EFFECT OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Cassia angustifolia EXTRACT ON HEART AND LIPID PROFILE OF WISTER RATS WAZIS CHAMA HARUNA1, JOSEPH OYEPATA SIMEON2, *, MODUPE BUILDERS2, JOSEPH OPEYEMI TOSIN
The document describes a study that investigated the effects of ethanol leaf extract of Cassia angustifolia on the heart and lipid profile of Wistar rats. Some key findings from the study include:
- Administration of the Cassia angustifolia extract for 28 days caused a significant decrease in red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, and platelet count in treated rats compared to the control group.
- The extract did not significantly affect white blood cell differentials such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes.
- Treatment resulted in a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level but did not significantly change other lipid parameters like low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and trigly
This document outlines a study to evaluate the anti-ischemic activity of indigenous medicinal plants using in-vivo and in-vitro models. The study will investigate the effects of extracts from Terminalia arjuna and Carthamus tinctorius on several animal models of ischemia, including isoproterenol-induced ischemia in rats and sympathetic hyperactivity-induced ischemia in rabbits. Cell culture models of ischemia in neonatal rat heart cells will also be used. The methodology describes preparation of plant extracts, fractionation, toxicity testing, and experimental procedures to assess anti-ischemic effects.
Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Thrombolytic Prope...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the cytotoxic and thrombolytic properties of Achyranthes aspera leaf extract. Phytochemical screening of the methanolic leaf extract revealed the presence of various compounds including alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids and saponins. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using Brine shrimp lethality bioassay, which showed the highest mortality rate of 90% at a concentration of 1250 μg/ml and an LC50 value of 50.12 μg/ml. Thrombolytic activity of the extract was 32.87% compared to 81.19% for the positive control streptokinase. The extract
1) The study examined whether the phosphorylated form of the sodium chloride cotransporter (pNCC) or prostasin in urinary exosomes could serve as biomarkers for aldosteronism.
2) In animal models, aldosterone infusion and a low-sodium diet increased pNCC levels in urinary exosomes, suggesting pNCC may be a marker for aldosteronism. Prostasin levels were less consistently elevated.
3) In patients with primary aldosteronism, pNCC levels were significantly higher in urinary exosomes compared to patients with essential hypertension, while prostasin levels showed a non-significant trend upward.
Effects of Different Proportions of Salvianolic Acid and Hydroxysafflor Yello...Premier Publishers
In this experiment, SD rats were injected intravenously with different proportions of test samples to observe the protective effect of intravenous injection of pituitrin (PIT) that induced myocardial ischemia in rats, and to determine the lipid peroxidation product of Malondialdehyde (MDA) in rat brain and the content and activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Creatine Kinase (CK) and Lactate Dehydrogenase(LDH). The role of the anti–myocardial ischemia model in the test and its optimal ratio were studied. Each group of test samples was injected through the tail vein and the Ⅱ lead ECG was traced. After injection for 30 min, the rats were sublingually injected with 2U/kg pituitrin, and Ⅱ lead ECG was recorded for 5 min. After 3 hours’ observation, the rats were sacrificed from the cervical spine, and the hearts were removed and placed in a refrigerator at –20 °C to measure various biochemical indicators. Intravenous injection of each group of tested products has the effect of reducing the content of MDA, LDH, and CK in myocardial tissue, which can enhance the activity of SOD in myocardial tissue, and has statistical significance compared with the model group (P≤0.05 or P≤0.01). Through comprehensive comparison, the A:B=1:10 dose group was found to have the best results.
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) protects against doxorubicin-induced cardio...Ahmed Elberry
This document summarizes a research article that studied the protective effects of cranberry extract against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. The study found that cranberry extract inhibited glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation caused by doxorubicin in cardiac tissues. It also protected against doxorubicin-induced reductions in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Cranberry extract alleviated the rise in cardiac injury biomarkers and histopathological changes observed with doxorubicin treatment. The results suggest that cranberry extract has antioxidant properties and can protect against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.
ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL OF MEMECYLON TERMINALE DALZ EXTRACTS IN ALLOXAN INDUCE...Jing Zang
Memecylon terminale Dalz is an endemic plant that is exclusively present in the Western Ghat region of Southern India. The traditional healers in this region have been using this plant extract to cure disorders such as dysentery, diabetes, diarrhea, piles, haemoptysis, menorrhagia and shown to possess carminative stomachic astringent property. The present study was carried out to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of different extracts of M. terminale Dalz in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Chloroform and methanolic extracts of M. terminale Dalz leaves were screened for hypoglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetes in Swiss albino rats. The lipid profile was also examined in diabetic rats administered with these extracts. The efficacy of these extracts was also analyzed for their ability to inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Of the two extracts, chloroform extract (500 mg/kg body weight) showed dose dependent decrease in blood glucose level which was comparable to that of control after 24 h of extract administration. On the other hand, chloroform extract also showed good lipid profile that was comparable with standard drug. As compared to chloroform extract, the methanolic extract showed good inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme activity. The results of our study indicate that M. terminale Dalz plant possesses significant protective effects against alloxan induced diabetes. However, detailed structure function analysis of active ingredients of the extract is needed to be validated.
ABSTRACT- This study was undertaken to evaluate the serum levels of Oxidant (MDA) & antioxidant (SOD & Vitamin E) and compare oxidative stress (MDA) level among normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Oxidative stress has been relationship with mechanisms of EH (essential hypertension). A total number of 70 subjects were taken including both sex (Men and Women) between the ages of 35-70 years taken in this study. Exclusion criteria were chronic diseases, alcohol consumer, obesity, smoking/tobacco consumer and current use of any medication. Antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) were determined in serum. In 70 subjects out of 35 were found as an controls normotensive individuals and the cases 35 hypertensive patients. Serum MDA levels were highly significantly elevated in hypertensive patients in compared to normotensive individuals (4.39±0.98 µmol/l vs 1.51±0.70µmol/l and p < 0.0001). SOD acts as an antioxidant was highly significantly decrease in hypertensive patients in compared to normotensive individuals (0.44±0.06U/mg protein/min vs 0.96±0.04 U/mg protein/min and p <0.0001).>< 0.001). These findings demonstrate the strong association of SOD and Vitamin E level decrease in hypertensive patients and by MDA level increase in hypertensive patients. Oxidative stress in hypertensive patients increasing over time may play a role in the improvement of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, should be considered in further research.
Key Words: Hypertensive, Normotensive individuals, MDA, SOD, Vitamin E
Dynamics of Combined Oral Contraceptive: A Study of Some Haematological Param...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
This document outlines a study to evaluate the anti-ischemic activity of indigenous medicinal plants using in-vivo and in-vitro models. The study will investigate the effects of extracts from Terminalia arjuna and Carthamus tinctorius on several animal models of ischemia, including isoproterenol-induced ischemia in rats and sympathetic hyperactivity-induced ischemia in rabbits. Cell culture models of ischemia in neonatal rat heart cells will also be used. The methodology describes preparation of plant extracts, fractionation, toxicity testing, and experimental procedures to assess anti-ischemic effects.
Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Thrombolytic Prope...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the cytotoxic and thrombolytic properties of Achyranthes aspera leaf extract. Phytochemical screening of the methanolic leaf extract revealed the presence of various compounds including alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids and saponins. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using Brine shrimp lethality bioassay, which showed the highest mortality rate of 90% at a concentration of 1250 μg/ml and an LC50 value of 50.12 μg/ml. Thrombolytic activity of the extract was 32.87% compared to 81.19% for the positive control streptokinase. The extract
1) The study examined whether the phosphorylated form of the sodium chloride cotransporter (pNCC) or prostasin in urinary exosomes could serve as biomarkers for aldosteronism.
2) In animal models, aldosterone infusion and a low-sodium diet increased pNCC levels in urinary exosomes, suggesting pNCC may be a marker for aldosteronism. Prostasin levels were less consistently elevated.
3) In patients with primary aldosteronism, pNCC levels were significantly higher in urinary exosomes compared to patients with essential hypertension, while prostasin levels showed a non-significant trend upward.
