I. Napoleon rose to power through military victories in Italy and Egypt in the late 18th century. He later seized power in France through a coup d'état in 1799. II. Between 1803-1809, Napoleon dominated much of Europe through further military campaigns. However, his ill-fated invasion of Russia in 1812 marked a turning point, as his army was decimated in its retreat from Moscow. III. Napoleon's empire went into decline after 1813, as the Wars of Liberation saw European nations rise up against French rule. He was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, sending him into exile and bringing an end to his reign.

1. The Age of Napoleon

2. Napoleon: Hero of the Hour
I. Napoleon: Hero of the Hour
A. When the Revolution broke out, Napoleon joined the army of the new
government.
B. In October 1795, fate handed Napoleon a chance for glory.
1. When royalist rebels marched on the National Convention, a government
official told Napoleon to defend the delegates.
2. Napoleon and his gunners greeted the thousands of royalists with a
cannonade.
3. Within minutes, the attackers fled in panic and confusion.
C. Napoleon Bonaparte became the hero of the hour and was hailed throughout
Paris as the savior of the French republic.
A whiff of grapeshot will send them running

3. Napoleon’s Italian Campaign of 1796-1797
Napoleon had conquered Italy
when he was only 26 years old.
I. Napoleon’s Italian Campaign of 1796-1797
A. In 1796, the Directory appointed Napoleon to lead a French army against
the forces of Austria and the Kingdom of Sardinia.
B. Napoleon took command of the French “Army of Italy” on 27 March 1796,
leading it on a successful invasion of Italy by crossing the Alps.
C. Napoleon swept into Italy and won a series of remarkable victories, which
made Napoleon a national hero in France.
Napoleon gained the nickname, “The Little Corporal” (le petit
caporal), a term reflecting his camaraderie with his soldiers, many of
whom he knew by name.

4. Napoleon’s Egyptian Campaign of 1798-1799
Napoleon's plan to invade Egypt
met its end at the Battle of the
Nile in 1798, where English
warships under the command of
Horatio Nelson destroyed the
French fleet. It was while in
Egypt that some French soldiers
shot the nose off of the Sphinx
with cannons for target practice.
I. Egyptian Campaign of 1798-1799
A. In an attempt to protect French trade interests, Napoleon led an expedition
to Egypt as a steeping stone to invade England's colony of India.
B. Napoleon was unable to repeat the successes he had achieved in Europe.
C. Napoleon’s army was pinned down in Egypt by the British navy under the
command of Admiral Horatio Nelson.
1. The British navy destroyed the French navy on the Nile River and
Napoleon was forced to retreat to France and regroup.
2. However, Napoleon managed to keep stories about his setbacks out of the
newspapers and thereby remained a great hero to the people of France.

5. Coup d' Etat: Napoleon Seizes Power in 1799
I. Coup d' Etat: Napoleon Seizes Power in 1799
A. The French people were dissatisfied of Revolutionary turmoil.
B. Napoleon Bonaparte came to power through a coup d’état, a military
overthrow of the government.
1. This would end the ten-year period (1789-1799) known as the French
Revolution.

6. Napoleon Crowned as Emperor
I. Napoleon Crowned as Emperor
A. In 1804, Napoleon decided to make himself emperor, and the French
voters supported him.
B. On December 2, 1804, at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, Napoleon
crowned himself as Emperor.
C. Thousands watched as the new emperor took the crown from the pope
and placed it on his own head.
D. With this gesture, Napoleon signaled that he was more powerful than the
Church, which had traditionally crowned the rulers of France.

7. Napoleon Dominated the Continent of Europe
I. Napoleon Dominated the Continent of Europe.
A. Between 1803-1809, Napoleon won a series of great battles.
1. Prussians, Austrians, and Russia at Austerlitz.
a. This battle is considered Napoleon’s greatest victory.
2. Napoleon's Empire stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to Russia.
a. Greatest threat was from England.
1a. France dominated on land, but England dominated the seas.
2a. Britain's naval supremacy saved England from invasion.
Between 1803-1809,
Napoleon dominated
Europe, but England
dominated the seas.France dominated on land England dominated the seas

8. Berlin and Milan Decrees of 1806 and 1807
I. Napoleon realized he couldn’t defeat England militarily, so he attempt to
destroy England economically.
A. Berlin and Milan Decrees of 1806 and 1807.
1. Ordered the entire European continent closed to British trade.
B. England retaliated with the Orders of Council.
1. Barred neutral nations from trading with France and its allies.
To Napoleon’s dismay, the English Channel prevented
Napoleon’s conquest of England.

