SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LU...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, ZUBAIRU SA3, MUSA T3, OYEPATA PJ2
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
THE KIDNEY OF WISTAR RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ2
Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Studies of Ethanol Extracts of Annona Muric...Premier Publishers
The study determined the effects of administration of ethanol extracts of Annona muricata leaves (AML) and Fagara zanthoxyloide roots (FZR) on liver and kidney indices in zidovudine (ZDV)-induced Wistar rats. Animals were grouped into five (5); group 1 served as normal control, groups 2-5 were induced with 100g/mlZDV/Kgbw and group 3 treated with 35IU/Kgbw of erythropoietin, group 4 with 4.5g/mlAML/Kgbw and group 5 with 3.8g/mlFZR/Kgbw for six weeks. Serum liver enzymes, other biochemicals (total protein, albumin, globulin, bilirubin, urea and creatinine), organ weights and histological examination were used to assess the impact on the liver and kidney using standard methods. A significant elevation (p≤0.05) in the activities of serum liver enzymes and bilirubin accompanied by a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the other biochemicals were observed in group 2. Treatment with extracts resulted in a modulation of the induced effects of ZDV causing a significant decrease in the serum liver enzymes, bilirubin and increase in the total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations. Histology of the liver showed altered architecture, blood vessel congestion and necrosis; while the kidneys were hypoplastic with signs of swelling (group 2) which was gradually reverted on treatment with extracts. The study suggests that extracts of AML and FZR may confer some degree of protection to the liver and kidney.
Effect of Administration Ethanol Leaf Extract of Terminalia Chebula on Liver ...oyepata
Effect of Administration Ethanol Leaf Extract of
Terminalia Chebula on Liver of Wister Rat
Joseph Oyepata Simeon1*, Modupe Builders2, Wazis Chama Haruna3, Joseph Opeyemi Tosin4, Sabastine Aliyu
Zubairu5, Musa Tabitha Lubo6, Moh’d A. Sadiq
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Astrocytes are neuroprotective glial cells that protect and nourish neurons of the central nervous systems. Rauwolfia vomitoria is a common medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases such as insanity, insomnia, hypertension, malaria etc. The comparative examination of reactive astrocytes in the cerebral cortex of adult albino wistar rats following the administration of crude ethanolic root bark and leaf extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria was studied using 25 mature Wistar rats of both sexes. The animals were divided into 5 groups, labeled A, B, C, D, and E. Group A was the control, while groups B, C, D, and E were the experimental. Oral doses of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight of the root bark extract were administered to groups B and C animals, while groups D and E animals received 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight of the leaf extract respectively for seven days. On the 8th day, the rats were sacrificed; their brains were surgically extracted, and routinely processed for neurohistological study of Astrocytes using Hortegas lithium carbonate method for reactive astrocytes. Results showed hyperplasia of reactive astrocytes in the root bark groups, while there was hypertrophy of reactive astrocytes in the leaf extract groups when compared to the controls. Thus, the plant may have some adverse effects on neurons within the cerebral cortex.
Biochemical and histopathological changes in wistar rats following chronic ad...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of chronic administration of three oral doses (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight) of an ethanol extract of a diherbal mixture of Zanthoxylum leprieurii and Piper guineense on biochemical parameters, liver histology, and testicular histology in male Wistar rats. The study found significant increases in liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) in test groups compared to the control in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological examination revealed distortion of seminiferous tubules and delayed germ cell maturation in testes, as well as micro- to macrovesicular steatosis (fatty change) in livers,
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LU...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, ZUBAIRU SA3, MUSA T3, OYEPATA PJ2
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
THE KIDNEY OF WISTAR RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ2
Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Studies of Ethanol Extracts of Annona Muric...Premier Publishers
The study determined the effects of administration of ethanol extracts of Annona muricata leaves (AML) and Fagara zanthoxyloide roots (FZR) on liver and kidney indices in zidovudine (ZDV)-induced Wistar rats. Animals were grouped into five (5); group 1 served as normal control, groups 2-5 were induced with 100g/mlZDV/Kgbw and group 3 treated with 35IU/Kgbw of erythropoietin, group 4 with 4.5g/mlAML/Kgbw and group 5 with 3.8g/mlFZR/Kgbw for six weeks. Serum liver enzymes, other biochemicals (total protein, albumin, globulin, bilirubin, urea and creatinine), organ weights and histological examination were used to assess the impact on the liver and kidney using standard methods. A significant elevation (p≤0.05) in the activities of serum liver enzymes and bilirubin accompanied by a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the other biochemicals were observed in group 2. Treatment with extracts resulted in a modulation of the induced effects of ZDV causing a significant decrease in the serum liver enzymes, bilirubin and increase in the total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations. Histology of the liver showed altered architecture, blood vessel congestion and necrosis; while the kidneys were hypoplastic with signs of swelling (group 2) which was gradually reverted on treatment with extracts. The study suggests that extracts of AML and FZR may confer some degree of protection to the liver and kidney.