Effects of Different Proportions of Salvianolic Acid and Hydroxysafflor Yello...Premier Publishers
In this experiment, SD rats were injected intravenously with different proportions of test samples to observe the protective effect of intravenous injection of pituitrin (PIT) that induced myocardial ischemia in rats, and to determine the lipid peroxidation product of Malondialdehyde (MDA) in rat brain and the content and activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Creatine Kinase (CK) and Lactate Dehydrogenase(LDH). The role of the anti–myocardial ischemia model in the test and its optimal ratio were studied. Each group of test samples was injected through the tail vein and the Ⅱ lead ECG was traced. After injection for 30 min, the rats were sublingually injected with 2U/kg pituitrin, and Ⅱ lead ECG was recorded for 5 min. After 3 hours’ observation, the rats were sacrificed from the cervical spine, and the hearts were removed and placed in a refrigerator at –20 °C to measure various biochemical indicators. Intravenous injection of each group of tested products has the effect of reducing the content of MDA, LDH, and CK in myocardial tissue, which can enhance the activity of SOD in myocardial tissue, and has statistical significance compared with the model group (P≤0.05 or P≤0.01). Through comprehensive comparison, the A:B=1:10 dose group was found to have the best results.
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) protects against doxorubicin-induced cardio...Ahmed Elberry
This document summarizes a research article that studied the protective effects of cranberry extract against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. The study found that cranberry extract inhibited glutathione depletion and lipid peroxidation caused by doxorubicin in cardiac tissues. It also protected against doxorubicin-induced reductions in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Cranberry extract alleviated the rise in cardiac injury biomarkers and histopathological changes observed with doxorubicin treatment. The results suggest that cranberry extract has antioxidant properties and can protect against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.
ANTIDIABETIC POTENTIAL OF MEMECYLON TERMINALE DALZ EXTRACTS IN ALLOXAN INDUCE...Jing Zang
Memecylon terminale Dalz is an endemic plant that is exclusively present in the Western Ghat region of Southern India. The traditional healers in this region have been using this plant extract to cure disorders such as dysentery, diabetes, diarrhea, piles, haemoptysis, menorrhagia and shown to possess carminative stomachic astringent property. The present study was carried out to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of different extracts of M. terminale Dalz in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Chloroform and methanolic extracts of M. terminale Dalz leaves were screened for hypoglycemic activity in alloxan induced diabetes in Swiss albino rats. The lipid profile was also examined in diabetic rats administered with these extracts. The efficacy of these extracts was also analyzed for their ability to inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Of the two extracts, chloroform extract (500 mg/kg body weight) showed dose dependent decrease in blood glucose level which was comparable to that of control after 24 h of extract administration. On the other hand, chloroform extract also showed good lipid profile that was comparable with standard drug. As compared to chloroform extract, the methanolic extract showed good inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme activity. The results of our study indicate that M. terminale Dalz plant possesses significant protective effects against alloxan induced diabetes. However, detailed structure function analysis of active ingredients of the extract is needed to be validated.
ABSTRACT- This study was undertaken to evaluate the serum levels of Oxidant (MDA) & antioxidant (SOD & Vitamin E) and compare oxidative stress (MDA) level among normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Oxidative stress has been relationship with mechanisms of EH (essential hypertension). A total number of 70 subjects were taken including both sex (Men and Women) between the ages of 35-70 years taken in this study. Exclusion criteria were chronic diseases, alcohol consumer, obesity, smoking/tobacco consumer and current use of any medication. Antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) were determined in serum. In 70 subjects out of 35 were found as an controls normotensive individuals and the cases 35 hypertensive patients. Serum MDA levels were highly significantly elevated in hypertensive patients in compared to normotensive individuals (4.39±0.98 µmol/l vs 1.51±0.70µmol/l and p < 0.0001). SOD acts as an antioxidant was highly significantly decrease in hypertensive patients in compared to normotensive individuals (0.44±0.06U/mg protein/min vs 0.96±0.04 U/mg protein/min and p <0.0001).>< 0.001). These findings demonstrate the strong association of SOD and Vitamin E level decrease in hypertensive patients and by MDA level increase in hypertensive patients. Oxidative stress in hypertensive patients increasing over time may play a role in the improvement of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, should be considered in further research.
Key Words: Hypertensive, Normotensive individuals, MDA, SOD, Vitamin E
Dynamics of Combined Oral Contraceptive: A Study of Some Haematological Param...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
1. Platelets are a vital blood component for controlling bleeding, but have a short shelf life of only 5 days and unpredictable demand leads to 20-40% being discarded.
2. Developing solutions to extend the shelf life of platelets and meet unpredictable demand could help the many patients who require frequent platelet transfusions.
3. Recent research has found ways to increase the shelf life of platelets by using new preservatives, grow platelets in bioreactors, and develop synthetic platelets that could deliver drugs.
Effect of aqueous extract of phaseolus vulgaris l. (red kidney beans) on allo...IJSIT Editor
Aqueous extract of Phaseolus Vulgaris L. (Red Kidney Beans) was investigated for its effects in
alloxan induced-diabetic rats. Twenty four albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (A-D) of six
rats each such that group A (diabetes control) received 0.5 mL distilled water, group B (diabetes) received
400 mg/kg bwt of extract, group C (normal control) received 0.5 mL of distilled water while group D (normal)
received 400 mg/kg bwt of extract, all extract were orally administered once daily for 14 days. Diabetes was
induced in groups A&B by single interperitonial injection of 150 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate. Phytochemical
screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, balsam, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cyanogenic glycosides,
terpenes and steroids. The hypoglyceamic potential of Phasoelus vulgaris L. was expressed in diabetes
treated rats. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin and cholesterol levels of the diabetes treated rats and
normal treated rats were not significantly (p>0.05) altered when compared with the control rats. However,
these values were significantly (p<0.05)><0.05)>0.05) effects on PCV and Hb in all groups when compared to the normal control. The study showed that
the aqueous extract of Phasoelus vulgaris L. leaves possess hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic properties and
ameliorating the high levels of marker enzymes observed in diabetes untreated rats.
Background: Body of literature are becoming pronounced that pathological condition in one organ of the body might have an effect on other distal organs owing to the fact, that the entire body metabolism is orchestrated centrally.
Pathological events occurring in an organ are likely to be extended to other organs. Pretreatment that minimize these events are presumed to be beneficial to the extended organs.
Methods: Following 30 min of ischemia and 48 h of reperfusion in the kidney, rats under anesthesia were sacrificed and blood sample collected through cardiac puncture. Serum level of troponin I, and activities of total creatine kinase (CK), mass creatine kinase (CK-MB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma –glutamyl transferase (GGT) were estimated spectrophotometrically.
Results: Serum troponin I increased to 0.031 ± 0.001 ng/ml in the ischemic group, and following pretreatment with Lmm (600mg/kg), serum level of troponin I decreased significantly to 0.021 ± 0.001 ng/ml (P<.05).><.05),><.05)><.05).
Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes in Metabolic Syndrome Patients after Consumpti...science journals
Increased oxidative stress has been suggested as an early event in the development of the metabolic syndrome and, as such, might contribute to disease progression.
This study evaluated the prophylactic (preventive) and curative effects of a hydro-alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera pods on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. Rats were pre-treated or post-treated with three different doses of the extract (100, 250, 500 mg/kg) for 14 days before or after being administered CCl4 to induce liver injury. Biochemical markers, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and histopathological examination of the liver were used to assess the degree of liver damage and the protective effects of the extract. The extract was found to significantly reduce liver damage markers and bilirubin levels in a dose-dependent
Biochemical and Toxicological Investigations of 5-Fluorouracil, Nimesulide, a...BRNSS Publication Hub
The objective of this study was biochemical and toxicological investigations of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), nimesulide, and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in Wistar rats with hepatocellular carcinoma in. Results showed that DENA increased the level of alpha fetoprotein (AFP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), and total bilirubin which was decreased by the various combinations of 5-FU to normal. On the other hand, DENA resulted in decrease of blood glucose level, DFN decreased more than DF, and DFC showed results similar to DFN, while DFNC led to increased AFP, ALP, SGOT, SGPT, and total bilirubin levels to normal. Histopathological evaluations showed normal architecture of tissues of rat liver in normal group. Lesser damage of hepatocytes and low index of necrosis were in pre- and post-treated group of 5-FU+DF, DFN+DFC groups. DFNC treated group exhibited histological features resembling normal control animals.
This document provides an overview of hepatoprotective activity and agents. It discusses the anatomy and functions of the liver, common liver disorders, and mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Screening methods for evaluating hepatoprotective effects include in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models. Several plants are described that have shown hepatoprotective properties, including Picrorrhiza kurroa, Orthosiphon stamineus, Tridax procumbens, Boerhaavia diffusa, and Hoslundia opposita. The document provides references for further information.
