World War I began in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist. This caused a series of military alliances to take sides in the war, dividing Europe into the Allied and Central Powers. Trench warfare dominated the Western Front as both sides engaged in brutal battles along miles of fortified trenches. Conditions in the trenches were terrible, with soldiers facing constant dangers from artillery fire, machine guns, poison gas, disease, vermin, and more. Over time, new weapons like tanks and airplanes were introduced, but the war remained deadlocked for years until the Allied powers prevailed in 1918.

1. World War I
(1914-1918)

2. The M.A.I.N. Causes of the First World War

3. Militarism
The process by which a nation builds up its military might for the purpose of
intimidating and deterring other countries.
•Glorification of military strength.
•Race to build bigger army and navy.
•Image of war as glorious.
•Need to be ready for war at all times.
European Military Size on the Eve of WWI
Russia 1,250,000
Austria-Hungary 750,000
Germany 8,250,000
France 1,500,000
Britain 750,000
Italy 750,000
Question: Why would you want your military bigger than other countries?

4. Alliances
Agreements between nations to help each other in the event of war.
One For All and All for One
Question: Would you make a promise to help someone no matter the situation?

5. Origins of World War One (Entangling Alliances)
The diagram in the box at the left shows
four nations that have alliances.
Suppose (B) is attacked. Which nation
will help her? _____
Which of the nations will help (D) if she is
attacked? _____
The diagram and sentences show how alliances work in war.
Follow the action and fill in the letters of the “nations”
where it is necessary.
1. Nation (A) attacks _____
2. (D) must help _____, so she attacks ____
3. Now (B) must help _____, so she attacks _____.
1 2

6. Imperialism
Over the past 300 years several European countries were trying to build up an
empire. However, the right to self-determination, the idea those ethnic groups
(groups with different racial/cultural backgrounds) within an existing country
or colony should want to break away and establish their own country and
government.
Question: What reasons are there to
explain why one country would want
to take over another country?

7. Nationalism
Question: If you have pride for your country, what would you be willing to sacrifice to help
your country?
Strong loyalty and devotion to one's country and culture. These bonds tie people
together.

8. Balance of Power (Austria-Hungary)
Wanted to stop the nationalist movements within its multi-national empire.
Each nationalist movement within the Austria-Hungary wanted political
freedom and self-rule. The Austrians feared Russia’s interference in the
Balkans.
Count Berchtold
Austrian Prime Minister
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Heir to the Austrian-Hungarian ThroneEmperor Franz Joseph

9. Austria-Hungary Map (Ethnic Groups)
The Austrian Empire ruled over several
Slavic nationalities as well as the
Hungarians and Romanians. Three
major religions, Roman Catholic,
Christian Orthodox, and Muslim also
divided the people of the Balkans.
It was a powder keg waiting to explode…

10. Balance of Power (Germany)
Germany was ruled by Kaiser Wilhelm II who wanted Germany to be the
dominant military power in Europe.
He immediately began an aggressive foreign policy and program to build up
Germany’s army and navy.
Most European governments distrusted Kaiser Wilhelm II and viewed as a
bully.
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Kaiser Wilhelm II was born with his left arm crippled. Whenever he was photographed he
always covered up his deformed left hand with his right or when in public, his left arm was
always resting on his sword to cover-up his deformity from the public. He perceived that the
public would view it as a sign of weakness, especially someone of royal blood.

11. Balance of Power (France)
Wanted to regain lost territory (Alsace and Lorraine) it had lost to Germany
(Prussia) at the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. The area is
rich in minerals, iron ore, and other resources.
French President Fallieres was an outspoken
opponent of the death penalty and gave pardon
to many prisoners sentenced to death.

12. Balance of Power (England)
Great Britain (England) feared Germany’s increasing power and began an
arms race with Germany.
Promised European countries to come to their aid if war erupted in Europe
against Germany.
Causes of World War I [Horrible Histories]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DpuOa6u6HX0&list=PL4TkpBgcLLMrx2_zADw0KkPaVE2s2KLk3&index=1
King George V of England looked uncannily
like his cousin, Czar Nicholas II of Russia.