Effect of Administration Ethanol Leaf Extract of Terminalia Chebula on Liver ...oyepata
Effect of Administration Ethanol Leaf Extract of
Terminalia Chebula on Liver of Wister Rat
Joseph Oyepata Simeon1*, Modupe Builders2, Wazis Chama Haruna3, Joseph Opeyemi Tosin4, Sabastine Aliyu
Zubairu5, Musa Tabitha Lubo6, Moh’d A. Sadiq
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Astrocytes are neuroprotective glial cells that protect and nourish neurons of the central nervous systems. Rauwolfia vomitoria is a common medicinal plant used for the treatment of various diseases such as insanity, insomnia, hypertension, malaria etc. The comparative examination of reactive astrocytes in the cerebral cortex of adult albino wistar rats following the administration of crude ethanolic root bark and leaf extract of Rauwolfia vomitoria was studied using 25 mature Wistar rats of both sexes. The animals were divided into 5 groups, labeled A, B, C, D, and E. Group A was the control, while groups B, C, D, and E were the experimental. Oral doses of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight of the root bark extract were administered to groups B and C animals, while groups D and E animals received 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg body weight of the leaf extract respectively for seven days. On the 8th day, the rats were sacrificed; their brains were surgically extracted, and routinely processed for neurohistological study of Astrocytes using Hortegas lithium carbonate method for reactive astrocytes. Results showed hyperplasia of reactive astrocytes in the root bark groups, while there was hypertrophy of reactive astrocytes in the leaf extract groups when compared to the controls. Thus, the plant may have some adverse effects on neurons within the cerebral cortex.
Biochemical and histopathological changes in wistar rats following chronic ad...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of chronic administration of three oral doses (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight) of an ethanol extract of a diherbal mixture of Zanthoxylum leprieurii and Piper guineense on biochemical parameters, liver histology, and testicular histology in male Wistar rats. The study found significant increases in liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) in test groups compared to the control in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathological examination revealed distortion of seminiferous tubules and delayed germ cell maturation in testes, as well as micro- to macrovesicular steatosis (fatty change) in livers,
Anticonvulsant and toxicity effects of ethanolic extract of Thevetia Peruvian...Premier Publishers
Epilepsy is a neurologic condition due to disordered firing of brain neurons characterised by seizures. Most currently available antiepileptic drugs are synthetic and do not offer a complete cure yet with devastating side effects. Studies have shown that extracts from certain plants can produce anticonvulsant effects and may, therefore be useful against epileptic seizures. To investigate anticonvulsant effect of ethanolic extract of the leaves of Thevetia peruviana on chemically induced seizures in Wister rats. Leaves of T. peruviana were pulverised and extracted with ethanol. Graded doses of the ethanolic extract were used to test for the anticonvulsant effect of the extract using pentylenetetrazole model of seizures in rats. Acute toxicity testing and phytochemical analysis were done using Lorke’s method. Graded doses of T. peruviana leaf extract significantly delayed onset of seizures. They protected animals from death due to pentylenetetrazole-induced tonic seizures. There was no death up to 3000mg/kg. The extract was found to be rich in essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloid, phenols, proteins and resins. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of T. peruviana contains compounds with anticonvulsant effects since it protected the animals from death and delayed the onset of seizures produced by pentylenetetrazole and that is relatively safe.
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of the Flavonoid-rich Fraction of th...IOSRJPBS
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis are edible and used in herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates the antioxidative effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves (FRJT) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of FRJT were determined by serum biochemical enzymes; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), heamatological pararmeters (PCV, Hb and WBC) and histology study. The results obtained showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the activities of liver marker enzymes across the pre-treated groups compared with the untreated rats. Assay of antioxidant enzymes showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced SOD and GPx activities whereas CAT activity was non-significantly (p ˃ 0.05) increased when compared with the untreated animals. PCV, Hb and WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the untreated group. However, supplementation with FRJT and Silymarin ameliorated the induced depletion of blood in the pre-treated animals. Histological examination of the liver tissue showed marked reduction in fatty degeneration across the pre-treated groups when compared with the untreated group. The results in this study indicate that FRJT exhibited varying levels of protection against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rat models. These results also indicate that the flavonoid-rich fraction contains antioxidants, which mop up free radicals in the system and support its use in the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative damage.
1) A study investigated the vasodilatory and toxic effects of a crude extract of Ruta graveolens (Ruta) on rat aortas and CRL1730 endothelial cells.
2) The Ruta extract generated vasodilation in rat aortas at subtoxic concentrations, partially dependent on the endothelium. It caused a loss of cell viability in CRL1730 cells at high concentrations but did not induce oxidative stress or DNA fragmentation.