Removal of the Bad Effects of D-Galactosamine on Blood Lipids of Male Wistar ...IOSRJPBS
There is an increase in overall health awareness in Saudi Arabia due to a rising rate of diseases such as diabetes and heart diseases in addition to obesity. Thus, Saudi Ministry of Health initiates many programs to improve their eating and drinking habitats. Black and green tea were used as healthy drinks to alternative highcalorie, sugary drinks. The effect of black and green tea consumption on serum lipid and glucose levels in untreated and galactosamine treated male Wistar rats was detected. In this study, male Wistar rats (90) were divided to 3 groups, the first one, 30 rats that drank water, the second group, 30 rats drank 2% green tea and the third group is 30 rats that drank 2% black tea for 4 weeks. Each rat group was separated into two subgroups, the first intraperitoneally injected with D-Galactosamine (GalN) and the second group was injected with saline solution. Analysis of blood indicated that serum triglyceride levels (one of the hepatotoxic parameters) showed a marked reduction in response to GalN administration by 29.21%, 36.70% and 26.94% in control, green tea and black tea groups, respectively, as compared to those untreated animals. Moreover, in the comparison between the groups of treated animals, rats drinking green tea recorded the lowest serum triglyceride level as compared to rats consuming either water or black tea. Black tea consuming groups recorded 56.73% reduction in serum total lipids as compared to the control group. Regarding serum glucose level, treated rats drinking tea (green or black) showed a significant reduction as compared to treated rats drinking water. Serum total cholesterol levels were significantly elevated in response to GalN injection in rats drinking black tea by 45.22% as compared to untreated ones, while a small and not significant increase was recorded in green tea group.
Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Fema...YogeshIJTSRD
Celosia argentea is a plant of family Amaranthaceae used as traditional medicine for various diseases. The aim of the study is to evaluate the acute toxicity effect of Celosia argentea leaf extract for 14 days in female albino rats. The aqueous extract of Celosia argentea showed no evidence of single dose toxicity 2000 mg kg when studying acute toxicity on biochemical, hematological or histological parameters. The results showed that .C. argentea does not cause toxicity at the doses studied. M. Sridevi | B. Senthilkumar | K. Devi "Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Female Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39811.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/39811/acute-oral-toxicity-study-of-aqueous-leaf-extract-of-celosia-argentea-in-female-albino-rats/m-sridevi
This document discusses various in vitro and in vivo methods for evaluating drugs used in congestive cardiac failure (CCF). It describes isolated tissue experiments using hamster and cat hearts to assess drug effects on contractile force. It also outlines several animal models of CCF including rat coronary ligation and aortic banding, as well as dog, rabbit, guinea pig and hamster heart failure models induced by techniques like rapid pacing or volume/pressure overload. The models aim to mimic human CCF pathophysiology for testing new treatments.
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
THE KIDNEY OF WISTAR RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ2
The role of curcumin in streptozotocin induced hepatic damage and the trans-d...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Diabetic patients frequently suffer from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study aimed to investigate the role of curcumin and the response of hepatic stellate cells in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hepatic damage. Sixty male rats were divided into three groups. The normal control injected with a citrate buffer vehicle and the diabetic control group which was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single-dose of streptozotocin (50mg/kg body weight) and a diabetic group was treated with an oral dose of curcumin at 80 mg/kg body weight daily for 60 days. Curcumin effectively counteracts oxidative stress-mediated hepatic damage and improves biochemical parameters. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was significantly reduced, and insulin antibodies showed strong positive immunoreactivity with curcumin administration. These results optimistically demonstrate the potential use of curcumin, which is attributed to its antiradical/antioxidant activities and its potential β-cell regenerative properties. Also, it has the capability to encourage the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells into insulin-producing cells for a period of time. In addition, as it is an anti-fibrotic mediator that inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and the transition to myofibroblast-like cells, this suggests the possibility of considering curcumin's novel therapeutic effects in reducing hepatic dysfunction in diabetic patients.
Brazilian Red Propolis Attenuates Hypertension and Renal DamageBee Healthy Farms
1. Brazilian Red Propolis (RP) attenuated hypertension, proteinuria, kidney damage, and inflammation in a rat model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) induced by 5/6 renal ablation.
2. RP treatment reduced serum creatinine, glomerulosclerosis, renal macrophage infiltration, and oxidative stress compared to untreated CKD rats.
3. The renoprotective effects of RP may be due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the kidney.
1) The patient has signs of shock including hypotension, tachycardia, and elevated lactate and base deficit.
2) Fluid resuscitation with 2L LR improved hemodynamics but lactate and base deficit remain elevated, indicating ongoing shock.
3) Aggressive resuscitation with blood products following a 1:1:1 ratio of PRBCs, FFP, and platelets is indicated to replace blood loss and prevent coagulopathy, given the suspicion for hemorrhage.
Combination of Angkak (Red Yeast Rice), Red Guava (Psidium guajava Linn) Leaf...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
Endothelial surface layer degradation by chronicmarconou1
This study investigated the effects of degrading the endothelial surface layer (ESL) in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice, an atherosclerosis model, through chronic hyaluronidase infusion. Key findings:
1) Hyaluronidase infusion decreased the ESL volume and plasma volume in apoE-/- mice compared to inactive hyaluronidase.
2) Active hyaluronidase increased proteinuria without changes in renal morphology, suggesting ESL degradation impacts the glomerular barrier.
3) Atherosclerotic plaques in hyaluronidase-treated mice showed increased matrix production and compositional changes, pointing to increased plaque vulnerability.
4)
The study investigated the effects of propolis on oxidative stress markers in the liver tissue of rats whose nitric oxide synthase was inhibited. Rats were given L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, for 15 days to induce hypertension and oxidative stress. Some rats were also given an ethanol extract of propolis for the last 5 days. Results showed that L-NAME increased lipid peroxidation and decreased catalase activity and nitric oxide levels in the liver, indicating increased oxidative stress. However, administration of propolis suppressed these effects of L-NAME by reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing catalase activity and nitric oxide levels in the liver tissue. Thus, propolis has antioxidant properties that can protect against oxidative
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LU...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, ZUBAIRU SA3, MUSA T3, OYEPATA PJ2
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LU...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ
1. Platelets are a vital blood component for controlling bleeding, but have a short shelf life of only 5 days and unpredictable demand leads to 20-40% being discarded.
2. Developing solutions to extend the shelf life of platelets and meet unpredictable demand could help the many patients who require frequent platelet transfusions.
3. Recent research has found ways to increase the shelf life of platelets by using new preservatives, grow platelets in bioreactors, and develop synthetic platelets that could deliver drugs.
Effect of aqueous extract of phaseolus vulgaris l. (red kidney beans) on allo...IJSIT Editor
Aqueous extract of Phaseolus Vulgaris L. (Red Kidney Beans) was investigated for its effects in
alloxan induced-diabetic rats. Twenty four albino rats were randomly allocated into four groups (A-D) of six
rats each such that group A (diabetes control) received 0.5 mL distilled water, group B (diabetes) received
400 mg/kg bwt of extract, group C (normal control) received 0.5 mL of distilled water while group D (normal)
received 400 mg/kg bwt of extract, all extract were orally administered once daily for 14 days. Diabetes was
induced in groups A&B by single interperitonial injection of 150 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate. Phytochemical
screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, balsam, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cyanogenic glycosides,
terpenes and steroids. The hypoglyceamic potential of Phasoelus vulgaris L. was expressed in diabetes
treated rats. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin and cholesterol levels of the diabetes treated rats and
normal treated rats were not significantly (p>0.05) altered when compared with the control rats. However,
these values were significantly (p<0.05)><0.05)>0.05) effects on PCV and Hb in all groups when compared to the normal control. The study showed that
the aqueous extract of Phasoelus vulgaris L. leaves possess hypoglycaemic, antidiabetic properties and
ameliorating the high levels of marker enzymes observed in diabetes untreated rats.
Background: Body of literature are becoming pronounced that pathological condition in one organ of the body might have an effect on other distal organs owing to the fact, that the entire body metabolism is orchestrated centrally.
Pathological events occurring in an organ are likely to be extended to other organs. Pretreatment that minimize these events are presumed to be beneficial to the extended organs.
