Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
7.3 world war i [updated March 29, 2019]
1.
2.
3. Militarism is the process by which a nation builds up its military might for the
purpose of intimidating and deterring other countries.
•Glorification of military strength.
•Race to build bigger army and navy.
•Image of war as glorious.
•Need to be ready for war at all times.
European Military Size on the Eve of WWI
Russia 1,250,000
Austria-Hungary 750,000
Germany 8,250,000
France 1,500,000
Britain 750,000
Italy 750,000
Question: Why would you want your military bigger than other countries?
Militarism
4. Alliances are agreements between nations to help each other in the event of war.
One For All and All for One
Question: Would you make a promise to help someone no matter the situation?
Alliances
5. Origins of World War One (Entangling Alliances)
The diagram in the box at the left shows
four nations that have alliances.
Suppose (B) is attacked. Which nation
will help her? _____
Which of the nations will help (D) if she
is attacked? _____
The diagram and sentences show how alliances work in war.
Follow the action and fill in the letters of the “nations”
where it is necessary.
1. Nation (A) attacks _____
2. (D) must help _____, so she attacks ____
3. Now (B) must help _____, so she attacks _____.
1 2
6. I. Imperialism or Right to Self-Determination
A. Idea that ethnic groups (groups with different racial/cultural backgrounds)
within an existing country or colony should be allowed to break away and
establish their own country and government.
B. European countries like Austria-Hungary struggled with the idea of
granting independence to these ethnic groups.
Question: What reasons are there to explain
why one country would want to take over
another country?
Imperialism
7. Question: If you have pride for your country, what would you be willing to sacrifice to help your country?
Nationalism is the strong loyalty and devotion to one's country and culture.
These bonds tie people together.
Nationalism
8. I. Balance of Power: Austria-Hungary
A. Austria-Hungary wanted to stop the nationalist movements within its multi-national
empire.
B. Each nationalist movement within the Austria-Hungary wanted political freedom and
self-rule.
C. The Austrians feared Russia’s interference in the Balkans.
D. Austria-Hungary sought an alliance with Germany against an intrusive Russia.
Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Heir to the Austrian-Hungarian ThroneEmperor Franz Joseph
Count Berchtold
Austrian Prime Minister
Balance of Power: Austria-Hungary
9. "Sick man of Europe," Ottoman Empire
I. "Sick man of Europe," Ottoman Empire
A. The phrase "sick man of Europe," referred to the Ottoman Empire.
1. During the late 1800’s, the Ottoman Empire fell under the financial
control and dependence of the European powers.
2. It had lost territory in a series of disastrous wars where several Balkan
States gained their independence.
a. These newly created nations included; Romania, Bulgaria, and Serbia.
4. Russia was constantly annexing territory its bid to acquire a warm-
water trade route.
B. The Ottoman Empire sought protection from Russia by signing an alliance
with both Germany & the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
10. The Austrian Empire ruled over several
Slavic nationalities as well as the
Hungarians and Romanians. Three major
religions, Roman Catholic, Christian
Orthodox, and Muslim also divided the
people of the Balkans. It
was a powder keg waiting to explode…
Austria-Hungary Map [Ethnic Minority Groups]
11. I. Balance of Power: Germany
A. Kaiser Wilhelm II, ruler of Germany wanted to be the dominant military
power in Europe.
B. He immediately began an aggressive foreign policy and program to build up
Germany’s army and navy.
C. Most European governments distrusted Kaiser Wilhelm II and viewed as a
bully.
Kaiser Wilhelm II was born with his left arm crippled. Whenever he was photographed he always covered up his
deformed left hand with his right or when in public, his left arm was always resting on his sword to cover-up his
deformity from the public. He perceived that the public would view it as a sign of weakness, especially someone of
royal blood.
Balance of Power: Germany
12. I. Balance of Power: France
A. France wanted to regain lost territory it had lost to Germany (Prussia) at the
conclusion of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.
B. Alsace and Lorraine an area rich in minerals, iron ore, and other resources.
French President Fallieres was an outspoken
opponent of the death penalty and gave pardon
to many prisoners sentenced to death.
Balance of Power: France
13. I. Balance of Power: England
A. England feared Germany’s increasing power and began an arms race with
Germany.
B. Britain wanted to maintain its place as having the greatest navy in the world.
C. Promised European countries to come to their aid if war erupted in Europe
against Germany.
Balance of Power: England
King George V of England
For many years Britain had
kept only a small professional
army in favor of building bigger
and better battleships.
Royal Navy Flag
14. I. Balance of Power: Russia
A. Russia wanted to gain influence in Balkans by showing support to the
Slavic people.
B. Russia also wanted to control the Black Sea and the Straits of
Constantinople in order to secure a warm-water port.
1. Would be open all year since many of its ports in north were frozen for
several months.
a. Could only be achieved through war with Austria-Hungary and the
Ottoman (Turkish) Empire.
Nicholas II will be the last Russian Czar
as the Romanov Dynasty which ruled
Russia for 300 years will come to an end.
In 1917, the Russian Revolution erupted
and the Communists murdered the Czar
and his entire family.
Russia mobilized 12 million troops
during WWI, making it the largest
army in the war. More than 3/4 were
killed, wounded, or went missing in
action.
