تدريس‬ Teaching activity
Madaris ‫مدارس‬ ‫مدارس‬ Plural of school

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There are many other evidences that can be cited in relation to the linguistic features of
both the languages: Arabic and Urdu. The following is an example
2.2.5. The case of phonological variation: the sound of /t/ and /h/
Table-5
Words
written in
Arabic
Words
written in
English
Meaning
in
English
Words
written in
Urdu
Words written
in English
Meaning in English
‫رخصح‬ rukhsah License,
paper
‫رخصت‬ Rukhsat leave/permission/
dismissal
‫سحًح‬ zaHmah Crowd ‫زحمت‬ ZaHmat uneasiness of
mind/trouble/pain
‫شزارج‬ sharaarah spark/gle
am/flash
‫شرارت‬ Sharaarah Mischief
‫صحثح‬ suHbah Specific
union
‫صحبت‬ SuHbat Company
‫خيزيح‬ Khairiyah Charity ‫خيريت‬ Khairiyat Welfare
Though there is limitation of literature related to the present research due to the fact that
perhaps no study is available online to the best of the researcher’s knowledge, yet the following
review may create a connection and basis of the present study.
3. The Research Context
The studies of linguistic borrowings, especially i n t h e a r e a o f lexicon,
have a l w a ys c a u g h t a t t e n t i o n o f contemporary researchers, pedagogues and
linguists. However, to the best of my knowledge through related literature, no such
attempt has been made in the specific area of Arabic loan words in Urdu in which
the borrowed words are used in different contexts. As mentioned, ‘Linguistic borrowing’
is a natural linguistic phenomenon. Loanwords are prominent group of borrowings from the

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donor language. In this context , certain research and publications attempted to analyzes their
integration into the receptor language (e.g. Volland 1986, Meisenburg 1993, Hall & Hamann
2003, Heinemann 2003, Peperkamp & Dupoux 2003, LaCharité & Paradis 2005).
There is no denying the fact that certain features of borrowing or even loaning are not
understood by many research, they tried to depend on hunches, though. This leads to the idea of
heterogeneity as the researchers may hypothesise different options of studying the borrowing
perspectives. With respect to the phonological lexical/morphological level, there is an
agreement that they fall under the head of loanword integration ( Kiesler 1993, Blank 1995).
Empirical researches in the past were mainly focused mainly to phonological integration ( Hall
& Hamann 2003). In the current research perspective, it is much debated whether such
processes of loanword adaptation are phonetic/perceptual (Peperkamp & Dupoux 2003) or
phonological/grammatical (LaCharité & Paradis 2005). It has also been felt by many researchers
that the difference of opinion may be because of the difference in methodological approach
that have been used in the two types of approaches (Rose & Demuth 2006: 1136-1137).
The history of research in the area of borrowing can be traced since the study attempted
by Haugen (1950) and Ullmann (1957). In the recent past, Blank (1999) tried to contribute to
the existing body of knowledge. Apart from many longitudinal and in-depth studies, some of
those researches can also be mentioned which were not directly related to the linguistic
borrowing, but definitely connected to, such as a change in meaning by metaphor (Lakoff and
Johnson 1980), and by prototype shifts (Dik, 1977).
In relation to the semantic change, researches in the past suggest that meaning change in
reanalysis is driven by a process: pragmatic inference and subsequent semanticization of the
originally inferred information (Hopper and Traugott 1993, Levinson 2000). Semantic analysis
is suspected to be the driving factor in the process rather than just one aspect involved (Auwera
2002: 23).
4. The Study
The study is of descriptive type, initially based on the lexical analysis in a given
sociolinguistic perspective.