Methods: Following 30 min of ischemia and 48 h of reperfusion in the kidney, rats under anesthesia were sacrificed and blood sample collected through cardiac puncture. Serum level of troponin I, and activities of total creatine kinase (CK), mass creatine kinase (CK-MB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma –glutamyl transferase (GGT) were estimated spectrophotometrically.
Results: Serum troponin I increased to 0.031 ± 0.001 ng/ml in the ischemic group, and following pretreatment with Lmm (600mg/kg), serum level of troponin I decreased significantly to 0.021 ± 0.001 ng/ml (P<.05).><.05),><.05)><.05).
Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes in Metabolic Syndrome Patients after Consumpti...science journals
Increased oxidative stress has been suggested as an early event in the development of the metabolic syndrome and, as such, might contribute to disease progression.
This study evaluated the prophylactic (preventive) and curative effects of a hydro-alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera pods on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. Rats were pre-treated or post-treated with three different doses of the extract (100, 250, 500 mg/kg) for 14 days before or after being administered CCl4 to induce liver injury. Biochemical markers, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and histopathological examination of the liver were used to assess the degree of liver damage and the protective effects of the extract. The extract was found to significantly reduce liver damage markers and bilirubin levels in a dose-dependent
Biochemical and Toxicological Investigations of 5-Fluorouracil, Nimesulide, a...BRNSS Publication Hub
The objective of this study was biochemical and toxicological investigations of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), nimesulide, and ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in Wistar rats with hepatocellular carcinoma in. Results showed that DENA increased the level of alpha fetoprotein (AFP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), and total bilirubin which was decreased by the various combinations of 5-FU to normal. On the other hand, DENA resulted in decrease of blood glucose level, DFN decreased more than DF, and DFC showed results similar to DFN, while DFNC led to increased AFP, ALP, SGOT, SGPT, and total bilirubin levels to normal. Histopathological evaluations showed normal architecture of tissues of rat liver in normal group. Lesser damage of hepatocytes and low index of necrosis were in pre- and post-treated group of 5-FU+DF, DFN+DFC groups. DFNC treated group exhibited histological features resembling normal control animals.
This document provides an overview of hepatoprotective activity and agents. It discusses the anatomy and functions of the liver, common liver disorders, and mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Screening methods for evaluating hepatoprotective effects include in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models. Several plants are described that have shown hepatoprotective properties, including Picrorrhiza kurroa, Orthosiphon stamineus, Tridax procumbens, Boerhaavia diffusa, and Hoslundia opposita. The document provides references for further information.
Removal of the Bad Effects of D-Galactosamine on Blood Lipids of Male Wistar ...IOSRJPBS
There is an increase in overall health awareness in Saudi Arabia due to a rising rate of diseases such as diabetes and heart diseases in addition to obesity. Thus, Saudi Ministry of Health initiates many programs to improve their eating and drinking habitats. Black and green tea were used as healthy drinks to alternative highcalorie, sugary drinks. The effect of black and green tea consumption on serum lipid and glucose levels in untreated and galactosamine treated male Wistar rats was detected. In this study, male Wistar rats (90) were divided to 3 groups, the first one, 30 rats that drank water, the second group, 30 rats drank 2% green tea and the third group is 30 rats that drank 2% black tea for 4 weeks. Each rat group was separated into two subgroups, the first intraperitoneally injected with D-Galactosamine (GalN) and the second group was injected with saline solution. Analysis of blood indicated that serum triglyceride levels (one of the hepatotoxic parameters) showed a marked reduction in response to GalN administration by 29.21%, 36.70% and 26.94% in control, green tea and black tea groups, respectively, as compared to those untreated animals. Moreover, in the comparison between the groups of treated animals, rats drinking green tea recorded the lowest serum triglyceride level as compared to rats consuming either water or black tea. Black tea consuming groups recorded 56.73% reduction in serum total lipids as compared to the control group. Regarding serum glucose level, treated rats drinking tea (green or black) showed a significant reduction as compared to treated rats drinking water. Serum total cholesterol levels were significantly elevated in response to GalN injection in rats drinking black tea by 45.22% as compared to untreated ones, while a small and not significant increase was recorded in green tea group.
Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Fema...YogeshIJTSRD
Celosia argentea is a plant of family Amaranthaceae used as traditional medicine for various diseases. The aim of the study is to evaluate the acute toxicity effect of Celosia argentea leaf extract for 14 days in female albino rats. The aqueous extract of Celosia argentea showed no evidence of single dose toxicity 2000 mg kg when studying acute toxicity on biochemical, hematological or histological parameters. The results showed that .C. argentea does not cause toxicity at the doses studied. M. Sridevi | B. Senthilkumar | K. Devi "Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Female Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39811.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/39811/acute-oral-toxicity-study-of-aqueous-leaf-extract-of-celosia-argentea-in-female-albino-rats/m-sridevi
This document discusses various in vitro and in vivo methods for evaluating drugs used in congestive cardiac failure (CCF). It describes isolated tissue experiments using hamster and cat hearts to assess drug effects on contractile force. It also outlines several animal models of CCF including rat coronary ligation and aortic banding, as well as dog, rabbit, guinea pig and hamster heart failure models induced by techniques like rapid pacing or volume/pressure overload. The models aim to mimic human CCF pathophysiology for testing new treatments.
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
THE KIDNEY OF WISTAR RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ2
The role of curcumin in streptozotocin induced hepatic damage and the trans-d...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Diabetic patients frequently suffer from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study aimed to investigate the role of curcumin and the response of hepatic stellate cells in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hepatic damage. Sixty male rats were divided into three groups. The normal control injected with a citrate buffer vehicle and the diabetic control group which was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single-dose of streptozotocin (50mg/kg body weight) and a diabetic group was treated with an oral dose of curcumin at 80 mg/kg body weight daily for 60 days. Curcumin effectively counteracts oxidative stress-mediated hepatic damage and improves biochemical parameters. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was significantly reduced, and insulin antibodies showed strong positive immunoreactivity with curcumin administration. These results optimistically demonstrate the potential use of curcumin, which is attributed to its antiradical/antioxidant activities and its potential β-cell regenerative properties. Also, it has the capability to encourage the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells into insulin-producing cells for a period of time. In addition, as it is an anti-fibrotic mediator that inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and the transition to myofibroblast-like cells, this suggests the possibility of considering curcumin's novel therapeutic effects in reducing hepatic dysfunction in diabetic patients.
Brazilian Red Propolis Attenuates Hypertension and Renal DamageBee Healthy Farms
1. Brazilian Red Propolis (RP) attenuated hypertension, proteinuria, kidney damage, and inflammation in a rat model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) induced by 5/6 renal ablation.
2. RP treatment reduced serum creatinine, glomerulosclerosis, renal macrophage infiltration, and oxidative stress compared to untreated CKD rats.
3. The renoprotective effects of RP may be due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the kidney.
1) The patient has signs of shock including hypotension, tachycardia, and elevated lactate and base deficit.
2) Fluid resuscitation with 2L LR improved hemodynamics but lactate and base deficit remain elevated, indicating ongoing shock.
3) Aggressive resuscitation with blood products following a 1:1:1 ratio of PRBCs, FFP, and platelets is indicated to replace blood loss and prevent coagulopathy, given the suspicion for hemorrhage.
Combination of Angkak (Red Yeast Rice), Red Guava (Psidium guajava Linn) Leaf...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
Endothelial surface layer degradation by chronicmarconou1
This study investigated the effects of degrading the endothelial surface layer (ESL) in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice, an atherosclerosis model, through chronic hyaluronidase infusion. Key findings:
1) Hyaluronidase infusion decreased the ESL volume and plasma volume in apoE-/- mice compared to inactive hyaluronidase.
2) Active hyaluronidase increased proteinuria without changes in renal morphology, suggesting ESL degradation impacts the glomerular barrier.
3) Atherosclerotic plaques in hyaluronidase-treated mice showed increased matrix production and compositional changes, pointing to increased plaque vulnerability.