13. Balance of Power (Russia)
Nicholas II will be the last
Russian Czar as the
Romanov Dynasty which
ruled Russia for 300 years
will come to an end. In 1917,
the Russian Revolution
erupted and the Communists
murdered the Czar and his
entire family.
Russia wanted to expand its borders and gain influence in Balkans by showing
support to the Slavic people. Russia also wanted to control the Black Sea and
The Straits of Constantinople in order to secure a warm-water port that
would be open all year since many of its ports in north were frozen for several
months. This could only be achieved through war with Austria-Hungary and
the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire.

14. Triple Entente (Allies)
Military alliance between Britain, France and Russia. All had economic and
territorial ambitions and they all disliked Germany, so they formed an alliance for
protection.
Tsar Nicholas II (Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias) and
his cousin King George V (King Emperor) in a photo taken in
1913 prior to the start of the First World War.
Tsar Nicholas II King George V
World War I Cousins [Horrible Histories]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCEUZ4rFiac

15. Central Powers
Military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman
Empire formed for protection from the Triple Entente.

16. Weakness of Central Powers

17. Germany’s Schlieffen Plan
The Schlieffen Plan, had been carefully crafted to deal with a two-front war
scenario, such as in the case it found itself at war against France and Russia
at the same time. Germany calculated that France was the lesser threat and
planned to conquer France and knock her out of the war within five weeks
before Russia could effectively mobilize for war on the 'Eastern Front,'
(which the Germans estimated would take six weeks). Then use its entire
resources to fight Russia.
Germany’s Schlieffen Plan had
a number of flaws, among them
called for a sweep through
neutral Belgium in order to
attack France because the
French-German border was
too heavily fortified. This
assumption did not take into
consideration that it would
draw England into the war.
Former German Army
Chief of Staff Alfred von
Schlieffen

18. Black Hand
Serbian nationalist [terrorist] group who believed that Bosnia belonged to
Serbia rather than Austria-Hungary.
Sarajevo was in Bosnia, the province that, to Serbia's anger,
had been annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908.
Black Hand Seal
Ritual cross of the Black
Hand
Austria-Hungary in 1914

19. Assassination of the Archduke
The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to the Austro-Hungarian
throne) and his wife Sophia happened on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo, Bosnia. killed
by a Serbian student, Gavrilo Princip. The Black Hand organization which sought
Serbian independence from Austria-Hungary claimed responsibility.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was heir to the throne of
Austria-Hungary. He was inspecting the army in
Sarajevo with his wife Sophie. The royal couple
arrived by train at 9.28am.
Seven young Bosnian Serbs planned to assassinate
Franz Ferdinand as he drove along the main road in
Sarajevo.
Princip pulled out a gun and shot at Franz Ferdinand,
hitting him in the jugular vein. There was a tussle, during
which Princip shot and killed Sophie. By 11.30am, Franz
Ferdinand had bled to death.

20. The Archduke’s blood-
soaked tunic.
Assassination of the Archduke
Car the Archduke was riding in when
he was assassinated.
“There is no need to carry me to another prison. My life is already
ebbing away. I suggest that you nail me to a cross and burn me
alive. My flaming body will be a torch to light my people on their
path to freedom.”
Gavrilo Princip
Because of his age (19 yrs, 11 months),
Princip could not be executed for this
crime. The law required an individual
to be at least 20 years old. Princip died
in prison during the war of
tuberculosis.
Pistol used by Princip

21. Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was assassinated in Sarajevo on June
28, 1914. His assassination started WWI.
Despite being the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne,
Ferdinand was scorned by family because he married
Sophia, a person not of royal blood. She was considered a
commoner. Her casket was several inches lower than the
Archduke’s to symbolize her lower social status.
Today, Princip is considered a
Serbian national hero and there is a
bronze plaque over the sidewalk
marking where he stood when he
fired the fatal shots, which triggered
WWI.

22. “The lights are going out all over Europe; we shall not see them lit
again in our lifetime.
Sir Edward Grey,
British Foreign Secretary on the eve of the war. ”

23. The Lights Go Out in Europe
July 28, 1914
– Austria blamed Serbia for the assassination of Archduke
and attacked Serbia.
July 30, 1914
– Russia began mobilization to support Serbia.
August 1, 1914
– Germany declared war on Russia.
August 3, 1914
– Germany declared war against France.
August 4, 1914
– Germany invaded Belgium in route to attack
France.
– Great Britain (England) declared war on
Germany.
– Austria-Hungary declared war against Russia.
Origins: Rap Battle - WW1 Uncut – BBC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCEUZ4rFiac

24. Start of WWI Flow Chart

25. The Guns of August: The War Begins
On Aug 3, 1914, the First World War began when Germany invaded Belgium
in route to the French capital of Paris. The Battle of the Marne halted the
Germans 40 miles from Paris.