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4.1. Statement of the Problem
Urdu in India has been historically important for many reasons. In the past, it was
mostly used in the courts of India. Presently, apart from its conventional use and
literary importance, its use is commonly realized in the Bollywood movies as most of
the dialogues are written and lyrics are composed in a melodious language- none
other than Urdu. In India alone there are hundred thousand families that use Urdu for
day to day conversations. In the departments of Urdu, in most universities in India,
Urdu linguistics includes the issues of borrowings in general, and Arabic connection
in particular. If not culturally alone, Arabic-Urdu connection is the outcome of
religious bond as well. In addition, a lot of workers/employees move to the Arab
countries from India and Pakistan who are mostly Urdu speakers. Thus, it is
imperative to explore relevant research issues related to the Arabic borrowings to
Urdu and its utilization in the receiver language in a different linguistic context. Such
an attempt is expected to facilitate the bilingual teachers, learners and users in
Arabic-Urdu environment.
4.2.Research Questions
-Do Arabic words borrowed in Urdu mean the same in Urdu?
-Are there any significant reasons attached to such linguistic phenomenon?
-Can teaching of Urdu be facilitated by the knowledge of Arabic root words?
4.3. Scope of the study
The scope of the present paper is focused on lexical aspect in particular, however
pedagogic connections have been drawn in order to evolve a better learning-teaching strategies
based on comparative analysis. The borrowing from Arabic to Urdu is not the main thrust of the
papers, however, the emphasis is on those borrowed words that is lexically used in a different
context. The reasons are unknown, but a prediction can be made on certain socio-cultural and
linguistic bases.
4.4. Methodology and Data Collection

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This is a descriptive analytical study and the data has been collected duri ng
t he researcher’s experi ence of t eachi ng i n t he ki ngdom of S audi
Arabi a. The researcher consulted many bilingual dictionaries(both online and offline). He
also shared thoughts and experiences with his colleagues and bilingual experts. The related
literature also contributed a lot to the formulation of hypothesis.
Words based on the experience of the writers of this paper who are native
speakers of Urdu from the north of India and Arabic from Yemen respectively. The
data relate to Standard Urdu and Standard Arabic languages. The dictionaries and
discourse were studied and examined in the light of linguistic facts.
4.5.Limitation
The study is limited to those words that were borrowed from the donor
language(Arabic)and used in Urdu with a semantic change.
4.6.Analysis
A long list of Arabic loan words were collected, listed and studied to arrive at the
relevant findings. These loan words were categorized according to the characteristics.
The basic difference in sound and writing may lie in the ending /t/ and /h/ as in ‘jannat’ (‫جُد‬ )
and ‘jannah’( ‫انجُح‬ ) in Urdu and Arabic respectively.
4.6.1. Some borrowed words used in different connotations
The following list belongs to those Arabic words which are commonly used in Urdu
with an entirely different meaning. However, there might be some socio-linguistic reasons
attached to the case. (A complete list can be seen in Appendix: A)
Words related to transportation/transfer
Table-6
S.
N.
Words
written in
Urdu/
Words Meanings
in Urdu
Meanings
in Arabic
Analysis of possible semantic
change

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Arabic
3 ‫َقم‬ Naql copy,
cheat,
change
transfer
move
‘Naql’ is to change and move from
ne from one place to other,
therefore people started using for a
change of place (transfer)also
17 ِ‫سيار‬ Ziyarah Holy visit Visit A concept of visit is common.
18 ‫جىاس‬ Jawaz Justificati
on
passport The justification of one’s identity
is mainly one’s passport.
20 ‫انتقال‬ Intiqaal transfer death Both the contexts have ‘move’ in
common.
13 ‫يُشل‬ Manzil Destinatio
n, floor
Home,
residence
One’s residence is always the
ultimate destination.
The case of borrowings took place in almost all the dimensions of life. It may
accordingly be grouped as under:
Table-7
Related to learning/institution
S.
N.
Words
written in
Urdu/
Arabic
Words Meanings in
Urdu
Meanings
in Arabic
change
3 ‫َقم‬ Naql copy, cheat,
change
transfer
move
‘Naql’ is to change and move
from one place to other, therefore
people started using for a change
of place (transfer)also
4 ‫نغد‬ Lughat Language dictionary Dictionary is extremely important