Balance of Power: Russia
15. Causes of World War I [Horrible Histories]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DpuOa6u6HX0&list=PL4TkpBgcLLMrx2_zADw0KkPaVE2s2KLk3&index=1
16. Military alliance between Britain, France and Russia. All had economic and
territorial ambitions and they all disliked Germany, so they formed an alliance for
protection.
King George V of England looked
uncannily like his cousin, Czar Nicholas
II of Russia. Tsar Nicholas II (Emperor
and Autocrat of All the Russias) and his
cousin King George V (King Emperor)
in a photo taken in 1913 prior to the
start of the First World War.
Tsar Nicholas II King George V
Triple Entente [Allies]
17. The Central Powers was a military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire formed for protection from the Triple Entente.
Central Powers
18. Question: What weakness of the Central Powers do you see? Why?
Weakness of the Central Powers
19. I. Schlieffen Plan [1905]
A. German military plan that addressed how Germany should handle the
threat of a war on two fronts with Russia and France.
B. Germany calculated that France was the lesser threat and planned to
conquer France and knock her out of the war within five weeks before
Russia could effectively mobilize for war.
1. Germany plan for attacking France’s was to cross the borders of Belgium
and Holland, which were less fortified than the border with Germany.
2. Germany could then use its entire resources to fight Russia.
Assumptions
•Russia would take at least 6 weeks to
mobilize.
•France would be easily defeated in 6
weeks.
•Belgium would not resist any German
attack.
•Britain would remain neutral.
Former German Army Chief
of Staff Alfred von Schlieffen
The German Schlieffen Plan [1905]
20. The Black Hand a Serbian nationalist [terrorist] group who believed that Bosnia
belonged to Serbia rather than Austria-Hungary.
Sarajevo was in Bosnia, the province that, to Serbia's anger,
had been annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908.
Black Hand Seal
Ritual cross of the Black Hand
Austria-Hungary in 1914
Black Hannd
21. The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to the Austro-Hungarian
throne) and his wife Sophia happened on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo, Bosnia. killed
by a Serbian student, Gavrilo Princip. The Black Hand organization which sought
Serbian independence from Austria-Hungary claimed responsibility.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was heir to the throne of
Austria-Hungary. He was inspecting the army in
Sarajevo with his wife Sophie. The royal couple
arrived by train at 9.28am.
Seven young Bosnian Serbs planned to assassinate
Franz Ferdinand as he drove along the main road in
Sarajevo.
Princip pulled out a gun and shot at Franz Ferdinand,
hitting him in the jugular vein. There was a tussle, during
which Princip shot and killed Sophie. When Ferdinand
saw that his wife was shot he exclaimed "Sophie! Don't
die! Stay alive for the children!“ By 11.30am, Franz
Ferdinand had bled to death.
Assassination of the Archduke [June 28, 1914]
23. The Archduke’s blood-
soaked tunic.
Franz Ferdinand’s license plate was the cause of a
strange coincidence. The Archduke and his wife
were assassinated on June 28th 1914, an event
which led to the beginning of the war. Strangely,
the Archduke’s number plate read: A 111 118, a
series that can be read as, Armistice 11 Nov ‘18.
“There is no need to carry me to another prison. My life is
already ebbing away. I suggest that you nail me to a cross
and burn me alive. My flaming body will be a torch to light
my people on their path to freedom.”
Gavrilo Princip
Because of his age (19 yrs, 11 months),
Princip could not be executed for this
crime. The law required an individual to
be at least 20 years old. Princip died in
prison in 1918 of tuberculosis.
Pistol used by Princip
Both Princip and Cabrinovic tried to kill themselves with cyanide pills, but the pills only
made them very sick.
Assassination of the Archduke [June 28, 1914]
24. Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28,
1914. His assassination started WWI. Despite being the heir to the Austro-
Hungarian throne, Ferdinand was
scorned by family because he married
Sophia, a person not of royal blood.
She was considered a commoner. Her
casket was several inches lower than
the Archduke’s to symbolize her
lower social status.
Today, Princip is considered a Serbian
national hero and there is a bronze plaque
over the sidewalk marking where he stood
when he fired the fatal shots, which
triggered WWI.
Assassination of the Archduke [June 28, 1914]
25. Germany’s “Blank Check”
I. Germany’s “Blank Check”
A. Aware of the threat from Russia, Austria-Hungary held off on its attack plans
and turned to its well-armed ally, Germany.
B. On July 5, 1914, Austria-Hungary sent an envoy to meet with Germany’s
Kaiser Wilhelm II, to convey Austria’s concerns about Russia.
1. The Kaiser felt that Russia was unlikely to respond militarily, as its forces
were utterly unprepared for war.
C. The Kaiser pledged that if Russian troops did advance on Austria-Hungary,
Germany would help fight off the attackers.
Go ahead… don’t
worry about the
Russians… I’ve got
your back…
26. I. Austria-Hungary’s Ultimatum
A. On July 23, 1914, the Austro-Hungarian government issued an ultimatum to
Serbia specifically intended to be humiliating and unacceptable.
1. The ultimatum insisted that Austria-Hungary be allowed to participate in
Serbia’s investigation of Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s assassination and
judicial process against the suspects.
B. On July 25, 1914 Serbia accepted Austria-Hungary’s demands almost
entirely, aside from just a few conditions regarding Austria’s participation in
the judicial process against the criminals.