26. Trench Warfare
Trench warfare was most prominent on the Western Front during World
War I. Trench warfare is a form of land warfare in which troops are protected
from the enemy's small arms fire and are sheltered from artillery.
During World War I, both sides constructed elaborate trench, barbed wired,
and dugout systems opposing each other from Belgium, across France, to the
border of Switzerland.
Trenches, First Days in the [Horrible Histories]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyFCmwgCUvU&list=PLeiESi5PTC54T
PfrRywtppkVCuaHnhPAq
Trench, Life in a [World Wars]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_G4ZY66BG38&index=22
&list=PLob1mZcVWOahCu7-pViYP2z8BdyoPCKes

27. Trench Warfare Diagram

28. No Man’s Land
The stretch of land between enemy trenches. The area was very dangerous and
contained miles of barbed wire, hundreds of corpses, and land mines.
No Man's Land was heavily guarded by machine gun and sniper fire and
could be as narrow as 15 yards or as wide as several hundred yards.
Soldiers were forced to cross it while advancing toward the enemy positions.

29. Trench Foot
Trench foot is a medical condition caused by cold, wet and insanitary conditions. Affected
feet become numb and turn red or blue as a result of poor vascular supply. Feet will begin
to swell and may begin to have a decaying odor as the condition worsens.
Advanced trench foot often involves blisters and open sores, which lead to fungal
infections. If left untreated, the skin starts to peel off and tissues begin to die resulting in
gangrene., which would require the need for amputation.
Inspecting Feet for Trench Foot
Early symptoms of
Trench Foot
Preventive treatment
meant keep your feet dry,
changing socks, and using
foot powder.
Severe symptoms of Trench Foot

30. Rats
Rats in their millions infested trenches gorging themselves on decaying human
remains and could grow to the size of a cat. These rats would even scamper
across their faces as they tried to sleep. Many said the rats got braver as the
war went on because they got used to humans and bold enough to steal food
from right under the soldiers' noses.

31. Rats
Exasperated soldiers would attempt to rid the trenches of rats by various
methods; some used their guns even though this was a waste of ammunition,
others used their bayonets, or clubbed them with anything they could find. It
was futile however: a single rat couple could produce up to 900 offspring in a
year, spreading infection and contaminating food. The rat problem remained
for the duration of the war (although many veteran soldiers swore that rats
sensed impending heavy enemy shellfire and disappeared from view).
Splat that Rat Game [Horrible Histories]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7RnzwM5eOc&list=
PL4TkpBgcLLMrx2_zADw0KkPaVE2s2KLk3&index=7
As well as making
excellent company
for soldiers, dogs
on the front line
were also given
various jobs. Many
made excellent rat
catchers.

32. Lice
Men in the trenches suffered from lice. One soldier writing after the war described them
as "pale beige in color, and they left blotchy red bite marks all over the body."
As well as causing frenzied scratching, lice also carried disease. This was known as
pyrexia or trench fever. The first symptoms were shooting pains in the shins and were
followed by a very high fever. Although the disease did not kill, it did stop soldiers from
fighting and accounted for about 15% of all cases of sickness.
German Soldiers Picking Lice from Clothes
Lice were sometimes called ‘chats’;
Soldiers who spent many an hour removing
them from the seams of their clothing
passed the time in discussions with their
mates This led. to the popularizing of
chatting
Various methods were used to remove the
lice. A lighted candle was fairly effective,
but the skill of burning the lice without
burning your clothes was only learnt with
practice. Where possible the army arranged
for the men to have baths in huge vats of
hot water while their clothes were being put
through delousing machines. Unfortunately,
this rarely worked. A fair proportion of the
eggs remained in the clothes and within two
or three hours of the clothes being put on
again a man's body heat had hatched them
out. Lice Wars [Horrible Histories]

