2. Tension between the western Allies and the Soviet Union following World
War II.
Cold War
3.
4. Iron Curtain
The European continent was divided between the western democracies and
Soviet-occupied Eastern Europe.
"A shadow has fallen... an iron curtain has descended across the continent.”
Winston Churchill
Iron Curtain Speech
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste
in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has
descended across the Continent.
Behind that line lie all the capitals of
the ancient states of Central and
Eastern Europe…all these famous
cities and the populations around
them lie in what I must call the
Soviet sphere”
“From what I have seen of our
Russian friends and Allies during
the war, I am convinced that there is
nothing they admire so much as
strength, and there is nothing for
which they have less respect than for
weakness, especially military
weakness. For that reason the old
doctrine of a balance of power is
unsound. “
-Winston Churchill
5. Soviet Satellite Nations
Nations in Eastern Europe that were occupied by the Soviet Union and
controlled by communist governments that answered to the USSR.
6. NATO
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Chartered April, 1949. The 11 member nations agreed to fight for each
Other if attacked. It is an international military force for enforcing its charter.
NATO was established to halt the spread of Communism.
7. Warsaw Pact
Warsaw Pact (Russian, East German, and other Eastern European nations)
To counter the NATO buildup, the Soviets formed this military organization
with the nations of Eastern Europe. Also gave Russia an excuse for garrisoning
troops in these countries.
8. Containment Policy
The U.S. focus on containing communism to those countries in which it
already existed and not let it spread any further.
9. Truman Doctrine (1947)
Stated that the United States would not hesitate to intervene and aid nations
overseas to resist communism.
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10. Marshall Plan (1947)
Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed
massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the
European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.
Stuttgart, Germany 1947 Stuttgart, Germany 1955
Stuttgart, Germany 1947 Stuttgart, Germany 1955
Two years after the war Stuttgart’s inner city still reflected the
destruction of urban centers during wartime bombings.
The Marshall Plan helped provide for the rebuilding of cities.
11.
12. Germany is Divided
After World War II Germany was divided into four sectors of occupation
by the victorious allies:
U.S.
British
French
Soviet Union
United States
France
England
Soviet Union
13. Berlin Blockade
Russia under Stalin blockaded Berlin completely in the hopes that the West
would give the entire city to the Soviets to administer.
14. Berlin Airlift (1948)
Wanting to avoid a war, yet deal firmly with Stalin, U.S. and British planes
delivered needed supplies to West Berlin over a fifteen-month period.
To bring in food and supplies, the U.S. and Great
Britain mounted air lifts which became so intense
that, at their height, an airplane was landing in
West Berlin every few minutes.
West Berlin children waving to American planes
delivering supplies to West Berlin during the Soviet
blockade.
15. Mao Tse-tung
Mao Tse-Tung led the Communists in China. Because of the failure to
form a coalition government between Chiang Kai-Shek and the
Communists, civil war broke out in China after WWII. The Communists
won in 1949. The new communist government was not recognized by
much of the world, including the U.S.
Communist China
16. Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang and the nationalists were forced to flee to Formosa, a large island off
the southern coast of China, after the Communist victory in the civil war.
Throughout the 1950's, the U.S. continued to recognize and support Chiang's
government in Formosa as the legitimate government of China, and to ignore
the existence of the Communist People's Republic on the mainland.
Communist China
Formosa
17. China Falls to Communism
In 1949 the communists won control of the mainland China, forcing
Chiang Kai-shek and his supporters to flee to the island of Formosa
(known today as Taiwan).
18. United Nations
Organization founded in 1948 where nations meet to negotiate peaceful
solutions to problems.
* Replaced the League of Nations.
19. U.S. Occupation of Japan
General Douglas MacArthur appointed military governor of Japan. Soviets
wanted Japan to be divided into 4 zones like Germany. The United States told
the Soviets ...NO!!!
President Truman was cheered because he stood up against Stalin's demands.
General Douglas MacArthur
20. The Korean War
In June 1950, the Korean War began when North Korean forces crossed
the 38th parallel and invaded South Korea. The United Nations came to
South Korea's aid.
21. Korean Conflict (Map #1: North Korean Invasion)
1. Communist North Korea invaded South
Korea in June 1950.
2. By July 1950, American and South
Korean forces were trapped inside the Pusan
Perimeter.
23. Korean Conflict (Map #2: U.N. Counter Attack)
3. General Douglas MacArthur, the U.N.
Commanding General, invaded Korea at
Inchon in order to relieve the South Korean
forces.
4. The U.N. forces, under the command of
MacArthur, chased the North Korean and
Communist forces across the Yalu River to the
Red Chinese border.
24. The Korean Conflict (1950-1953) Cont.’
Communist China came to the defense of North Korea and intervened in
Nov. 1950.
200,000 Chinese troops launched an attack against the U.N. forces.
The U.N. forces were forced to retreat to the south again.
25. Truman Fires McArthur
Truman removed MacArthur from command in Korea as punishment for
MacArthur's public criticism of the U.S. government's handling of the war.
Intended to confirm the American tradition of civilian control over the military,
but Truman's decision was widely criticized.
26. The Korean Conflict (Map #3: Stalemate)
• Communist North Korea
could not win without Soviet
intervention.
• The U.N. could not win
without invading China.
By June of 1951, both sides fought
along a limited front.