C. Austria-Hungary’s response was swift:
1. Austria-Hungary’s embassy in Serbia closed within a half hour of receiving
Serbia’s answer.
D. On July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
The Powder Keg Explodes
Austria-Hungary’s Ultimatum
27. “The lights are going out all over Europe; we shall not see them lit
again in our lifetime.
Sir Edward Grey,
British Foreign Secretary on the eve of the war. ”
28. July 28, 1914
– Austria blamed Serbia for the assassination of Archduke
and attacked Serbia.
July 30, 1914
– Russia began mobilization to support Serbia.
August 1, 1914
– Germany declared war on Russia.
August 3, 1914
– Germany declared war against France.
August 4, 1914
– Germany invaded Belgium in route to attack
France.
– Great Britain (England) declared war on
Germany.
– Austria-Hungary declared war against Russia.
The Lights Go Out in Europe
30. Origins: Rap Battle - WW1 Uncut – BBC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kCEUZ4rFiac
31. I. The Guns of August: The War Begins
A. On August 4, 1914, German troops invaded Belgium, then France, and by
early September were 20 miles from Paris.
B. Contrary to German expectations, England declared war on Germany soon
after the Germans violated Belgium’s neutrality.
1. The British Expeditionary Force mobilized quickly and was thrown into
battle.
The Guns of August: The War Begins
32. I. The Battle of the Marne
A. On September 4, 1914 the Allied retreat halted and the German troops
faced an Allied defense reinforced with fresh troops brought in from Paris.
B. On September 5, 1914 a decisive battle began that lasted five days.
1. More than a million troops fought on each side as the Allies made their
stand, determined to prevent the fall of Paris.
a. French reservists were sent to the front from Paris using taxicabs.
C. The Germans were halted 40 miles from Paris as the Western Front settled
into a stalemate for the next 4 years.
The Miracle of the Marne
Battle of the Marne [Sept. 1914]
33. I. Trench warfare
A. Type of fighting where both sides build deep trenches as a defense against
the enemy.
1. Could stretch for many miles and make it nearly impossible to advance.
C. By the end of 1914, both sides had built a series of trenches that went from
the North Sea, through Belgium and France, to the Swiss border.
D. Neither side gained much ground for three and a half years from October
1914 to March of 1918.
It is estimated that if all the trenches built along the western front were laid end-to-end they would total over
25,000 miles long.
Trench Warfare
34. Trench, Life in a [World Wars]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_G4ZY66BG38&index=22&list=PLob1mZcVWOahCu7-pViYP2z8BdyoPCKes
35. Question: Why do you think that trenches were
built in a zig-zag pattern?
German trenches were in stark contrast to British trenches.
German trenches were built to last and included bunk beds,
furniture, cupboards, water tanks with faucets, electric lights,
and doorbells.
Trench Warfare Diagram
37. Trenches, First Days in the [Horrible Histories]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyFCmwgCUvU&list=PLeiESi5PTC54TPfrRywtppkVCuaHnhPAq
38. I. No Man's Land
A. Stretch of land between enemy trenches.
1. The area was very dangerous and contained miles of barbed wire, large
craters, and hundreds of corpses
B. Could be as narrow as 15 yards or as wide as several hundred yards.
C. No Man's Land was heavily guarded by machine gun and sniper fire
D. Soldiers were forced to cross it while advancing toward the enemy positions.
No Man’s Land
39. Strange… But True
Generals Were Banned From Going Over the Top
The stereotype is that the ordinary soldiers of WWI
were lions led by donkeys, the donkeys being
incompetent generals who sat out the war in comfort
while thousands died unnecessary deaths. In fact, so
many of the generals wanted to be closer to the
fighting they had to be banned from going over the
top because they kept getting killed. The experience
required to be a general was too significant to lose.
Over the Top
41. I. Trench foot
A. Medical condition caused by cold, wet and insanitary conditions.
B. Affected feet become numb and turn red or blue as a result of poor vascular
supply.
1. Feet will begin to swell and may begin to have a decaying odor as the
condition worsens.
2. Advanced trench foot often involves blisters and open sores, which lead to
fungal infections.
3. If left untreated, the skin starts to peel off and tissues begin to die
resulting in gangrene, which would require the need for amputation.
42. Inspecting feet for trench foot
Early symptoms of
trench foot
Critical symptoms of trench foot
Preventive treatment
meant keep your feet
dry, changing socks,
and using foot powder.
Severe symptoms of
trench foot
Bone saw from amputating
gangrene-infected feet
43. Rats in their millions infested trenches gorging themselves on decaying human
remains and could grow to the size of a cat. These rats would even scamper
across their faces as they tried to sleep. Many said the rats got braver as the
war went on because they got used to humans and bold enough to steal food
from right under the soldiers' noses.
Some rats grew to the size of
house cats due to the abundance of
dead bodies
44. Exasperated soldiers would attempt to rid the trenches of rats by various
methods; some used their guns even though this was a waste of ammunition,
others used their bayonets, or clubbed them with anything they could find. It
was futile however: a single rat couple could produce up to 900 offspring in a
year, spreading infection and contaminating food. The rat problem remained
for the duration of the war (although many veteran soldiers swore that rats
sensed impending heavy enemy shellfire and disappeared from view).
