Hooke’s law
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Hooke's law states that the deformation of an elastic object is proportional to the applied force. For relatively small deformations, the amount of displacement is directly proportional to the deforming force. The concept is that the amount of force applied to a spring or elastic object is proportional to the amount of deformation. The greater the force applied, the more the object deforms through stretching or compression. Hooke's law is represented by the formula F=kx, where F is the applied force, k is the force constant, and x is the deformation.
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Hooke's law
This document discusses Hooke's law of elasticity and provides examples of its application. [1] Hooke's law states that the extension of a spring is proportional to the applied load as long as the elastic limit is not exceeded. [2] Materials that obey this law are known as linear-elastic or "Hookean" materials. [3] The document then provides the formula for Hooke's law, F=kx, and gives two examples of using it to calculate spring force and spring constant.
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Hooke's Law describes the relationship between the force applied to an unstretched spring and the amount it is stretched. An experiment is conducted to determine how the extension of a spring varies with the stretching force. Weights are added to a spring in stages and the extension is measured. The results show that the extension is directly proportional to the applied force, as predicted by Hooke's Law, but only up to a certain point known as the elastic limit. Beyond this point, the spring undergoes plastic deformation and does not return to its original length when the force is removed.
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IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM2.pptx
The document discusses impulse and momentum. It explains that changing an object's motion requires a net force acting over time, known as impulse. Impulse is equal to the change in an object's momentum. The document uses examples like throwing an egg to explain how increasing impact time through cushioning decreases impact force by spreading out the impulse over a longer period. It also provides Newton's second law relating force, mass and acceleration, and gives sample momentum and impulse problems.
Dynamics ib physics
This document provides an overview of force and dynamics concepts. It defines dynamics as the branch of mechanics dealing with the causes of motion. Key topics covered include forces and their effects, free body diagrams, Newton's laws of motion, momentum and its conservation, impulse, different types of forces including gravity, drag, friction, tension, and spring forces. It also discusses work, power, energy, and their transformations. Force is defined as what can change an object's state of motion. Dynamics principles are applied to examples like a man on a sloping table and collisions.
what is Poisons Ratio
This document discusses key concepts in material mechanics including Poisson's ratio, modulus of elasticity, and different types of strain. It defines Poisson's ratio as the ratio of transverse to axial strain when a material is stretched or compressed. It describes modulus of elasticity/Young's modulus as relating stress to strain in the linear elastic region. It also defines and gives examples of tensile, compressive, volumetric, shear, linear, and lateral strains.
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SC10-Q2-W9-L6-Properties of Solids and Fluids_Updated.pptx
SC10-Q2-W9-L6-Properties of Solids and Fluids_Updated.pptx
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Understanding typhoons
The document discusses typhoons, hurricanes, and cyclones. It explains that they are the same weather phenomenon, but are called different names depending on their geographic location. Typhoons occur in the northwest Pacific, hurricanes in the northeast Pacific and northern Atlantic, and cyclones in other areas. The document also provides details about the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration's (PAGASA) storm warning signal system, including meteorological conditions and recommended actions for each warning level from 1 to 4.
Comets, asteroids & meteors
Comets and asteroids are remnants from the formation of the solar system. Comets originate from the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud and are icy bodies, while asteroids originate from the Main Asteroid Belt and are rocky fragments. Both have irregular shapes and sizes ranging from 1-100 km. Comets have highly elliptical orbits with periods of 75 years to millions of years, while asteroids have more rounded orbits with periods of 1-100 years. When a meteoroid from space enters the atmosphere, it becomes a meteor or "shooting star"; any fragments that reach the ground are called meteorites.
Solutions
This document discusses solutions and their properties. It defines solutions as homogeneous mixtures of particles made up of a solute dissolved in a solvent. It describes the different types of solutions and factors that affect solubility, such as temperature, molecular size, and polarity. It also discusses concentration in terms of molarity, mass percentage, and volume percentage. Finally, it covers colligative properties of solutions like boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.
Leadership (Directing)
This document defines leadership and discusses various leadership styles and theories. It begins by providing several definitions of leadership focusing on influencing groups towards common goals. It then describes informal versus formal leadership and different leadership roles and tasks. The document discusses factors that influence leadership effectiveness including the leader's personality, subordinates, tasks, and organizational culture. It outlines several leadership behaviors and styles including supportive, participative, instrumental, and achievement-oriented. Finally, it lists some major principles of leading such as harmonizing objectives and effective communication.
Sampling designs
This document discusses different sampling methods that can be used in research. It defines sampling as selecting a subset of individuals from within a population to gather data and make inferences about the entire population. The key methods discussed are scientific sampling methods, like random sampling and stratified sampling, which aim to select representative samples, and non-scientific sampling methods, like purposive and quota sampling, which do not give all individuals an equal chance of being selected. Formulas are provided for determining sample size needed based on the overall population size.
Modern idealism, hegel
George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was a 19th century German philosopher who developed the philosophy of idealism. He believed that reality is rational and spiritual, unfolding through a dialectical process. Hegel published works on phenomenology, logic, and political philosophy. He taught at several universities and believed education should expose individuals to the stages of cultural evolution through history using dialectical reasoning of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.
Contemporary realism
The document discusses several philosophers' views on education and the mind-body problem. It summarizes Alfred North Whitehead's view that education should stimulate self-development rather than just imparting knowledge. It also discusses Bertrand Russell's view on the importance of tolerance in education. For Hilary Putnam, mental states are defined by their causal role rather than being identical to brain states, an view called functionalism. John Searle advocates for the view that reality exists independently of human representations and argues against strong AI in his Chinese Room Argument.