4)
The study investigated the effects of propolis on oxidative stress markers in the liver tissue of rats whose nitric oxide synthase was inhibited. Rats were given L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, for 15 days to induce hypertension and oxidative stress. Some rats were also given an ethanol extract of propolis for the last 5 days. Results showed that L-NAME increased lipid peroxidation and decreased catalase activity and nitric oxide levels in the liver, indicating increased oxidative stress. However, administration of propolis suppressed these effects of L-NAME by reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing catalase activity and nitric oxide levels in the liver tissue. Thus, propolis has antioxidant properties that can protect against oxidative
Similar to EFFECT OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Cassia angustifolia EXTRACT ON HEART AND LIPID PROFILE OF WISTER RATS WAZIS CHAMA HARUNA1, JOSEPH OYEPATA SIMEON2, *, MODUPE BUILDERS2, JOSEPH OPEYEMI TOSIN
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LU...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, ZUBAIRU SA3, MUSA T3, OYEPATA PJ2
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LU...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ
Effect of ethanol_leaf_extract_of_cassia_angustifolia_extract_on_liver_of_wis...oyepata
1) The document reports on a study that investigated the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Cassia angustifolia on the liver of Wister rats.
2) Male and female rats were divided into four groups, with one group receiving distilled water and the other three groups receiving 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg of the Cassia angustifolia extract orally for 28 days.
3) The results showed some changes in hematological parameters like decreases in red blood cells and hemoglobin at the 50 mg/kg dose. Liver enzymes were also affected at some doses. Histological analysis found some liver changes at higher doses.
Red Reishi has more than 200 bio-active compounds and many of them can interfere with the growth, mobility, and invasiveness of cancer cells. Reishi, as the Japanese would call it is Gandoderma lucidum, and ancient medicinal remedy popular across Asia. Traditional healers have been using the herb for more than 4,000 years and found it to be beneficial in many health concerns.
Wheatgrass has powerful anti-oxidants, phytochemicals and other nutrients that help cleanse the blood, neutralize toxins and eliminate excess fats, free radicals and heavy metals from our system. It is also rich in fiber which helps clear our toxins and garbage in the digestive tract.
So Easy is a safe and effective regimen designed to efficiently remove mucoid plaque and get rid of the stagnating fecal matter.
By completely staying away from your usual meals and religiously following the 3 day Colon Cleansing Program - you allow your intestinal system to rest, thus restoring the normal operation of your gastro-intestinal tract.
Gongronema Latifolium A Plant with Cardioprotective Potentialsijtsrd
Gongronema latifolium GL has gained research interest in the field of Medicine. The present study investigated the cardioprotective potentials of the ethanolic and ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves extract of G.L. 18 Male Wistar rats were divided equally into three groups. Group 1 was the control group, and was administered 0.9 normal saline. Group 2 was administered 200mg kg ethanolic leaves extract of GL. Group 3 received 200mg kg ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves extract of GL. Administration was via oral gavage and lasted for 14 days. The rats were sacrificed under chloroform anaesthesia. Blood was collected via cardiac puncture, allowed to clot, and later centrifuged to get serum. Laboratory assays were done for serum concentrations of total cholesterol Tc , total triglycerides Tg , high density lipoprotein HDL-c , low density lipoprotein LDL , malondialedyde MDA , total antioxidant capacity TAC , and total plasma peroxide TPP . The heart, aorta, and kidneys were also harvested for organ weight and histological studies. Administration of GL extracts resulted in an increase p 0.001 serum concentrations of HDL-c and TAC, with a consequent reduction in the serum concentrations of Tg, LDL-c, VLDL, MDA, and TPP. There was no significant p 0.01 change in organ weights of the heart, aorta, and kidneys across the groups. Histology of the blood vessels showed intact layers across the groups. There was no derangement of cellular architecture in the heart and kidney. This study therefore concludes that Gongronema latifolium leaves extract is cardioprotective, and thus provides a basis for the use of this plant as an alternative for the prevention, management or control of cardiovascular diseases. Justin Atiang Beshel | Favour Nyoh Beshel | Clement Oshie Nku | Daniel Udofia Owu "Gongronema Latifolium: A Plant with Cardioprotective Potentials" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21431.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/physiology/21431/gongronema-latifolium-a-plant-with-cardioprotective-potentials/justin-atiang-beshel
This thesis investigated the effect of cadmium sulfate exposure and treatment with the mushroom Pleurotus florida on albino rats. Rats were divided into groups that received various doses of cadmium and mushroom extract. Organs and blood were analyzed after 4, 8, 12, and 16 days. Histological analysis found damage to heart, liver, and kidneys in cadmium-exposed rats, which was reduced by mushroom treatment. Behavioral changes and clinical signs of toxicity were also observed with cadmium exposure. The mushroom extract showed protective effects on the organs. In conclusion, Pleurotus florida has potential for reducing cadmium-induced organ damage.
Effect of Administration Ethanol Leaf Extract of Terminalia Chebula on Liver ...oyepata
Effect of Administration Ethanol Leaf Extract of
Terminalia Chebula on Liver of Wister Rat
Joseph Oyepata Simeon1*, Modupe Builders2, Wazis Chama Haruna3, Joseph Opeyemi Tosin4, Sabastine Aliyu
Zubairu5, Musa Tabitha Lubo6, Moh’d A. Sadiq
Effects of green tea (camellia sinensis) on serum cholesterolAlexander Decker
This academic article examines the effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) on serum cholesterol levels. It discusses how green tea contains antioxidants like catechins that are involved in lowering serum cholesterol. The study involved administering green tea to mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. The results showed that mice given green tea had lower serum cholesterol levels than the control group, though the difference was not statistically significant. Overall, the study suggests that green tea catechins may have a modest hypocholesterolemic or cholesterol-lowering effect.
Experiment 1 Introduction to In-Vitro pharmacology and physiological salt so...Kanchan Chouksey
In Vitro pharmacology studies the biological effects of a drug in an isolated environment, such as cell lines or tissues.
This setup conveniently eliminates whole organism physiological influences allowing for a detailed analysis a compound’s impact.
Heart is supplied by autonomic nervous system.
Adrenaline acts as agonist.
It acts on β-receptors and increases heart rate and amplitude.
Acetylcholine acts on muscarinic receptors as an agonist and decreases the heart rate and amplitude.
Excess concentration of KCl stops the heart beat during diastolic phase.
Ca2+ excess concentration stops the heart beat during systolic phase.
K+ and Ca2+act on cardiac muscle through non-receptor mechanism of action.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
THE KIDNEY OF WISTAR RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, ZUBAIRU SA3, MUSA T3, OYEPATA PJ2,
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Hibiscus Sabdariffa on Hypertensive Pa...ijtsrd
The present study aim was the assess the effectiveness of hibiscus sabdariffa on hypertensive patients in rural area. A Quantitaive research approach and Quasi experimental pre test and post test control group design have adopted for the present study. 60 participants were selected who are satisfied with inclusion criteria whereas 30 samples in experimental group other 30 sample were in control group, they were selected by convenient sampling technique. A structured questionnaire method to collect the demographic variables and clinical variables, blood pressure is assessed by the sphygmomanometer. Among 60 patient, 30 hypertensive patient participated in the reveals the pretest mean score was 1.83±0.36 and the post test mean score was 1.23±0.66 in systolic blood pressure and the pretest mean score was 1.4±0.48 and post test mean score was 0.5±0.40 in diastolic blood pressure. Paired t test to compare the pre and posttest level of blood pressure among experimental group. The present study regard to the pre and post test level of systolic blood pressure among experimental group it was found that the t value was5.86, With regard to the pre and post test level of diastolic blood pressure among experimental group it was found that the t value was 12.3, indicating that the rewash a highly significant reduction in post test level of blood pressure among the experimental group at p 0.05level. The present study reveals the pretest mean score was 1.83±0.53 and the post test mean score was 1.96 ±1.6 in systolic blood pressure and the pretest mean score was 1.26 ±0.49 and post test mean score was 0.22 ±0.71 in diastolic blood pressure. paired t test to compare the pre and post test level of blood pressure among control group. With regard to the pre and post test level of systolic blood pressure among control group it was found that the t value was 2.35, With regard to the pre and post test level of diastolic blood pressure among control group it was found that the t value was 2.48, indicating that there was no significant reduction in post test level of blood pressure among the control group at p 0.05 level. Sathiyabama. G | Narmadha K | Nivetha. S "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Hibiscus Sabdariffa on Hypertensive Patients in Rural Area" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52202.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/52202/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-hibiscus-sabdariffa-on-hypertensive-patients-in-rural-area/sathiyabama-g
Effects of Aqueous and Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Vitex doniana on Lipid Pro...IOSR Journals
The effect of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Vitex doniana leaves in serum lipid profile and liver enzymes in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were investigated using standard analytical protocols. A total of 35 albino rats divided into seven groups of five rats each comprising one normal untreated group as animal control, one diabetic untreated group as diabetic control, one normal treated with 750mg/kg body weight as reference group, three diabetic groups treated with 250, 500 and 750mg/kg body weight respectively and one diabetic group treated with 5mg/kg Glibenclamide as standard. The result of acute toxicity test obtained indicated lethal dose (LD50) of greater than 5000mg/kg extract. The results showed that induction of diabetes caused significant (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) increase in high density lipoprotein in the reference and diabetic groups when compared to normal and diabetic control groups respectively after oral administration of Vitex doniana leaf extracts. It could therefore be concluded that Vitex doniana leaf extract is safe, medicinal and have anti-lipidemia properties and hepato-protective effects.