As well as making
excellent company for
soldiers, dogs on the
front line were also
given various jobs.
Many made excellent
rat catchers.
I.E. Rat terriers
45. Men in the trenches suffered from lice. One soldier writing after the war described them
as "pale beige in color, and they left blotchy red bite marks all over the body." As well as
causing frenzied scratching, lice also carried disease. This was known as pyrexia or
trench fever. The first symptoms were shooting pains in the shins and were followed by a
very high fever. Although the disease did not kill, it did stop soldiers from fighting and
accounted for about 15% of all cases of sickness.
Lice in clothing
Hair Lice
46. Lice were sometimes called ‘chats’; Soldiers who spent many an hour
removing them from the seams of their clothing passed the time in
discussions with their mates This led. to the popularizing of chatting
Various methods were used to remove the lice.
A lighted candle was fairly effective, but the
skill of burning the lice without burning your
clothes was only learnt with practice. Where
possible the army arranged for the men to
have baths in huge vats of hot water while
their clothes were being put through delousing
machines. Unfortunately, this rarely worked. A
fair proportion of the eggs remained in the
clothes and within two or three hours of the
clothes being put on again a man's body heat
47. A jubilant Hitler was among the crowd in Munich,
Germany when war was declared in August 1914.
Adolph Hitler enlisted in the German army (Reichswehr) and was assigned to the 16th Bavarian
(German) Infantry Regiment where he served as a dispatch runner on the Western Front.
Hitler’s was wounded twice and awarded four medals for bravery including the Iron Cross.
Hitler was never promoted beyond the rank of corporal
because his superior officers thought him unstable because
of his anti-Semitic ramblings. Hitler’s several narrow
escapes from death convinced him that God had put him on
earth for some divine mission. Hitler was temporarily
blinded on November 10, 1918 and was in a field hospital
recovering when he received word of Germany’ surrender.
Hitler Look-Alike
Hitler used to have a full-sized mustache, but was
ordered to trim it down to a ‘toothbrush’ during
WWI to better accommodate wearing a gas mask.
48. Hitler's Life, British Soldier Spared [World Wars]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wu0Z1eshtRU
49. Christmas Fraternization of 1914
I. Christmas Fraternization of 1914
A. The most dramatic instance of fraternization on the Western Front occurred
during the first Christmas of the war, in 1914.
B. German soldiers put up Christmas trees and Christmas hymns were sung
on both sides.
1. Meetings and games in No Man's Land were arranged.
C. Generals were furious at the news and effectively shut down any recurrence.
52. Machine guns made it possible for a few gunners to mow down waves of soldiers.
The machine gun was the most feared weapon during WWI.
The Machine Gun was capable of wounding and killing
massive numbers of men, they became a weapon to be
feared. Often machine gunners would fire up to the last
second then try to surrender. This made the gunners
hated men by enemy soldiers and they were usually killed
on the spot in retaliation instead being taken prisoner.
Machine guns were identified by their red piping along
their uniform collars.
53. All Quiet on the Western Front- War Scene
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXtsiqrhqsU
54. I. Airplanes
A. WWI was the first war in which aircraft were deployed on a large scale.
1. Initially, aircraft were used for reconnaissance.
B. As aerial reconnaissance became more common, so did the need for ways to
stop enemy observation planes.
1. Firing upon them from the ground was ineffective.
Strange… But True
During WWI, France built a ‘Fake Paris’ near its
capital city to confuse German pilots.
55. I. The Beginning of Dogfights [Aircraft against aircraft]
A. The first such attempts were made by the observation aircraft pilots and
observers themselves, who attempted to shoot at other planes using rifles and
even pistols, a method that quickly proved hopeless.
1. Some pilots tried throwing hand grenades, bricks, or even long ropes with
grappling hooks at planes below them.
The term “dogfight” originated during WWI. The pilot had to
turn off the plane’s engine from time to time so it would not stall
when the plane turned quickly in the air. When a pilot restarted
his engine midair, it sounded like dogs barking.
57. I. The Mounted Machine Gun
A. The machine gun could fire a continuous stream of bullets increasing the
chance of hitting a target.
B. Machine guns tended to be large and heavy and only a few were small and
light enough for use on an airplane.
C. Another problem was that firing sideways seriously decreased accuracy, while
firing forward meant that the airplane’s propeller would be in the way.
D. The problem was solved in mid-1915, when a Dutch aircraft designer named
Anton Fokker developed the “interrupter gear,” a timing mechanism that
synchronized the machine gun with the moving propeller blades.
On August 1, 1915, German
pilots Oswald Boelcke and Max
Immelmann became the first
pilots to shoot down another
aircraft using Fokker’s new
method.
To become an ace one had to
shoot down 5 enemy aircraft.
58. Eddie Rickenbacker
Edward Vernon Rickenbacker was an American
fighter ace in World War I and Medal of Honor
recipient. With 26 aerial victories, he was America's
most successful fighter ace in the war.
Red Baron
Red Baron was a German fighter pilot during World
War I. He was officially credited with 80 air combat
victories. By 1918, he was regarded as a national hero
in Germany, and was very well known by the other
side. The Red Baron was shot down and killed near
Amiens on April 21, 1918. He remains perhaps the
most widely known fighter pilot of all time.