Aristotelian realism
Aristotelian realism is based on Aristotle's philosophy which asserts that reality exists independently of observers. Aristotle believed that through observation and experience, people can gain true knowledge about the world. He identified four causes to explain change: the material, formal, efficient, and final causes. Aristotle's conception of realism was that universals exist outside of the mind and people can understand aspects of the objective world through perception using their five senses.
Science of educational psychology
Educational psychology involves the study of how people learn throughout their lifespan, including topics like learning outcomes, instructional processes, individual differences, gifted learners, and learning disabilities. Some goals of educational psychology are to take a scientific approach to studying teaching and learning, ensure social and ethical equity in education, and understand the diverse needs of all students. Research methods in educational psychology include interviews, questionnaires, correlational research, and experiments. Effective teaching requires subject knowledge, teaching skills, commitment, and ongoing professional growth.
Levels of communication
This document outlines five levels of communication: verbal, physical, auditory, emotional, and energetic. It then discusses each level in more detail. The verbal level refers to word choice and clarity. The physical level involves body language and gestures. The auditory level is about voice tone and speed. The emotional level is about expressing and regulating emotions. The energetic level encompasses subtle energies. The document emphasizes becoming aware of each level to communicate more effectively.
Nature of motivation
Motivation is defined as a driving force that arouses and directs behavior toward a desired goal. It has three main functions: energizing, directing, and selecting behaviors. Motivation can be intrinsic, driven by interest or enjoyment, or extrinsic, driven by external rewards or goals. Motivation is important for success in learning as it helps improve student achievement but strategies must consider the classroom environment and be tailored to individual students.
Bruner’s cognitive theory
Cognitive development involves acquiring ways to represent recurring concepts through enactive, iconic, and symbolic representation. Children learn best when education focuses on creating autonomous learners by introducing complex ideas simply at first and increasing in difficulty, allowing students to construct knowledge for themselves through discovery, rather than rote learning. Effective teachers facilitate this process by providing information for students to find relationships, without organizing the knowledge for them.
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Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
Ahota Beel, nestled in Sootea Biswanath Assam , is celebrated for its extraordinary diversity of bird species. This wetland sanctuary supports a myriad of avian residents and migrants alike. Visitors can admire the elegant flights of migratory species such as the Northern Pintail and Eurasian Wigeon, alongside resident birds including the Asian Openbill and Pheasant-tailed Jacana. With its tranquil scenery and varied habitats, Ahota Beel offers a perfect haven for birdwatchers to appreciate and study the vibrant birdlife that thrives in this natural refuge.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
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Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
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Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
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PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Compositions of iron-meteorite parent bodies constrainthe structure of the pr...
Magmatic iron-meteorite parent bodies are the earliest planetesimals in the Solar System,and they preserve information about conditions and planet-forming processes in thesolar nebula. In this study, we include comprehensive elemental compositions andfractional-crystallization modeling for iron meteorites from the cores of five differenti-ated asteroids from the inner Solar System. Together with previous results of metalliccores from the outer Solar System, we conclude that asteroidal cores from the outerSolar System have smaller sizes, elevated siderophile-element abundances, and simplercrystallization processes than those from the inner Solar System. These differences arerelated to the formation locations of the parent asteroids because the solar protoplane-tary disk varied in redox conditions, elemental distributions, and dynamics at differentheliocentric distances. Using highly siderophile-element data from iron meteorites, wereconstruct the distribution of calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) across theprotoplanetary disk within the first million years of Solar-System history. CAIs, the firstsolids to condense in the Solar System, formed close to the Sun. They were, however,concentrated within the outer disk and depleted within the inner disk. Future modelsof the structure and evolution of the protoplanetary disk should account for this dis-tribution pattern of CAIs.
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
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Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
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BIRDS DIVERSITY OF SOOTEA BISWANATH ASSAM.ppt.pptx
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11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...
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Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
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TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptx
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Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
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Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry 2003.pdf
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Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
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Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Hooke’s law
- 1. HOOKE’S LAW
- 2. Hooke’s Law • for relatively small deformations of an object, the displacement or size of the deformation is directly proportional to the deforming force or load
- 3. Hooke’s Law • Elastic behaviour of solids according to Hooke’s law can be explained by the fact that small displacements of their constituent molecules, atoms, or ions from normal positions is also proportional to the force that causes the displacement
- 4. Hooke’s Law • The concept of Hooke’s Law is that the amount of force applied to a spring or elastic object is proportional to the amount of deformation (length of stretch or compression). The greater the force applied to an elastic object, the more deformation (stretch or compression) there is. With less force applied, there will be less deformation in the spring.
- 5. the force on unit areas within a material that develops as a result of the externally applied force. Stress Strain the relative deformation produced by stress. For relatively small
- 6. Formula F=kx Where: F = force applied k = force constant x = amount of deformation To determine whether there is a stretch or compression in the spring, we use a method of signs. If the spring is compressed, both “x” and “F” are negative(-) and when stretched both are positive(+).
- 7. Sample problems 1. What is the force required to stretch a spring whose constant value is 100 N/m by an amount of 0.50 m?
- 8. Solution: 1. What is the force required to stretch a spring whose constant value is 100 N/m by an amount of 0.50 m? Given: F=? k=100 N/m x= 0.50 m F=kx F=(100N/m)(0.50m) F=50 N
- 9. Sample problems 2. A force of 100 N is stretching a spring by 0.2 m. Calculate the force constant.
- 10. Solution: 2. A force of 100 N is stretching a spring by 0.2 m. Calculate the force constant. Given: Force F = 100 N, Extension x = 0.2 m, Force constant k = ? k = F/x k = (100N)/(0.2m) k = 500 N/m.
- 11. END!