This document summarizes research examining the effects of taurine supplementation on cardiac abnormalities in NZB/W F1 mice fed a high-cholesterol diet. The study found that mice fed a cholesterol/taurine diet had less abnormal cardiac histology, fewer apoptotic cardiac cells, and decreased levels of proteins involved in apoptosis compared to mice fed a cholesterol-only diet or control diet. This suggests taurine has protective effects against cardiac abnormalities induced by a high-cholesterol diet in this mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus.
This study investigated the protective effects of allopurinol on experimentally induced ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Rats were divided into four groups: a sham group, an ischemia group, an ischemia-reperfusion group, and an ischemia-reperfusion + allopurinol treated group. The study found that allopurinol decreased MDA levels and increased GSH levels compared to the ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion groups, indicating it reduced oxidative load. Allopurinol also decreased caspase-3 and sFlt-1 expression, suggesting it inhibited apoptosis and protected the ovaries from damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion.
This study examined the effects of progressive weight gain on the development of atrial fibrillation (AF) in sheep. Sheep were fed a high calorie diet to induce obesity over 8 months while controls maintained normal weight. Cardiac imaging, electrophysiological testing, histology, and molecular analysis were performed at baseline, 4 months, and 8 months. The results showed that increasing weight was associated with larger left atrial size, more atrial fibrosis, inflammation and lipid deposits. Weight gain also reduced conduction velocity, increased conduction heterogeneity and AF inducibility. Molecular markers of fibrosis increased with greater adiposity. Therefore, progressive obesity leads to structural and electrical remodeling in the atria that promotes the development of AF.
The effectS of Brassica oleracea plant extracts on tow type of leukemia cells...IOSR Journals
1. Brassica oleracea plant extracts were prepared using cold water, hot water, and ethanol and tested for antioxidant activity and effects on leukemia cells.
2. All extracts showed significant antioxidant effects in a DPPH radical scavenging assay.
3. The extracts were able to kill 50-75% of abnormal cells from patients with acute lympho-blastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after 24 hours of treatment. DNA fragmentation indicated the extracts induced apoptosis or programmed cell death.
This study investigated the biochemical and toxicological effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), nimesulide, and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Rats were divided into groups that received different combinations of these drugs after being induced with hepatocellular carcinoma. Results showed that the drug combinations decreased elevated liver enzyme levels and alpha-fetoprotein caused by carcinoma induction to normal levels. Histological examination also showed reduced liver damage in drug treatment groups compared to the positive control group. This suggests that combinations of 5-FU, nimesulide, and vitamin C may help reduce toxicity and damage caused by hepatocellular carcinoma.
This study investigated the biochemical and toxicological effects of combinations of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), nimesulide, and ascorbic acid in rats with hepatocellular carcinoma induced by diethylnitrosamine (DENA). Results showed that DENA increased liver enzymes and alpha-fetoprotein levels, indicating liver damage, while combinations of 5-FU, nimesulide, and ascorbic acid helped restore enzyme and biomarker levels closer to normal. Histological examination found that combination treatments caused less liver cell damage and necrosis compared to DENA alone. This study suggests that combinations of 5-FU, nimesulide, and ascorbic acid may have protective effects against hepatocell
Similar to EFFECT OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Cassia angustifolia EXTRACT ON HEART AND LIPID PROFILE OF WISTER RATS WAZIS CHAMA HARUNA1, JOSEPH OYEPATA SIMEON2, *, MODUPE BUILDERS2, JOSEPH OPEYEMI TOSIN (20)
This document provides a history of pharmacy through brief summaries of 24 key developments:
1) It begins with the earliest origins of pharmacy from prehistoric times when early humans first used plants and natural remedies.
2) It then discusses the earliest known records of organized pharmacy practice in ancient Babylonia around 2600 BC where medical practitioners served as priests, pharmacists, and physicians.
3) Chinese pharmacy is traced back to the emperor Shen Nung around 2000 BC who was credited with identifying medicinal properties of hundreds of herbs.
4) Major pharmaceutical records included the Papyrus Ebers from ancient Egypt around 1500 BC which described 700 medicinal drugs.
The document traces the evolution of pharmacy as a
history of pharmacy in nigeria for nigerians-200430142820.pdfoyepata
This document provides an overview of the history and development of pharmacy in Nigeria. Some key points:
- Pharmacy practice was introduced to Nigeria in the late 19th century through European missionaries. The first pharmacy shop was opened in 1887 in Lagos.
- Early pharmacy training involved apprenticeships under physicians to learn dispensing. The first school of pharmacy was established in 1925 in Lagos to formalize training.
- Pharmacy education has expanded over the decades with additional schools, a shift to degree programs, and curriculum changes to reflect evolving pharmacy roles.
- The profession has grown to include various practice settings like hospitals, retail pharmacies, manufacturing, research, teaching and more. Several important pione
The earth: A Lost Planet from another Universeoyepata
This article proposes the theory that Earth originated from another universe and is a stranger in our current universe. It suggests Earth's unique composition and ability to support life, unlike any other known planets, is evidence that it formed under different conditions in its original universe. The article speculates that an imbalance of forces in Earth's parent universe caused it to explode, scattering fragments like Earth that were captured by other universes like our own. It concludes that exploring explanations for Earth's origin could provide insight into why life and the planet are so uniquely suited to support intelligent life.
Assessing Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on African Countries: A Comparativ...oyepata
The document compares the impact of COVID-19 across different African countries and to the United States. Data from 55 randomly selected countries based on cases was analyzed against US data. Results show that with the exception of South Africa, African countries have been less affected by the virus overall with fewer total cases, higher recovery rates, and fewer deaths compared to indexes from the US and other continents. This difference may be due to factors like a more robust immune response in Africa.
The dynmics of covid 19 in africa compare to the rest of the worldoyepata
1. The document analyzes data from 187 countries to compare the impact of COVID-19 on African countries versus other parts of the world.
2. It finds that with the exception of South Africa, African countries appear to be least affected by the virus in terms of total cases and mortality rates.
3. The lower impact in Africa may be due to factors like a more robust immune response, though more research is needed to understand the reasons.
Stages of drug development by Dr Joseph Oyepata Simeon (Ph.D)oyepata
The document outlines the stages of drug development from discovery through clinical trials and FDA approval. It discusses 4 main stages: 1) Discovery and preclinical research involving animal testing, 2) Clinical research consisting of 4 phases starting with small safety trials and increasing in size, 3) Filing an Investigational New Drug Application with the FDA to begin clinical trials, and 4) Final FDA review and potential approval or denial to market the drug. Only about 25-30% of drugs make it through the entire process, which can take 10-15 years and costs over $2 billion on average.
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE BY DR. JOSEPH OYEPATA SIMEONoyepata
1. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes two major types: Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
2. Crohn's disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract and often extends deep into tissues. Ulcerative colitis only involves the colon and rectum in the innermost lining.