59. Ace fighter pilots were portrayed as
modern knights and many became
popular heroes.
60. Snoopy vs the Red Baron [Music Video]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=11IUfGfDis0&list=RD11IUfGfDis0&index=1
61. I. Zeppelins
A. Germany began bombing by using lighter-than-air airships, or zeppelins, to
drop bombs on targets as far away as London and Paris.
1. Reached the peak of their success early in the war, during 1915.
B. Capabilities
1. Had a long range and could, carry a relatively large cargo of explosives.
C. Problems
1. Slow-moving and vulnerable to rapid fighter planes.
a. Zeppelins were filled with hydrogen, so only a small spark was necessary
to cause the entire ship to explode in flames.
The Germans called their airships Zeppelin's after their builder
Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin.
62.
63. Naval technology in World War I was dominated by the battleship as both
Britain and Germany competed in a naval arms race. By the middle of WWII, the
battleship became obsolete and replaced by the aircraft carrier.
64. Chemical weapons were primarily used to demoralize, injure and kill entrenched
defenders. The types of weapons employed ranged from disabling chemicals, such
as tear gas and the severe mustard gas, to lethal agents like phosgene and chlorine.
The killing capacity of gas was limited because it was possible to develop effective
countermeasures against chemical attacks, such as gas masks.
65. The Germans Release the First WMD
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHJIbKnzVnc
66. Blistering Agent
Dichlorethylsulphide: the most dreaded of all chemical weapons in World
War I, mustard gas. Unlike the other gases which attack the respiratory
system, this gas acts on any exposed, moist skin. This includes, but is not
limited to, the eyes, lungs, armpits and groin. A gas mask could offer very
little protection. The oily agent would produce large burn-like blisters
wherever it came in contact with skin. It also had a nasty way of hanging
about in low areas for hours, even days, after being dispersed. A soldier
jumping into a shell crater to seek cover could find himself blinded, with
skin blistering and lungs bleeding.
Gas Filled Artillery Shells
Lethal Mustard Gas
Lachrymator (tearing agent)
Much like today's tear gas and mace, this gas caused temporary
blindness and greatly inflamed the nose and throat of the victim. A gas
mask offered very good protection from this type of gas. Xylyl bromide
was a popular tearing agent since it was easily brewed.
Asphyxiate
These are the poisonous gases. This class includes chlorine, phosgene and
diphosgene. Chlorine inflicts damage by forming hydrochloric acid when
coming in contact with moisture such as found in the lungs and eyes.
Diphosgene, first used by the Germans at Verdun on June 22, 1916, was
deadlier still and could not be effectively filtered by standard issue gas
masks.
67. The types of protection initially handed out to the troops around Ypres following
the first use of chlorine in April 1915 were primitive in the extreme. 100,000 wads
of cotton pads were quickly manufactured and made available. These were dipped
in a solution of bicarbonate of soda and held over the face.
By 1918 soldiers on both sides were far better prepared to meet the ever-present
threat of a gas attack. Filter respirators (using charcoal or antidote chemicals)
were the norm and proved highly effective, although working in a trench while
wearing such respirators generally proved difficult and tiring.
Poison Gas Alarm
Strange… But True
In WWI, Canadians
survived the first
chemical attack by
urinating on their
handkerchiefs and
holding them over
their faces as masks.
68. With the Armistice, such was the horror and disgust at the
wartime use of poison gases that its use was outlawed in
1925, a ban that is, at least nominally, still in force today.
69. The tank was not used until late-1916 , tanks protected advancing troops as
they broke through enemy defenses. Early tanks were slow and clumsy.
Tanks used during WWI frequently broke
down and were slow moving. Their
purpose was more psychological than
anything else.
Tanks Had Genders
During WWI, British tanks
were initially categorized into
“males” and “females.” Male
tanks had cannons, while
females had heavy machine
guns.
When the British first invented tanks they called
them "landships."
70. Tank, British Consider Abandoning the [WWI The First Modern War]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7sUKGu3nFDo
71. The name “Tank" comes from the security
surrounding the development of the weapon. The
British did not want the Germans to know what
they were developing, so they used a code word. The
British called the new vehicle a "water tanks" The
story was spread that these vehicles were being built
to carry water to the men fighting in the Sinai
Desert. The name stuck with the vehicles when they
were shipped to France in crates stamped "Tank."
They thought if the German saw the crates
anywhere, they would think they were water tanks.“Little Willie” was the first prototype
tank in WWI. Built in 1915, it carried a
crew of three and could travel as fast as
3 mph (4.8 km/h).
In Leonardo da Vinci’s time the closest thing to a tank that
could be found on the battlefield were Elephants with up to
three men mounted on them. Leonardo despised harming or
injuring animals in any way, this may be one of the reasons for
his early designs of the tank.
Tank, Western Front Inspires the [WWI The First Modern War]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eex4QGCKklI
72. German submarines that traveled under water and wreaked havoc in the
Atlantic during the war.
Torpedo
73. War Moves Beneath the Waves [World Wars]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVgmmtDdPeI
74. I. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
A. On January 31, 1917, Germany announced it would sink all ships without warning.
B. The Germans believed that this action would lead it to victory before the Americans could
become involved in the war.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
U-boats were menacing during WWI, but hunted
alone. During WWII, the German navy would employ
“wolf packs,” or groups of U-Boats on patrol.