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for a language. People use to
learn a language mainly via
dictionary, thus the usage came
into existence.
9 ‫ذقزيز‬ Taqreer Lecture,
Speech
Report There seems to be relation: a
report may be presented in the
form of a lecture.
11 ‫عهىو‬ Uloom Pl. of ilm
(knowledge)
sciences Knowledge of science was focus
in the olden days
14 ‫يکرة‬ Maktab Elementary
religious
school
Desk,
office
Schools have offices and desks.
16 ‫َجاح‬ Nijah Redemption Success Nijah is the final success
6 ‫حاضز‬ Hadhir Ready Present The one hadir is understood as
ready
It has always been interesting to note that the words borrowing pertaining to the of status
(economic and social)noticed great shifts in meaning, however, a literary connections can be
traced.
Table-8
Words related to status/condition
S.
N.
Words
written in
Urdu/
Arabic
Words Meanings
in Urdu
Meanings
in Arabic
change
5 ‫فقيز‬ Faqeer Sufi/poor Poor Sufis used to poor(without money)
so the word faqeer was understood

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as faqeer (sufis)
7 ‫غزية‬ ghareeb Economic
ally poor
strange
10 ‫اييز‬ Ameer rich Prince A ‘prince’ is always rich.
Apart from the words discussed under various groups, a long list of various words of multiple
types can be developed to mention the case of borrowing and semantic change in a perspective.
The following belongs to the same kind.
Miscellaneous words
Table-9
S.
N.
Words
written in
Urdu/
Arabic
Words Meanings
in Urdu
Meanings
in Arabic
change
1 ‫ذعزيف‬ Taareef Praise definition In a definition, usually one praises.
Therefore, the Arabic root word
was borrowed with a little change
in meaning.
2 ‫يحم‬ Mahal Gorgeous
building, a
palace
Shop A shop is gorgeous (shining)-an
attractive place, and a palace is
also grand and gorgeous.
7 ‫عجية‬ Ajeeb strange wonderful Most wonderful things are strange
to most of us, therefore, it became
the usage in a context in Urdu
language.
8 ‫سحًد‬ Zahmat A crowded place is a matter of

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trouble so these were
synonymously used in two
language, however, there exists a
difference.
12 ِ‫َظار‬ Nazzarah sight Glasses Glasses may help to have good
sighting.
15 ‫شزاب‬ Sharab Alcohol Drink Sharab is also a think to drink.
19 ‫دو‬ Dam Soul Blood Since blood is solely important for
human life, it could have been
understood as ‘soul’ in Urdu.
5. Findings and conclusions
Based on the analysis, literature review and personal experience, it has been found that
there are many aspects of linguistic borrowings are available in the case of Arabic and Urdu.
The thrust of the paper reveals the fact that there are a lot of borrowed or loan words that are
actively used in Urdu, however, in a different semantic context. To conclude it can be stated that
though borrowed words are used in Urdu, it is difficult to explore the reasons of the semantic
differences between Arabic and Urdu lexical items.
Moreover, the advantage of knowing the meanings of the root words of Arabic will
facilitate the teacher to enhance the learners by teaching sound, meaning, grammar and
contextual use. The practice is not unique in the present context, but these connections are
always drawn while teaching English by studying root words from French, Latin and Greek in
particular. The findings will be of special use with reference to socio-cultural aspects, religion,
and Diaspora elements.
Scope for further research
This research explored a comprehensive list of Arabic loan words in Urdu. The reasons
attributed to the semantic change in Urdu is not well known for many reasons. Other researchers

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may take up further researches in this direction especially in the area of methods of teaching
Urdu with the help of mother language-Arabic.
References
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romanischen Sprachen im Vergleich. Akten der gleichnamigen Sektion des Potsdamer
Romanistentags, 38-69. Bonn: Romanistischer Verlag.
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Gruyter.
Dik, S. (1980). Studies in functional grammar. Foris, Dordrecht/ Cinnaminson: N J. Greenberg,
Joseph H., Charles A. Ferguson, Edith Moravcsik, eds. (1978).
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Sprachwissenschaft 22, 56-85.
Haugen, E. (1950). The Analysis of Linguistic Borrowing. Language 26, 210-231.
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Appendix-A
(List of Most Common Arabic Borrowings in Urdu)
Word
written in
Urdu/Arabic
Word Meaning in Urdu Meaning in Arabic
‫أكثز‬ Aksar Frequently comparative degree of
katheer (more/many)
ِ‫إجاس‬ Ijaazat permission/leave/
sanction
long vacation
‫اوقاخ‬ Auqaat Power Plural of time (waqt)
‫اعرًاد‬ Aetemad Trust Dependence