27. Korean War Ends
After three years of fighting both sides signed a truce in 1953.
The agreement left the country divided at almost the same point as when
the conflict started.
28.
29. Leadership Change in the USSR
Joseph Stalin (Soviet Premier) died in July 1953 and Nikita Khrushchev
replaced Stalin and became the new ruler of the Soviet Union.
Joseph Stalin died in 1953.
Stalin’s successor, Nikita
Khrushchev denounced Stalin
in 1956.
Khrushchev fought in the
Battle of Stalingrad and other
battles against the Nazis during
WWII.
30. Khrushchev and De-Stalinization
Beginning in 1956, Khrushchev launched a de-Stalinization program throughout
the Soviet Union. Statues and portraits of Stalin were removed from government
buildings and any cities, towns, or public works with Stalin’s name were
renamed.
31. Hungarian Revolt, 1956
Anti-government demonstrations in Budapest on Oct. 23, 1956 as
revolutionaries demanded the denunciation of the Warsaw Pact and
liberation from Soviet troops. On Oct. 21, 1956 the U.S. announced it
wouldn’t give military aid to the revolutionaries. On Nov. 4, 1956 the Soviets
and other Warsaw Pact members attacked Hungary.
32. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
The CIA was enacted to pursue and conduct espionage and analyze information
and facts concerning the actions of foreign countries. It also became involved in
undercover operations to destroy operations made to be hostile toward the U.S.
* Spying on the USSR and its allies.
33. The Rosenbergs
In 1951, the United States put the Rosenbergs on trial for selling U.S. atomic
secrets to the Soviet government.
The Rosenbergs were found guilty and executed in 1953 by the electric chair.
Many people were upset that a woman was electrocuted.
The executions of Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg stirred intense emotions in the
Cold War era. While some Americans
favored putting the convicted spies to death,
others insisted the couple was the victim of
anti-Semitism.
34. Russians Obtain the Bomb
A team of Soviet scientists led by Igor Kurchatov raced to develop a nuclear
weapon for the USSR and were successful in August 1949. In 1953, the
Soviets successfully detonated one.
35. Nuclear Arms Race
Both the Soviet Union and the United States continued to build updated
weapons and threaten each other with them.
In 1952, the US successfully tested a Hydrogen
Bomb at Bikini Atoll. Survey teams picked up
fish in the sea 3 miles from Ground Zero that
had the skin burned off them.
37. Fallout Shelters
Underground shelters built by private citizens in their backyards, which they
hoped could provide protection if the Soviets launched a nuclear attack.
38. Red Scare
Many in the US thought that the Communists would stop at nothing short of
worldwide domination.
In the late 1940s and into the '50s, the government investigated, arrested, and
sometimes harassed many people due to their alleged connections to the
Communist Party.
39. Alger Hiss
A State Department official who was identified as a member of the
communist party and accused of transmitting secret U.S. documents through
microfilm to the Soviet Union during the 1930s. Although he initially denied
these claims, proof was given that Hiss was involved these espionage charges.
In 1950, he was indicted for perjury and sentenced to five years in prison.
•
40. McCarran Internal Security Act
Required all organizations that were believed to be communist by the
attorney general to submit a roster of the members and financial
statements to the Department of Justice. It also excluded communists from
working in defense plants, passports to communists and deported aliens
suspected of subversion.
41. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
Committee in the House of Representatives founded on a temporary basis in
1938 to monitor activities of foreign agents.
After World War II it investigated alleged communists from 1947-1949. It
conducted a series of sensational investigations into supposed communist
infiltration of the U.S. government and the Hollywood film industry.
Joseph McCarthy with his
assistant Roy Cohn (behind)
during one of many anti-
Communism congressional
trials.
42. Sen. Joseph McCarthy (1908-1957)
Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin took advantage of the "Red Scare,"
by accusing U.S. citizens of being communists. Utilizing the fear and panic of
United States citizens, McCarthy created a national hysteria of fear and
intimidation to advance his own interests and power. Many resented that he
accused people of being Communists without having proof of their disloyalty.
Though many Americans believed the investigations were wrong, few said
anything.
Sen. Joseph McCarthy displays one of his many
reports on Communists he found in the woodwork.
He failed to prove any of the accusations he made
and the Senate decided to censure McCarthy in
1954.
When McCarthy started to investigate the Army in
a series of televised hearings. These hearings made
McCarthy look so foolish that public opinion turned
against him and further investigations were halted.
.
"Are you now, or have you
ever been, a member of the
Communist party?"
43. Hollywood Blacklist
People from the entertainment industry called before the House Un-American
Activities Committee as "unfriendly" witnesses in October 1947 became
known as the Hollywood Ten. All refused to state whether they were
communists, served prison sentences, and were blacklisted in the film industry.
Many celebrities attended the trials to support their
friends and fellow actors who they felt were wrongly
accused of being communists.
44. Concepts to Know
Compare and contrast Communism and Democracy.
Describe the Berlin Crisis of 1948.
Describe the U.S. strategies for winning the Cold War.
Explain how China fell to communism.
Describe the establishment of Israel.
What countries made up the NATO Alliance? The Warsaw Pact?
Who were the Rosenbergs?
Describe the McCartney anti-Communist Witch Hunt of the 1950s.
Describe the Korean conflict 1950-1953.
Describe the leadership change in the Soviet Union.