76. 1
During the war, the U.S. shipped about 7.5 million tons of
supplies to France to support the Allied effort. That included
70,000 horses or mules as well as nearly 50,000 trucks,
27,000 freight cars, and 1,800 locomotives.
The Convoy System
I. The Convoy System
A. By the time the United States entered the war; German submarines were causing
catastrophic damage.
1. On May 24, 1917, the British admiralty finally gave in to demands to establish a
system of convoys.
2. Previously, merchant ships sailed individually made them easy targets for U-boats.
B. British warships would provide heavily armed escorts for all ships coming to Britain
from the United States, Canada, and other countries.
C. The convoys had an immediate and dramatic effect.
1. The number of ships, supplies, and men lost to German submarines plummeted,
virtually nullifying Germany’s effort to force Britain’s surrender.
77. The Lusitania was a British passenger ship torpedoed by a German U-boat in
1915. Twelve hundred people died in the attack, including 128 US citizens. People
in the U.S. were furious.
The Lusitania, a British
passenger ship was sunk off
the coast of Ireland by a
German U-boat. Germany
claimed it was carrying
munitions to England. The
United States denied it, but
later it was discovered that
the Germans were correct.
Of the 159 Americans on board the ship, only 31
survived. Several children who were on board died as
well.
The Germans claimed that
sinking the Lusitania was
justified in a war zone
because its cargo included
ammunition and shell casings
to be used in the war.
During WWI, 16 days before the ship RMS Lusitania set
sail, Germany published a warning in the New York Times
that they would sink the ship if it set sail to Britain. They
went anyway and 1198 people died.
Lusitania
78. I. American Neutrality
A. When war broke out in 1914, the United States had a policy of neutrality.
B. Many people in the U.S. saw the war as a dispute between European powers
that had nothing to do with them.
C. Public opinion on the war was often split as there were many immigrants
who had ties to both sides.
American Neutrality
79. The philosophy that the United States should stay out of international conflicts.
The U.S. did not see a war in Europe as being of any concern to the US.
Isolationism
80. United States sided with the Western Allies and ignored George Washington's
advice about not getting involved in foreign affairs and began to send military
supplies to the Western Allies.
•The U.S. sympathized with England because of common language and customs
•The U.S. sympathized with France because France aided U.S. during the American
Revolution.
United States Sympathized with the Western Allies
81. Zimmerman Telegram
In 1917, the German Foreign Minister, sent a telegram to the German embassy in
Mexico. Germany wanted Mexico to attack the US if it declared war on Germany.
In return, Germany promised to help Mexico win back land the US had acquired
as a result of the Mexican-American War.
April 1917, the United States declared war on Germany and officially entered
World War I.
In early 1917, British cryptographers
deciphered a telegram from German
Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann to
Germany's minister in Mexico. The
telegraph encouraged Mexico to invade
U.S. territory. The British kept it a secret
from the U.S. for more than a month.
They wanted to show it to the U.S. at the
right time to help draw the U.S into the
war on their side.
82. Pancho Villa Expedition
March 14, 1916 to February 7, 1917
During the political turmoil of Mexico in 1916, bandit Pancho Villa murdered
sixteen Americans, and then burned down the town of Columbus, New Mexico.
The U.S. was outraged and a military expedition of 12,000 U.S. soldiers led by
General John J. Pershing was conducted to catch Francisco "Pancho" Villa, the
leader of a paramilitary force of Mexican revolutionaries. The expeditions had
one objective: to capture Villa “Dead or Alive” and put a stop to any future
forays by his paramilitary forces on American soil. The massive U.S. response
angered some Mexicans and led to hostilities. Pancho Villa was never caught.
83. Pancho Villa Remains Elusive Decades
After His Death
The trigger finger of this gunslinger is as good a
place to start as any. It is said to be on display in
the front window of Dave's Pawn Shop, an El
Paso, Texas, outfit a stone's throw from the
border at Ciudad Juárez. Graying and curled, the
thing still has its fingernail. "The sale price today
is $9,500,” explains the store's David Delgadillo.
The car in which Mr.
Villa was ambushed.
Pancho Villa’s life came to a quick end when Mr. Villa's Dodge
roadster was ambushed by Texas Rangers on a cactus-lined road in
Hidalgo del Parral and riddled with dozens of machine-gun
rounds. Nine hit him, four in the head. According to the lore, his
final words were: "It shouldn't end this way. Tell them I said
something."
Poncho Villa’s
Death Mask
84. The United States Declares War
The U.S. declared war on Germany April 6, 1917 and began to send troops to
France. Returned favor to France for her help during the American Revolution.
Woodrow Wilson’s campaign slogan for his second term was “He
kept us out of war.” About a month after he took office, the United
States declared war on Germany on April 6th 1917.
85.
86. Jeannette Rankin
I. Jeannette Rankin
A. The first woman to sit in the House of Representatives (elected in 1916)
B. Only member of Congress to vote against the US entry into both world wars.
1. She was a life-long pacifist.
C. “Peace is a woman’s job,” she declared, “because men have a natural fear of
being classed as cowards if they oppose war.”
War is the slaughter of human
beings, temporarily regarded
as enemies, on as large a scale
as possible.