33. Hitler and WWI
A jubilant Hitler was among the crowd in Munich,
Germany when war was declared in August 1914.
Adolph Hitler enlisted in the German army (Reichswehr) and was assigned to the 16th Bavarian
(German) Infantry Regiment where he served as a dispatch runner on the Western Front.
Hitler’s was wounded twice and awarded four medals for bravery including the Iron Cross.
Hitler was never promoted beyond
the rank of corporal because his
superior officers thought him
unstable because of his anti-Semitic
ramblings.
Hitler’s several narrow escapes
from death convinced him that God
had put him on earth for some
divine mission. Hitler was
temporarily blinded on November
10, 1918 and was in a field hospital
recovering when he received word
of Germany’ surrender.
Hitler's Life, British Soldier Spared [World Wars]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wu0Z1eshtRU

34. Weapons of World War I

35. The Machine Gun
Machine guns made it possible for a few gunners to mow down waves of
soldiers. The machine gun was the most feared weapon during WWI.
The Machine Gun was capable of wounding and killing
massive numbers of men, they became a weapon to be feared.
Often machine gunners would fire up to the last second then
try to surrender. This made the gunners hated men by enemy
soldiers and they were usually killed on the spot in retaliation
instead being taken prisoner.
All Quiet on the Western Front- War Scene
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXtsiqrhqsU
World War 1 Wee Wee
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9292ohg14RQ&list=P
LFCp1PLqgPzDDqu3Xxbq76mNr15C8NVGg
Samuel Dies [Legends of the Fall]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ha4SHiHf8Vw
Tristans Revenge for Sam [Legends of the Fall]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j48GDZKZTUo

36. WWI Airplanes
World War I was the first war in which aircraft were deployed on a large
scale.
Initially, they were used mostly for reconnaissance, but also used in direct
cooperation with ground forces (especially ranging and correcting artillery
Fire.) Ace fighter pilots were portrayed as modern knights, and many became
popular heroes.
Snoopy vs the Red Baron [Music Video]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11IUfGfDis0&list=RD11IUfGfDis0&index=1
Fighter Plane [Horrible Histories]

37. Red Baron v. Eddie Rickenbacker
Eddie Rickenbacker
Edward Vernon Rickenbacker was an
American fighter ace in World War I
and Medal of Honor recipient. With 26
aerial victories, he was America's most
successful fighter ace in the war.
Red Baron
Red Baron was a German fighter
pilot during World War I. He was
officially credited with 80 air
combat victories. By 1918, he was
regarded as a national hero in
Germany, and was very well known
by the other side. The Red Baron
was shot down and killed near
Amiens on April 21, 1918. He
remains perhaps the most widely
known fighter pilot of all time.

38. WWI Battleships
Naval technology in World War I was dominated by the battleship as both
Britain and Germany competed in a naval arms race.
By the middle of WWII, the battleship became obsolete and replaced by the
aircraft carrier.

39. Chemical Warfare
Chemical weapons were primarily used to demoralize, injure and kill entrenched defenders. The types of weapons
employed ranged from disabling chemicals, such as tear gas and the severe mustard gas, to lethal agents like
phosgene and chlorine. The killing capacity of gas was limited because it was possible to develop effective
countermeasures against chemical attacks, such as gas masks.
The Germans Release the First WMD [WWI The First Modern War] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHJIbKnzVnc

40. The Tank
Not used until late-1916 , tanks protected advancing troops as they broke
through enemy defenses. Early tanks were slow and clumsy.
Tanks used during WWI frequently broke down and were slow moving. Their purpose was more
psychological than anything else.
Tank, British Consider Abandoning the [WWI The First Modern War]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7sUKGu3nFDo

41. Early Tank Designs
The name “Tank" comes from the security
surrounding the development of the weapon.
The British did not want the Germans to
know what they were developing, so they
used a code word. The British called the new
vehicle a "water carrier." The story was
spread that these vehicles were being built to
carry water to the men fighting in the Sinai
Desert. The name stuck with the vehicles
when they were shipped to France in crates
stamped "Tank." They thought if the
German saw the crates anywhere, they would
think they were water tanks.
An early prototype of the military tank
In Leonardo da Vinci’s time the closest thing to a tank that
could be found on the battlefield were Elephants with up to
three men mounted on them. Leonardo despised harming or
injuring animals in any way, this may be one of the reasons for
his early designs of the tank.
Tank, Western Front Inspires the [WWI The First Modern War]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eex4QGCKklI