3. The causes of IBD are unknown but involve genetic, immune, environmental, and bacterial factors. Both conditions involve severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
Effect of ethanol_stem_extract_of_homalium_letestui_on_histological_features_...oyepata
This study investigated the effects of ethanol stem extract of Homalium letestui on kidney damage induced by paracetamol in rats. Rats were pretreated with the stem extract at doses of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg or silymarin for 8 days before being given paracetamol. Kidney tissues were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin and Bence Jones staining. Paracetamol caused kidney cell damage including degeneration, inflammation, and necrosis. Pretreatment with the stem extract or silymarin reduced this cellular damage in a dose-dependent manner and improved kidney architecture. The extract also positively influenced hematological and biochemical markers altered by paracetamol, indicating its potential
Effect of parkia biglobosa extract on open skin wound with joseph simeon oyepataoyepata
Effect of Parkia biglobosa extract on open skin wound
healing in dexamethasone- induced hyperglycaemia
and histological assessment in rats
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EFFECT OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Cassia angustifolia EXTRACT ON HEART AND LIPID PROFILE OF WISTER RATS WAZIS CHAMA HARUNA1, JOSEPH OYEPATA SIMEON2, *, MODUPE BUILDERS2, JOSEPH OPEYEMI TOSIN
1. *Corresponding author: simeon4unme@yahoo.com; +2348038248352
ajopred.com
EFFECT OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Cassia angustifolia EXTRACT ON HEART
AND LIPID PROFILE OF WISTER RATS
WAZIS CHAMA HARUNA1, JOSEPH OYEPATA SIMEON2, *, MODUPE BUILDERS2, JOSEPH
OPEYEMI TOSIN3
1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Maiduguri, Bornu State, Nigeria.
2. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bingham University, Nasarawa, Nigeria.
3. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
The human heart is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system, supplying oxygen
and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes. Damage to tissue or cells of the
heart can be very fatal. Cassia angustifolia is a plant regularly consumed by the locals to treat gastrointestinal
issues. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of Cassia angustifolia on the heart and other
cardiovascular parameter. Animals of either sex were selected. Group 1 received distilled water (10 ml/kg), while
group 2, 3 and 4 received Cassia angustifolia 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg respectively. Animals were kept in standard
cages and given access to the extract, water and food orally for 28 days, after which they were weighed and
sacrificed. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture and taken immediately for hematological and chemo
pathological analysis. The histological toxic potential of the plant on the kidney was studied using haematotoxylin
and eosin (H&E) staining technique. There was significant (P<0.05) decrease in RBC, HGB, MCV, while there
was no change in the level of neutrophiles, basophiles, eosinophiles and platelets. The extract did not cause
significant (P<0.05) change in the level of cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride. There was
significant (P<0.05) increase in the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Histological observation revealed
slight to no damage to tissue of the heart. Result obtained suggests that the plant maybe of cardiovascular
significance, particularly when taken for a prolong period of time.
KEYWORDS: Cassia angustifolia, heart, rat, cholesterol.
INTRODUCTION
In humans, the heart is roughly the size of a large
fist and weighs between about 10 to 12 ounces
(280 to 340 grams) in men and 8 to 10 ounces (230
to 280 grams) in women [1]. The physiology of the
heart basically comes down to "structure, electricity
and plumbing. The human heart has four chambers:
two upper chambers (the atria) and two lower ones
(the ventricles), according to the National Institute
of Health [2]. The right atrium and right ventricle
together make up the right heart, and the left atrium
and left ventricle make up the left heart. A wall of
muscle called the septum separates the two sides
of the heart [3]. A double-walled sac called the
pericardium encases the heart, which serves to
protect the heart and anchor it inside the chest.
Between the outer layer, the parietal pericardium,
and the inner layer, the serous pericardium, runs
pericardial fluid, which lubricates the heart during
contractions and movements of the lungs and
diaphragm [4].
The heart's outer wall consists of three layers. The
outermost wall layer, or epicardium, is the inner wall
of the pericardium. The middle layer, or
myocardium, contains the muscle that contracts [5].
The inner layer, or endocardium, is the lining that
African Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research & Development
Vol. 12 No.1;pp. 000-000(2020)
1
2. contacts the blood. The tricuspid valve and the
mitral valve make up the atrioventricular (AV)
valves, which connect the atria and the ventricles.
The pulmonary semi-lunar valve separates the right
ventricle from the pulmonary artery, and the aortic
valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta.
The heartstrings, or chordae tendinae, anchor the
valves to heart muscles. The sinoatrial node
produces the electrical pulses that drive heart
contractions [6].
Cardiovascular disease generally refers to
conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood
vessels that can lead to a heart attack, chest pain
(angina) or stroke. Other heart conditions, such as
those that affect your heart's muscle, valves or
rhythm, also are considered forms of heart disease
[7]. Many forms of heart disease can be prevented
or treated with healthy lifestyle choices.
Traditionally, herbs have been consumed for
various reasons. Most of these plants have
unsuspected and unintended effect that maybe
serendipitous or deleterious consequences [8].
Cassia angustifolia is a shrubby plant that reaches
0.5–1, rarely two, metres in height with a branched,
pale-green erect stem and long spreading branches
bearing four or five pairs of leaves. These leaves
form complex, feathery, mutual pairs. The leaflets
vary from 4 to 6 pairs, fully edged, with a sharp top
[9]. The midribs are equally divided at the base of
the leaflets. The flowers are in raceme interior
blossoms, big in size, coloured yellow that tends to
brown. Its legume fruit are horned, broadly oblong,
compressed and flat and contain about six seeds.
When cultivated, the plants are cut down semi-
annually, dried in the sun, stripped and packed in
palm-leaf bags. It also serves as a fungicide [10].
Modern medicine has used extracts since at least
the 1950s as a laxative. If accidentally ingested by
infants, it can cause side effects such as severe
diaper rash [11]. The active ingredients have
several glycosides which interact with immune cells
in the colon. The aim of this study is to investigate
the effect of ethanol extract of Cassia angustifolia
on the heart and lipid profile of rats.
METERIALS AND METHODS
Animals
Male and female wister rats were obtained from
Bingham University, Animal House. They were
maintained on standard animal pellets and given
water ad libitum. Permission and approval for
animal studies were obtained from the College of
Health Sciences Animal Ethics Committee of
Bingham University.
Plant collection
Leaves of Cassia angustifolia were collected from
its natural habitat from nearby Karu village,
Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The plant was
authenticated from Department of Botany, Bingham
University, Nasarawa State Nigeria.
Plant extraction
The leaves were shadow dried for two weeks. The
dried plant material was further reduced into small
pieces and pulverized. The powdered material was
macerated in 70% ethanol. The liquid filtrates were
concentrated and evaporated to dryness at 40C in
vacuum using rotary evaporator. The ethanol
extract was stored at -4C until used.
Animal study
Twenty-four (24) rats of either sex (159-283g) were
selected and randomized into four groups of six rats
per group. Group 1 served as the control and
received normal saline (10ml/kg) while the rats in
groups 2, 3 and 4 were giving 50, 100, and 200
mg/kg of extract respectively. The weights of the
rats were recorded at the beginning of the
experiment and at weekly intervals. The first day of
dosing was taken as D0 while the day of sacrifice
was designated as D29.
Haematological analysis
The rats were sacrificed on the 29th day of
experiment. Blood samples were collected via
cardiac puncture. One portion of the blood was
collected into sample bottles containing EDTA for
hematological analysis such as Hemoglobin
concentration, white blood cell counts (WBC),
differentials (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,
lymphocyte and monocyte), red blood cell count
(RBC), platelets and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration
using automated Haematology machine (Cell-Dyn,
Abbott, USA).
Chempathology analysis
Second portion of the blood was collected into plain
bottle, allowed to clot and centrifuged at 300rpm for
10 minutes. The serum collected was used to
estimate biochemical parameters such as
cholesterol, triglyceride, high density
lipopolysaccharide (HDL) and low-density
lipopolysaccharide (LDL).
Histological study
The heart of the animals were surgically removed
and weighed and a part of each was fixed in 10%
formaldehyde for histological processes.
2
3. Statistical analysis
Data were expressed as the Mean ±Standard Error
of the Mean (SEM). Data were analyzed statistically
using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test for multiple
comparisons between the control and treated
groups. Values of P≤ 0.05 were considered
significant.
RESULTS
Effect of 28 days oral administration of Cassia
angustifolia on hematological parameters
in rats
Cassia augustifoliacaused significant (p<0.05)
decrease in the level of red blood cell, hemoglobin,
platelet etc. and significantly (p<0.05) caused an
increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration in the rats at the dose level of 50
mg/kg compared to the control. The level of
basophiles, neutrophiles, eosinophils and
lymphocytes were however not significantly
(p<0.05) affected by mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration (Table 1).
Effect of 28 days oral administration of ethanol
extract of Cassia angustifolia on relative organ
to body weight ratio in rats.
The heart was observed to be slightly increased in
rats with dose level of 100 mg/kg of the extract
(Table 2).