Jeanette Rankin
I want to stand by my country, but
I cannot vote for war.
Jeanette Rankin
87. General John J. Pershing
I. General John J. Pershing
A. Head of the American Expeditionary Forces, insisted the AEF remain a
separate, independent army.
B. The US troops who shipped out to France would do their fighting under
American command, and not under French or British commanders.
General “Black Jack” Pershing obtained the nickname because as a junior
officer he commanded black troops in the American Army.
88. Selective Service 1917
Stated that all men between the ages of 20 and 45 had to be registered for
possible military service. Used in case draft became necessary.
To increase the size of the U.S. Army
during WWI, Congress passed the
Selective Service Act, which was also
known as the conscription or draft, in
May 1917. By the end of the war, 2.7
million men were drafted. Another 1.3
million volunteered.
89. Conscientious Objectors
A general right to refuse military service. In March 1916, Britain introduced
a law which allowed for objectors to be exempted, to perform alternative
Civilian service, or to serve they could convince a Military Service Tribunal of
the quality of their objection. Around 16,000 men were recorded as
conscientious objectors, when they refused orders to serve, they were sent to
prison.
90. American Expeditionary Force [Doughboys]
American Expeditionary Force was the first American ground troops to reach the
European front. Commanded by Pershing, they began arriving in France in the
summer of 1917. US in World War I
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHn1Egt6Xdg&index=21&list=PLob1mZcVWOahCu
7-pViYP2z8BdyoPCKes
91.
92. African American Enlistees in the Military
Some 400,000 African Americans also served in the military. However, Many
southern politicians feared arming African Americans. Nevertheless, they were
drafted in segregated units, where they were assigned to menial labor and endured
crude abuse and miserable conditions. Ultimately, more than 42,000 blacks would
see combat in Europe, however, and several black units served with distinction in
various divisions of the French Army.
International soldiers [Horrible Histories]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FFOXJPlci
Harlem Hellfighters [First World War]
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEuoAl1elLU
93. 369th Infantry Regiment
An all African American unit that served so admirably in combat. Known
as the "Harlem Hell Fighters."
The 369th Infantry Regiment spent more time in the
trenches, 191 days, and received more medals than any
other American outfit. The French government awarded
the entire regiment the Croix de Guerre.
The "Harlem Hellfighters" received
their nickname from the German
enemy who referred to them as Hell
Fighters - 70% of the 369th Infantry
considered Harlem to be their home.
The African Americans in WWI
served in racially segregated units
and most were limited to serving in
labor battalions. The Harlem Hell
Fighters were an exception. The
369th was under the command of
mostly white officers including
their commander, Colonel William
Hayward. The 92d and 93d
Divisions had some black officers,
although white officers dominated
the command structure.
94. The Heroic Story of Henry Johnson
The 369th had established camp in the Argonne Forest. On May 15, 1918 Johnson and a fellow
soldier, 17-year-old Robert Needham, were assigned to sentry duty, covering the midnight to 4
a.m. shift. Johnson and Needham heard something in the bushes about 50 yards away and then
the sound of what sounded like the snipping of the barbed wire around their
encampment. Johnson knew they would need to alert the base and told Needham to go wake the
others. As Needham rose to leave his sentry position, he was wounded badly; both men knew he
would not make it back to warn the others. Johnson unpacked a box of 30 hand grenades.
Needham was strong enough to pull himself to a sitting position so he could hand the grenades to
Johnson. When the grenades ran out, Johnson grabbed his rifle and began firing. He soon ran out
of ammunition, so he tried to load his French-assigned rifle with American bullets but the gun
jammed. In the dark, Johnson began brandishing the butt of the rifle to whack anyone near him
until he could reach his bolo knife. “[I] slashed in a million directions. Each slash meant
something, believe me,” Johnson said later.
About an hour after the fight began, other men in the unit appeared and helped fight off the
Germans. At daylight, members of the 369th, along with their French comrades, could finally see
what remained of the battle area. They estimated that about 20-35 Germans had approached;
four Germans lay dead, and the French were able to recover weapons of many others. Johnson
and Needham were taken to a field hospital; it was determined that Johnson had incurred 21
separate wounds.
http://americacomesalive.com/2015/01/05/harlem-
hellfighter-hero-henry-lincoln-johnson/#.Vr-xydLSnbg
On June 2, 2015, President
Barack Obama presented the
Medal of Honor to Command
Sgt. Maj. Louis Wilson of the
New York National Guard on
behalf of Private Johnson.
95.
96. Great Migration
After WWI many African Americans began leaving the South in growing
numbers to pursue better economic opportunities in northern cities and in
hopes of escaping southern racism.
97. WWI Home Front
The home front of the United States in World War I saw a systematic
mobilization of the entire population and the entire economy to produce the
soldiers, food supplies, munitions, and money needed to win the war.
98. Daylight Savings Time
Having citizens turn their clocks ahead one hour during certain months,
people would have more daylight and burn less fuel.
99. Committee on Public Information
An independent agency of the government of the United States created to
influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World
War I.
It used every medium available to create enthusiasm for the war effort and
enlist public support against foreign attempts to undercut America's war
aims.
100. War Industries Board
The most powerful agency of the war, it had to satisfy the allied needs for
goods and direct American industries in what to produce.