9. Extent of Napoleon’s Empire

10. The Peninsular War of 1808-1814
I. Peninsular War of 1808-1814.
A. Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal to further expand his empire.
B. Spain and Portugal rebel against Napoleon.
1. Napoleon placed his brother as governor of Spain.
C. After years of Guerrilla Warfare, Spain and Portugal were successful in
expelling French forces.
Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants such as paramilitary
personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty
warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.

11. Napoleon and the Louisiana Purchase
I. Napoleon and the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.
A. Acquired land from Spain in 1800 as payment for debts.
1. Stipulated that France couldn’t sell land without consulting Spain.
a. Napoleon needed money to finance his European war.
b. Sold the Louisiana Territory to the U.S. without consulting Spain for
$15 million dollars.
c. Spain was furious (hated the United States)
Napoleon sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States to help fund his
war in Europe. The United States paid fifteen million dollars for the 800
million acres of real estate, or about 1.5 cents an acre.

12. Napoleon's Ill-Fated Invasion of Russia
I. Napoleon's ill-fated invasion of Russia.
A. Russia, under the leadership of Czar Alexander I, ignored Napoleon's boycott
of England and resumed trade.
RUSSIA

13. Napoleon's ill-fated Invasion of Russia
I. Napoleon's ill-fated invasion of Russia.
A. Napoleon invaded Russia and captured Moscow, but…
1. Russians destroyed Moscow before retreating.
2. Lack of food, shelter, and clothing forced Napoleon to retreat.
3. Harassed by guerrilla attacks and bitter cold, Napoleon lost 3/4 of his army
a. The 1812 Overture, composed by Tchaikovsky in 1880.

14. Napoleon's ill-fated Invasion of Russia
One of Napoleon Bonaparte's biggest blunders
was to invade Russia.

15. Decline of Napoleon: Wars of Liberation (1813-1814)
I. The Decline of Napoleon
A. Napoleon's empire became too complex.
B. French army became exhausted after many years of fighting.
C. Rising spirit of nationalism swept through Europe.
1. Europeans resented Napoleon's rule and heavy economic burden.
II. Wars of Liberation (1813-1814)
A. In 1813, Prussia and Austria declared war on France.
1. Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Leipzig by Austrian, Prussian,
and Russian forces.
2. Napoleon forced to retreat back to France.

16. The Defeat of Napoleon
B. Allies invaded France and captured Paris.
1. Allies- countries fighting against Napoleon.
a. Napoleon was forced to abdicate his throne and exiled to Elba.
1a. An island in the Mediterranean.
The Island of Elba is located off the
west coast of Italy.

17. The Congress of Vienna
I. Congress of Vienna (1814)
A. Goals of the Congress of Vienna
1. Conference to reconstruct war-torn Europe.
2. “Balance of Power”
a. Redistribute land conquered by Napoleon.
b. Restored the monarchs in several countries.

18. The Congress of Vienna
B. Major settlements of the Congress of Vienna
1. Russia received Finland and most of Poland.
2. Prussia received a part of Poland and parts of German kingdoms along
the Rhine River.
3. England received France's colonial possessions occupied during the war.
a. Malta, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and South Africa from Holland.
C. Flaws in the Congress of Vienna
1. Reinstated the heredity rulers of absolute monarchs.
a. Louis XVIII, brother of the executed Louis XVI, regained the throne of
France.
2. Denied national group independence and unity.
a. Belgians, Poles, Finns, and Norwegians were left without homelands.
Louis XVIII, brother of the executed
Louis XVI, regained the throne of
France.

19. Leading Members of the Congress of Vienna, 1814-15
England
Duke of Wellington
Russia
Czar Alexander I
Prussia
King Frederick William III
France
Prince Talleyrand
Austria
Prince Metternich

20. Europe: Result of Congress of Vienna

21. Napoleon’s Attempt to Regain Power (1815)
I. The Hundred Days (1815)
A. Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to France.
1. Wanted to reestablish his lost empire.
B. His return will only last a 100 days.
Napoleon escaped from Elba and wanted to
reestablish his lost empire.