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‫انًصهى‬ Musallah Piece of cloth spread for
praying
Place of offering prayers
‫ذکهيف‬ Takleef Trouble Responsibility
‫َظخہ‬ Nuskha Prescription Copy
‫رعايح‬ Riyayah Public care
‫حزيح‬ Hurmat Dignity Woman
‫خظ‬ Khat Letter, writing Line
‫شهادج‬ Shahadah shahadat Witness
‫غضة‬ Ghadab Disaster Anger
‫انحذيث‬ Hadith Prophets traditions Both traditions and new
‫عانى‬ Alim scholar Scientist
‫رئيض‬ Raees Rich Head
‫يحکًہ‬ Muhkamah Dept/place of work Court
‫حکيى‬ Hakeem A practitioner of
alternative medicine
Wise
‫طپ‬ Tib Medicine (dawa) Medicine (ilaaj)
‫يذيز‬ Mudeer Editor Head
‫اخثار‬ Akhbaar Newspaper Pl of news
‫َہز‬ Neher Lake/canal River
‫تزقع‬ Burqa Veil/body cover Face cover
ٌ‫عُىا‬ Unwan Title Address
‫شعىر‬ Shaoor Sensibility Feeling
‫اذفاق‬ Ittifaq By chance Agreement
‫جهىص‬ Juloos Political gathering Gathering
‫دونہ‬ Daulat Riches Country
ِ‫ادار‬ Idara Institution Administration
ٌ‫نظا‬ Lisaan Tongue Linguistic
ِ‫حهى‬ Halwa A kind of sweet Something sweet

October 2014 ISSN (E): 2307-7034
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‫حظاب‬ Hisaab Calculation/Maths Calculation
‫عالقہ‬ Elaqah Region relation
‫کالو‬ Kalaam holy words/poetic
composition
kalmah/word
ِ‫َظار‬ Nazzarah Scenery -
ِ‫َظار‬ Nazarah - Glasses
‫جهذ‬ Jild Skin Leather
‫فارغ‬ Faarigh Free, unoccupied Vacant
‫يزذثہ‬ Martaba Level Mattress
‫خشاَہ‬ Khazana Store Wardrobe
‫روضہ‬ Raudhah Noble place Nursery
‫واجة‬ Wajib Important Homework
‫دفرز‬ Daftar Office Notebook
‫طىائف‬ Tuwaiif Bad woman Sect
ٍ‫دي‬ Deen Mazhab Religion
ِ‫عقيذ‬ Aqeedah Belief, faith Creed
‫طثيہ‬ Tabiyah Health Nature
ّ‫َظث‬ Nisbah Relation Percentage
‫طهظهہ‬ Silsilah Sequence Chain
ِ‫طيز‬ Seerah Personality Bio details
‫وظيفہ‬ Wazeefa Stipend Job
ِ‫عالو‬ Ilawah Other than Increment
‫وکيم‬ Wakeel Lawyer Agent
‫رياضی‬ Reyadhi Maths Athlete
‫يجهض‬ Majlis Religious gathering Gathering
‫قزب‬ Qurb Relation Beside
‫غانثا‬ Ghaliban Perhaps Often
‫تحث‬ BaHs dispute/argument/debate/co Research

October 2014 ISSN (E): 2307-7034
www.hopejor.com
ntroversy
‫تخار‬ Bukhaar temperature/fever Evaporation
‫ثاتد‬ Saabit Proved, established Fixed
‫يذاق‬ Mazaaq Joke, fun Taste (of food)
‫سوق‬ Zauq Interest, taste Taste
‫صذر‬ Sadr Head, chief Chest
‫صىرج‬ Surat Shape, face Photocopy
‫طانة‬ Taalib Seeker, candidate Student
ٌ‫يكا‬ Makaan House, building Place
‫اجُثی‬ Ajnabi Unknown Foreigner
‫ذعثيز‬ Taabeer Symbol Expression
‫قزية‬ Qareeb Near Relative
‫يقثزج‬ Maqbarah Tomb Grave, graveyard
‫يقذيح‬ Muqaddimah Case, suit Introduction
‫يكرثح‬ Maktaba Stationary Library
‫أخبار‬ Akhbar Newspaper Pl. of khabar (news)
‫إختيار‬ Ekhteyaar Right Choose

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