101. WWI War Bonds
Liberty bonds were first utilized during the first World War to support the
allied cause in World War I. Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of
patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financial
securities to many citizens for the first time. This allowed private citizens to
purchase a bond to help support the military effort. After the war, the bond
could be redeemed for its purchase price plus interest.
102. Espionage and Sedition Acts
These acts made it illegal to interfere with the draft, obstruct the sale of
Liberty Bonds, or make statements considered disloyal to, or critical of, the
government, the Constitution, or the US military.
103. Eugene V. Debs Imprisoned
Debs repeatedly ran for president as a socialist, he was imprisoned after he
gave a speech protesting WWI in violation of the Sedition Act.
In 1920, Socialist Eugene Debs
received 920,000 votes for
president of the United States.
Yet he ran his entire campaign
while he was in jail.
104. Collapse of Czarist Russia
Russian army suffered huge losses on the Eastern Front and the Russian
people began riots in Russian cities because of food shortages and poor
morale. Czar Nicholas II abdicated.
Bolsheviks (Communists) toppled the government during a revolution in
November 1917. The Bolsheviks withdrew Russia from WWI with the signing
of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany.
On July 17, 1918, the royal family was
awakened and led down into a half-
basement at the back of the house.
The pretext for this move was the
family's safety.
Nicholas was shot multiple times in
the chest and was the first to die.
Alexandra and their children with
their doctor and three of their
servants (who had voluntarily chosen
to remain with the family) were all
stabbed with bayonets and then shot
at close range in the head.
105. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Bolsheviks withdrew Russia from WWI with the signing of the Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk with Germany.
Russo-German Armistice (December 15, 1917)
106. Fourteen Points
Wilson's plan called for a reduction in armaments (weapons), the right of
self-determination (power to govern oneself) for ethnic groups, freedom of
the seas, and the creation of a League of Nations.
107. Armistice
Cease-fire or agreement to stop fighting. On November 11, 1918, the First World
War came to an end after four long and bloody years. “Eleventh hour, of the
eleventh day, of the eleventh month.”
108.
109. Treaty of Versailles
Treaty that ended the First World War. The Treaty of Versailles made
Germany take total responsibility for the war and led to great bitterness on
the part of most Germans. Made it possible for a young, charismatic leader
named Adolf Hitler to rise to power.
Photo of the “Big Four” taking a break from the
Treaty of Versailles Conference.
The Treaty of Versailles was one of the most important
causes that led to Hitler's rise in Germany. From the
German point of view the treaty was incredibly harsh
and devastating for Germany.
110. The Big Four at Versailles
1. Woodrow Wilson
a. President of the United States.
b. Wanted to create a better world and wanted a just peace.
2. Georges Clemenceau (Klemon-so)
a. Prime Minister of France.
b. Sought to ensure France’s security against future German
invasions
and wanted a treaty that was harsh towards the Germans.
3. David Lloyd George
a. Prime Minister of Great Britain.
b. Sought to expand Britain’s colonial empire, preserve its naval and
industrial supremacy, and make Germany “pay for the war.”
4. Victorio Orlando
a. Prime Minister of Italy.
b. Wanted to make sure that pre-war agreements, which promised
more land for Italy were honored.
*Left the Versailles Conference after Italy was not given what it
was promised.
Georges Clemenceau
David Lloyd George
Woodrow Wilson
Victorio Orlando
111. Treaty of Versailles (U.S. Opposition)
Victorious Allies imposed punitive reparations on Germany. U.S. Versailles
delegation was led by Wilson who fought for a just peace. U.S. Senate rejected
the Versailles Treaty as too harsh and against the League of Nations.
112. Article 10 of the Versailles Treaty
Created the League of Nations.
113. League of Nations
Devised by President Wilson, its purpose was to provide a world court
where countries could peacefully discuss solutions to their differences or
grievances rather than go to war. Proved to be very weak and unable to
prevent WWII.
114. How the Versailles Treaty Affected Germany
1. Germany was reduced to a weaken state.
• German army was limited to 100,000 troops.
• German navy limited for purposes of conducting trade only.
• Germany was not allowed an air force.
2. Forced to pay huge reparations of about $32 billion dollars.
3. Had to accept Article 231 in which Germany had to accept blame for
starting the war. (Very insulting)
115. Reparations
Money to compensate for losses from the war.
Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war
as part of the Treaty of Versailles. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly led to a
severe depression in Germany.
116. How the Versailles Treaty Affected the
Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires
The Austro-Hungarian Empire was spilt
into Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and
Hungary.
The Ottoman Empire was reduced and divided
into several smaller countries.
Turkey, Iran, and Iraq.
117. “The War to End All Wars”
Extent of damage inflicted.
•More than 8.5 million dead.
•More than 17 million wounded.
•Mass famine
•Over 300 billion dollars in damage to property.
•Millions of civilians left homeless.
The First World War was so devastating that people thought that nobody
would ever want to fight another war like it again.
Rather than risk war again during the 1930’s, England and France tried to
appease Hitler to avoid another world war.
118. The Horrors of War
World War I Shell Shock [Short Video]
119. The Horrors of War
The war left thousands of soldiers disfigured and disabled.
Reconstructive surgery was used to repair facial damage, but
masks were also used to cover the most horrific disfigurement.
Some soldiers stayed in nursing homes their entire lives.