42. U-boats
German submarines that traveled under water and wreaked havoc in the
Atlantic during the war.
Torpedo
War Moves Beneath the Waves [World Wars]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVgmmtDdPeI

43. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
The German's policy of attacking all ships in the Atlantic Ocean.
U-boats were menacing during WWI, but hunted
alone. During WWII, the German navy would employ
“wolf packs,” or groups of U-Boats on patrol. (See
WWII notes)
Germans Engage In Unrestricted Submarine Warfare [World Wars]

44. Convoy System
The convoy system was introduced by the Allies in May 1917 as a response to mounting losses of
merchant shipping to U-Boat attacks. Under the convoy system a large number of ships would all sail
at the same time and at the same speed. This meant the British navy could provide warships to escort
them, making it harder for U-Boats to launch successful attacks.
Previously, merchant ships sailed individually, which meant it was impossible for the British navy to
protect them from direct attack. It also made them easy targets for U-boats. Once a U-boat sighted a
merchant ship, it could surface and destroy the defenseless vessel with gunfire.

45. Lusitania
British passenger ship torpedoed by a German U-boat in 1915.
Twelve hundred people died in the attack, including 128 US citizens. People
in the U.S. were furious.
The Lusitania, a British passenger ship was sunk off the coast of Ireland by a German U-boat. Germany
claimed it was carrying munitions to England. The United States denied it, but later it was discovered that
the Germans were correct.

46. American Neutrality
Not backing either side.

47. Isolationism
The philosophy that the United States should stay out of international
conflicts.
The U.S. did not see a war in Europe as being of any concern to the US.

48. United States Sympathized with the Western Powers
United States sided with the Western Allies and ignored George Washington's
advice about not getting involved in foreign affairs and began to send military
supplies to the Western Allies.
• The U.S. sympathized with England because of common language and customs
• The U.S. sympathized with France because France aided U.S. during the American
Revolution.

49. Zimmerman Telegram
In 1917, the German Foreign Minister, sent a telegram to the German
embassy in Mexico.
Wanted Mexico to attack the US if it declared war on Germany. In return,
Germany promised to help Mexico win back land the US had acquired as a
result of the Mexican-American War.
April 1917, the United States declared war on Germany and officially entered
World War I.

50. Pancho Villa Expedition
March 14, 1916 to February 7, 1917
During the political turmoil of Mexico in 1916, bandit Pancho Villa murdered
sixteen Americans, and then burned down the town of Columbus, New Mexico.
The U.S. was outraged and a military expedition of 12,000 U.S. soldiers led by
General John J. Pershing was conducted to catch Francisco "Pancho" Villa, the
leader of a paramilitary force of Mexican revolutionaries. The expeditions had
one objective: to capture Villa “Dead or Alive” and put a stop to any future
forays by his paramilitary forces on American soil. The massive U.S. response
angered some Mexicans and led to hostilities. Pancho Villa was never caught.

51. Pancho Villa Remains Elusive Decades
After His Death
The trigger finger of this gunslinger is as
good a place to start as any. It is said to be
on display in the front window of Dave's
Pawn Shop, an El Paso, Texas, outfit a stone's
throw from the border at Ciudad Juárez.
Graying and curled, the thing still has its
fingernail. "The sale price today is $9,500,“
explains the store's David Delgadillo.
The car in which
Mr. Villa was
ambushed.
Pancho Villa’s life came to a quick end when Mr. Villa's Dodge
roadster was ambushed by Texas Rangers on a cactus-lined
road in Hidalgo del Parral and riddled with dozens of machine-
gun rounds. Nine hit him, four in the head. According to the
lore, his final words were: "It shouldn't end this way. Tell them
I said something."

52. The United States Declares War
The U.S. declared war on Germany April 6, 1917 and began to send troops to
France.
Returned favor to France for her help during the American Revolution.