22. The Battle of Waterloo (1815)
I. Battle of Waterloo (Belgium) in 1815
A. Allies moved to remove Napoleon once and for all time.
1. Allies (British & Prussian) armies were led by:
a. Duke of Wellington, the British commander.
b. General Blucher, the Prussian commander.
B. Napoleon was soundly defeated and forced to surrender.
Duke of Wellington
General Blucher

23. More Napoleon (Waterloo) Fun Facts
When Napoleon wore black silk handkerchiefs
around his neck during a battle, he always won. At
Waterloo, he wore a white cravat and lost the battle.
Napoleon's hemorrhoids contributed
to his defeat at Waterloo. They
prevented him from surveying the
battlefield on horseback.

25. St. Helena & the Death of Napoleon
I. Napoleon was exiled to the island of St. Helena and died in 1821.
A. He is entombed in Paris, France.
Napoleon’s Tomb in Paris, France.

26. The Legacy of Napoleon and His Achievements
I. The Legacy of Napoleon and his Achievements.
A. Centralized the local government and delivered from the disorder of the
Revolution.
B. Advances in Education
1. Government control of education from primary grades through college.
C. Restored friendly relations between France and the Catholic Church.
D. Guaranteed religious freedom to all faiths.
E. Improvement of France's Finances
1. Collect taxes fairly from French citizens.
2. Established the Bank of France.
F. Improved France's public works.
1. Built roads, bridges, canals, and beautified Paris.

27. Code of Napoleon
I. Code of Napoleon
A. Provided equal treatment before the law.
B. Guaranteed trial by jury.

28. Napoleon Fun Facts
Napoleon suffered from
ailurophobe, the fear of cats.
One of Napoleon's drinking cups was made from
the skull of the famous Italian adventurer
Cagliostro.
Napoleon was not born in
France. He was born on the
Mediterranean island of
Corsica of Italian parents.
It is still illegal to this day for
anyone to name a pig Napoleon
in France. For this reason, if you
read the book Animal Farm in
French, the pig will be named
Cesar instead of Napoleon.
Napoleon Bonaparte was always depicted with
his hand inside his jacket because he suffered
from “chronic nervous itching” and often
scratched his stomach sores until they bled.
He also apparently was
terrified of open doors.
Anybody entering the room
had to squeeze through a
barely adequate opening and
then close the door
immediately.

29. More Napoleon Fun Facts
He is famous for his allegedly short stature; however, he was
about 1.70 m, an average height during those times. The reason
for the confusion could have been because the height recorded on
his death was 5 ft 2 in French units, which translates to about 5
foot 6 today. He also liked to surround himself with extremely tall
soldiers from the Elite Guard, which could have contributed to a
short appearance.
Napoleon once ordered the death of over a
thousand people with a single cough. In
1799, he was in the midst of deciding
whether or not to release twelve hundred
Turkish prisoners of war. He was just about
to give the order to set them all free, when
he coughed. He exclaimed, "Ma sacree
toux!" (My darned cough!), which sounded
to his officers like "Massacrez tous!" (Kill
them all!) So they did.
Napoleon was famously beaten in
chess by the Turk, a fake chess-
playing machine that actually had
a person hiding inside of it.
Napoleon didn't know that though.
His wife's real name was Marie Josephe
Rose Tascher de la Pagerie. Napoleon
didn't like it so he renamed her Josephine.
Napoleon thought that Josephine brought
him good luck so he always carried a
portrait miniature of her into battle.

30. Terms to Know:
Italian Campaign of 1796-97
Egyptian Campaign of 1798-99
Coup d' Etat
Austerlitz
Louisiana Purchase
Berlin and Milan Decrees of
1806 and 1807
Orders of Council
Peninsular War of 1808-1814
Guerrilla Warfare
Moscow
1812 Overture
Wars of Liberation
Leipzig, battle of
Elba
Congress of Vienna
Louis XVIII
Duke of Wellington
Czar Alexander I
King Frederick William III
Prince Talleyrand
Prince Metternich
Hundred Days
Waterloo
General Blucher
St. Helena
Code of Napoleon

31. Concepts to Know:
•Describe the characteristics of Napoleon.
•Describe Napoleon's early military campaigns in Italy and Egypt.
•How did Napoleon gain power in France?
•Explain Napoleon's rivalry with England.
•Describe the purchase of the Louisiana Territory.
•Describe Napoleon's Peninsular War of 1808-1814.
•Describe Napoleon's ill-fated invasion of Russia.
•What factors led to the decline of Napoleon?
•What were the Wars of Liberation?
•What were the goals of the Congress of Vienna?
•What were the settlements and flaws of the Congress of Vienna?
•Who were the major representatives at the Treaty of Vienna?
•What was the Hundred Days?
•Describe the Battle of Waterloo.
•What were some of the positive achievements of Napoleon?