Effect of 28 days oral administration of ethanol
extract ofCassia angustifolia on lipid profile in
Wistar rats
Significant (p<0.05) increases were observed in
total cholesterol and HDL levels at 100 mg/kg dose
level ofCassia angustifoliawhen comparedto the
control. The extract did not produce significant
changes in all other parameters (LDL, TRIG levels)
studied when compared to the control (Table 3)
Effect of 28 days oral administration of ethanol
extract of Cassia angustifolia on Histology of
Heart in rats
Histopathological examination of heart showed
slight necrosis of cardiac muscles at all doses and
normal features at control (10 ml/kg). Study reveals
normal elongated and rod-shaped cells, striated
muscles and blood vessels (Figure 1).
DISCUSSION
Without the heart the blood would not be pumped
through our blood vessels. But this is what is
needed for oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange in
tissues and lungs [12]. It is also needed for all the
nutrients to reach all cells. It is further needed to
transport the immune cells into every corner of the
body where they are required. And of course our
hormones are carried in the blood stream, pumped
by the heart and they have effects wherever
matching hormone receptors are located in the
body [12]. Study was not done on the functionality
and performance of the heart with regards to blood
pressure and pulse rate [13].
In this study the effect of the plant on the heart and
vascular parameters were examine.Ethanol extract
of leaves of C. angustifolia resulted in significant
(*p<0.05) decrease in the red blood cell,
hemoglobin and platelet when compared to the
control group of rats. This indicated that the plant
may either suppress the production of red blood
cells, decrease the lifespan of red blood cells or
causes problems with how the body uses iron.
Anemia is a condition that develops when the blood
lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin
[14]. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells
and binds oxygen. If the level of RBC too few or
there is abnormal red blood cells, or hemoglobin is
abnormal or low, the cells in the body will not get
enough oxygen [15]. Also, the level of basophiles,
neutrophiles, eosinophils and lymphocytes were not
affected by the extract. This indicates that the plant
may not affect the body immune. It could also
suggest that the plant may have immunomodulatory
property. In this work, the effect of Cassia
angustifoliaon the lipid profile of rat. The level of
most of the parameters such as low density
lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride and cholesterol were
unchanged when compared to the group that
received normal saline. There was significant
increase in the level of high density lipoprotein
(HDL). Clinically and nutritionally, LDL cholesterol is
usually considered bad cholesterol, because it
contributes to fatty deposition in arteries, a
condition known as atherosclerosis [16]. This
condition clogs the arteries, raises the value of
peripheral resistance and increases the risk for
cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attack,
strokeand peripheral artery disease. HDL acts as a
scavenger, removing LDL (bad) cholesterol away
from arteries and back to the liver, where it is
broken down and passed from the body [17]. But
HDL cholesterol does not completely remove LDL
cholesterol from the blood vessels. Only one-third
to one-fourth of blood cholesterol is carried by HDL
[17]. Triglyceride stores excess energy.
3
4. Table 1: Effect of 28 days oral administration of ethanol leaf extract of Cassia angustifolia on
hematological parameters in wistar rats.
Treatment (mg/kg)
Hematological
parameters
DW(1ml/kg) 50 mg/kg 100 mg/kg 200 mg/kg
WBC (×109/L) 7.67±0.772 7.74±1.419 3.700±0.657* 6.420±1.085
RBC (×1012/L) 8.21±0.37 8.65±0.20 6.11±0.35* 7.91±0.27
HGB (g/dL) 14.92±0.66 14.24±0.46 10.93±0.76* 13.58±0.77
HCT (g/dL) 54.27±2.13 55.60±2.75 34.67±2.28* 52.41±2.73
MCV (fL) 66.62±0.93 65.40±1.44 57.17±0.31* 69.60±1.72
MCH (pg) 19.17±0.17 17.80±1.02 18.83±0.37 18.80±0.20
MCHC (g/dL) 34.17±0.16 32.30±0.72 35.50±0.53* 30.62±0.74
PLT (×109/L) 626.86±46.71 577.20±93.32 242.13±45.28* 688.40±45.26
LYM (%) 76.45±5.16 74.00±5.19 75.83±6.33 75.40±5.23
NEUT (×109/L) 20.86±4.57 21.83±2.69 25.33±5.66 21.36±4.17
EOSI (×109/L) 2.55±0.24 3.44±0.65 2.87±0.36 2.32±0.51
BASO (×109/L) 2.12±0.19 2.60±0.85 2.44±1.77 3.45±1.64
Data presented as Mean ± SEM: n = 6, One way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s post hoc for multiple comparison
*significantly different from the distilled water (DW) control at p<0.05. DW = distilled water
(WBC = white blood cells, RBC = red blood cells, HGB = hemoglobin, HCT = hematocrit, MCV = mean corpuscular volume,
MCH = mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCHC = mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, PLT = platelet, LYM =
lymphocyte, NEUT = neutrophils, EOSI = eosinophils, BASO = basophils).
4
5. Table 2: effect of 28 days oral administration of ethanol extract ofCassia angustifolia on relative organ to
body weight ratio in rats.
Treatment(mg/kg) HEART
DW(10ml/kg) 0.47±0.07
c.a 50 mg/kg 0.40±0.03
c.a 100 mg/kg 0.65±0.12
c.a 200 mg/kg 0.49±0.02
Table 3: Effect of 28 days oral administration of Cassia angustifolia on serum lipid profile in rats.
Treatment (mg/kg)
Lipid profiles DW(10ml/kg) 50 100 200
CHOL (mmol/L) 47.30±8.46 62.80±6.26* 48.40±2.75 45.75±9.42
HDL (mmol/L) 48.30±3.18 62.00±4.14* 47.20±1.9 54.71±3.95
LDL (mmol/L) 6.80±1.94 7.46±1.75 7.72±4.249 6.57±3.67
TRIG (mmol/L 62.45±2.34 58.39±8.55 65.45±6.81 62.33±5.98
*Significantly different from the distilled water (DW) control at p<0.05.(CHOL = total cholesterol, HDL = high density
lipoprotein, LDL = low density lipoprotein, TRIG = triglycerides).
5
6. Figure 1: Photomicrograph of the heart (Hematoxylin and eosin. H and E ×100). (A) Control group,
Shows normal myocardium. (B) 50 mg/kg Cassia angustifolia, slight necrosis of myocardium (MN). (C)
100 mg/kg, slight necrosis of myocardium. (D) 200 mg/kg, slight necrosis of myocardium (MN).
Figure 2: effect of 28 days oral administration of ethanol extract of Cassia angustifolia on relative organ
to body weight ratio in rats.
6
7. High triglycerides may contribute to hardening
of the arteries or thickening of the artery walls
(arteriosclerosis) — which increases the risk
of cardiovascular disease. Extremely
high triglycerides can also cause acute
inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis)a
high triglyceride level combined with high LDL
cholesterol or low HDL (good) cholesterol is
linked with fatty buildups within the artery
walls, which increases the risk of heart attack
and stroke [17,18,19]. The crucial risk factor
for CVD includes a high level of LDL or low
level of HDL-cholesterol. The association
between a low level of HDL-cholesterol and
an increased risk of CVD has been well
established through epidemiological and
clinical studies [20, 21,22,23]. The protective
roles of HDL cholesterol from CVD have been
suggested to occur in various ways
[21,24,25]. HDL exerts part of its anti-
atherogenic action by counteracting LDL
oxidation. Recent studies reveal that HDL
promotes the reverse cholesterol transport
pathway, by inducing removal of excess
accumulated cellular cholesterol resulting in
prevention of the generation of an oxidative
modified LDL [22,26,27]. Furthermore, HDL
inhibits the oxidation of LDL by transition
metal ions, but also prevents 12-
lipooxygenase-mediated formation of lipid
hydroperoxides [28,29,30,31,32]. After oral
administration of ethanol extract of Cassia
angiotifolia for a 28 days period, there was no
change in the level of LDL, cholesterol and
triglyceride suggesting that the plant has
fewer tendencies to induce atherosclerotic
plague, while high level of HDL indicates that
it may be useful in managing cardiovascular
diseases. Histological evaluation revealed
that there was little to no damage to the
membrane and other part of the heart. This
agrees with biochemical parameters that the
plant maybe of cardiovascular benefit to
human.
CONCLUSION
The result of the study suggests that Cassia
angiotifolia may be of benefit in managing
dyslipidamia. Further study can be carried out to
determine it effect on cardiovascular condition such
as hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, angina, etc.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to appreciate everyone who has
contributed to the success of this work.
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