53. Jeannette Rankin
The first woman to sit in the House of Representatives (elected in 1916) and
the only member of Congress to vote against the US entry into both world
wars. She was a life-long pacifist.
“Peace is a woman’s job,” she declared, “because men have a natural fear of
being classed as cowards if they oppose war.”
War is the slaughter of human beings,
temporarily regarded as enemies, on as large
a scale as possible.
Jeanette Rankin
I want to stand by my country, but I
cannot vote for war.
Jeanette Rankin

54. General John J. Pershing
Head of the American Expeditionary Forces, insisted the AEF remain a
separate, independent army. The US troops who shipped out to France
would do their fighting under American command, and not under Allied
commanders.
General “Black Jack” Pershing obtained the nickname
because as a junior officer he commanded black troops in the
American Army.

55. Selective Service 1917
Stated that all men between the ages of 20 and 45 had to be registered for
possible military service. Used in case draft became necessary.

56. Conscientious Objectors
A general right to refuse military service. In March 1916, Britain introduced
an which allowed for objectors to be exempted, to perform alternative civilian
service, or to serve they could convince a Military Service Tribunal of the
quality of their objection. Around 16,000 men were recorded as conscientious
objectors, when they refused orders to serve, they were sent to prison.

57. American Expeditionary Force [Doughboys]
American Expeditionary Force was the first American ground troops to
reach the European front. Commanded by Pershing, they began arriving in
France in the summer of 1917. US in World War I
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHn1Egt6Xdg&index=21&list=PLob1mZcVWOahCu
7-pViYP2z8BdyoPCKes

58. African American Enlistees in the Military
Some 400,000 African Americans also served in the military. However, Many southern politicians
feared arming African Americans. Nevertheless, they were drafted in segregated units, where
they were assigned to menial labor and endured crude abuse and miserable conditions.
Ultimately, more than 42,000 blacks would see combat in Europe, however, and several black
units served with distinction in various divisions of the French Army.
International soldiers [Horrible Histories]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FFOXJPlci4
Harlem Hellfighters [First World War]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEuoAl1elLU

59. 369th Infantry Regiment
An all African American unit that served so admirably in combat. Known
as the "Harlem Hell Fighters."
The 369th Infantry Regiment spent more time in
the trenches, 191 days, and received more medals
than any other American outfit. The French
government awarded the entire regiment the
Croix de Guerre.

60. Great Migration
After WWI many African Americans began leaving the South in growing
numbers to pursue better economic opportunities in northern cities and in
hopes of escaping southern racism.

61. WWI Home Front
The home front of the United States in World War I saw a systematic
mobilization of the entire population and the entire economy to produce the
soldiers, food supplies, munitions, and money needed to win the war.

62. Daylight Savings Time
Having citizens turn their clocks ahead one hour during certain months,
people would have more daylight and burn less fuel.

63. Committee on Public Information
An independent agency of the government of the United States created to
influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World
War I.
It used every medium available to create enthusiasm for the war effort and
enlist public support against foreign attempts to undercut America's war
aims.

64. War Industries Board
The most powerful agency of the war, it had to satisfy the allied needs for
goods and direct American industries in what to produce.

65. WWI War Bonds
Liberty bonds were first utilized during the first World War to support the
allied cause in World War I. Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of
patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financial
securities to many citizens for the first time. This allowed private citizens to
purchase a bond to help support the military effort. After the war, the bond
could be redeemed for its purchase price plus interest.

66. Espionage and Sedition Acts
These acts made it illegal to interfere with the draft, obstruct the sale of
Liberty Bonds, or make statements considered disloyal to, or critical of, the
government, the Constitution, or the US military.

67. Eugene V. Debs Imprisoned
Debs repeatedly ran for president as a socialist, he was imprisoned after he
gave a speech protesting WWI in violation of the Sedition Act.
In 1920, Socialist Eugene Debs
received 920,000 votes for
president of the United States.
Yet he ran his entire campaign
while he was in jail.

68. Collapse of Czarist Russia
Russian army suffered huge losses on the Eastern Front and the Russian
people began riots in Russian cities because of food shortages and poor
morale. Czar Nicholas II abdicated.
Bolsheviks (Communists) toppled the government during a revolution in
November 1917. The Bolsheviks withdrew Russia from WWI with the signing
of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany.
On July 17, 1918, the royal family was
awakened and led down into a half-
basement at the back of the house.
The pretext for this move was the
family's safety.
Nicholas was shot multiple times in
the chest and was the first to die.
Alexandra and their children with
their doctor and three of their
servants (who had voluntarily chosen
to remain with the family) were all
stabbed with bayonets and then shot
at close range in the head.

69. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Bolsheviks withdrew Russia from WWI with the signing of the Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk with Germany.
Russo-German Armistice (December 15, 1917)

70. Fourteen Points
Wilson's plan called for a reduction in armaments (weapons), the right of
self-determination (power to govern oneself) for ethnic groups, freedom of
the seas, and the creation of a League of Nations.

71. Self Determination
After WW I, Germany, Eastern Europe and the western portion of the former
Russian Empire split into new countries. Wilson wanted them to have their
own governments.

72. Armistice
Cease-fire or agreement to stop fighting. On November 11, 1918, the First World
War came to an end after four long and bloody years. “Eleventh hour, of the
eleventh day, of the eleventh month.”

73. Treaty of Versailles
Treaty that ended the First World War. The Treaty of Versailles made
Germany take total responsibility for the war and led to great bitterness on
the part of most Germans. Made it possible for a young, charismatic leader
named Adolf Hitler to rise to power.
Photo of the “Big Four” taking a break from the
Treaty of Versailles Conference.
The Treaty of Versailles was one of the most important
causes that led to Hitler's rise in Germany. From the
German point of view the treaty was incredibly harsh
and devastating for Germany.

74. The Big Four at Versailles
1. Woodrow Wilson
a. President of the United States.
b. Wanted to create a better world and wanted a just peace.
2. Georges Clemenceau (Klemon-so)
a. Prime Minister of France.
b. Sought to ensure France’s security against future German invasions
and wanted a treaty that was harsh towards the Germans.
3. David Lloyd George
a. Prime Minister of Great Britain.
b. Sought to expand Britain’s colonial empire, preserve its naval and
industrial supremacy, and make Germany “pay for the war.”
4. Victorio Orlando
a. Prime Minister of Italy.
b. Wanted to make sure that pre-war agreements, which promised
more land for Italy were honored.
*Left the Versailles Conference after Italy was not given what it
was promised.
Georges Clemenceau
David Lloyd George
Woodrow Wilson
Victorio Orlando

75. Treaty of Versailles (U.S. Opposition)
Victorious Allies imposed punitive reparations on Germany. U.S. Versailles
delegation was led by Wilson who fought for a just peace. U.S. Senate rejected
the Versailles Treaty as too harsh and against the League of Nations.

76. Article 10 of the Versailles Treaty
Created the League of Nations.

77. League of Nations
Devised by President Wilson, its purpose was to provide a world court
where countries could peacefully discuss solutions to their differences or
grievances rather than go to war. Proved to be very weak and unable to
prevent WWII.

78. How the Versailles Treaty Affected Germany
1. Germany was reduced to a weaken state.
• German army was limited to 100,000 troops.
• German navy limited for purposes of conducting trade only.
• Germany was not allowed an air force.
2. Forced to pay huge reparations of about $32 billion dollars.
3. Had to accept Article 231 in which Germany had to accept blame for
starting the war. (Very insulting)

79. Reparations
Money to compensate for losses from the war.
Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war
as part of the Treaty of Versailles. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly led to a
severe depression in Germany.

80. How the Versailles Treaty Affected the
Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was spilt
into Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and
Hungary.
The Ottoman Empire was reduced and divided
into several smaller countries.
Turkey, Iran, and Iraq.

81. “The War to End All Wars”
Extent of damage inflicted.
•More than 8.5 million dead.
•More than 17 million wounded.
•Mass famine
•Over 300 billion dollars in damage to property.
•Millions of civilians left homeless.
The First World War was so devastating that people thought that
nobody would ever want to fight another war like it again.
Rather than risk war again during the 1930’s, England and France
tried to appease Hitler to avoid another world war.

82. The Horrors of War
World War I Shell Shock [Short Video]

83. The Horrors of War
Shell Shock [Short Video]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SS1dO0JC2EE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7Jll9_EiyA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IWHbF5jGJY0

84. WWI Veteran Frank Buckles, the last surviving American veteran of
World War I, passed away in 2011.