3) The results suggest Ruta extract regulates vascular tone through a complex, partially endothelium-dependent mechanism and has vasodilatory activity at subtoxic levels without damaging cell membranes or viability.
This study evaluated the prophylactic (preventive) and curative effects of a hydro-alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera pods on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. Rats were pre-treated or post-treated with three different doses of the extract (100, 250, 500 mg/kg) for 14 days before or after being administered CCl4 to induce liver injury. Biochemical markers, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and histopathological examination of the liver were used to assess the degree of liver damage and the protective effects of the extract. The extract was found to significantly reduce liver damage markers and bilirubin levels in a dose-dependent
Sesame radiatum Phytoestrogens Stimulate Spermatogenic Activity and Improve S...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Increasing concern has been expressed about declining sperm counts and potential environmental effects of estrogenic endocrine disruptors on human reproductive health. This study evaluated the effects of sesame phytoestrogenic lignans from Sesamum radiatum leaves on male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats received aqueous extracts at 14 mg/kg or 28 mg/kg daily for 6 weeks. Results showed significant increases in testicular weight, sperm count, motility and morphology in treated groups compared to controls in a dose-dependent manner. Treated groups also had significantly higher testosterone and lower FSH levels. This suggests sesame phytoestrogenic lignans may improve sperm quality in rats.
Antigonadotrophic effect of spondias mombin leaf extract in male wistar ratsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of an aqueous leaf extract of Spondias mombin on male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into three groups: a control group and two experimental groups that received oral doses of 400mg/kg or 800mg/kg of the leaf extract daily for 28 days. After sacrifice, the anterior pituitary glands were examined and serum levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone were measured. The experimental groups showed regression of gonadotropin cells in the anterior pituitary compared to controls. Hormonal assays also revealed significantly lower levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone in the experimental groups. The study concludes that the Spondias mom
Anthelmintic activity of Punica granatum ethanol extract against paramphis...researchanimalsciences
Parasitic diseases remain a major threat to livestock production around the
world, particularly in India. Paramphistomosis caused by paramphistomes are one of
the most common and economically important diseases of livestock. The high
incidence of resistance to chemotherapeutics, toxicity and side effects has urged the
necessity of finding alternative plant
-
based anthelmintics against helminth parasites.
Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to assess the anthelmintic effect of
the rind of
Punica granatum
Ethanol Extract (
Pg
EE) against paramphistomes in
infected sheep. Infected sheep were treated orally with 30 and 50 mg/ml
concentrations of
Pg
EE. Eggs Per Gram (EPG) count on faeces, haematological and
biochemical parameters of sheep were investigated. In
Pg
EE
-
treated sheep, the egg
count reduced significantly in the faeces and the reduction was proportional to
dosage and duration after treatment. The maximum reduction (97.95 %) was
observed on day 21 post
-
treatment with 50 mg/ml concentration of
Pg
EE. In infected
sheep, the haemoglobin and protein content were below standard physiological
values. Improvement of haematobiochemical profile was observed in sheep after
treatment with
Pg
EE.
Comparative Studies of the Aqueous Extracts of OcimumGratissimum, Aloe Vera, ...IOSR Journals
The current orthodox treatment modalities for diabetic mellitus have many setbacks including undesirable side effects and the high cost of long term treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-diabetic effectsand compare some biochemical parameters of four plants; Ocimumgratissimum (OG),Aloe vera (AV), Brassica oleracea(BO) and Ipomoea batatas(IB) on alloxan induced diabetic rats. The preliminary phytochemical screening reveals the presence ofalkaloid, tannin, cardiac glycoside, resin and steroids in all four plants. Diabetic was induced by interperitonial injection of alloxan monohydrate while treatment was done for 21 days. Diabetic rats had significant increased (P˂0.05)cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and artherogenic index (AI). Treatment of experimental rats with 150 mg/kg bw. of aqueous extractsof plants significantly decrease (P˂0.05) the levels of cholesterol and LDL in OG and BO treated groups when compare with the control. Computed artherogenic index was significantly reduced (P˂0.05) in AV treated group when compared to the control. Aqueous extracts also significantly (P˂0.05) alter serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in a similar manner with metformin treated group. Result showed that decrease in plasma glucose was in the order IB˃OG˃BO˃AV. All plant extracts possess antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic effects and were able to ameliorate the weight loss observed in diabetic rats
This study investigated the protective effects of Ajwa dates against ochratoxin A (OTA)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Rats were divided into four groups: a control group, an OTA-treated group, an Ajwa date-treated group, and an Ajwa date + OTA-treated group. The OTA-treated group experienced decreased body and kidney weight, elevated creatinine and urea levels, and damage to proximal tubules. The Ajwa date-treated group showed no tubule damage. The Ajwa date + OTA group exhibited reduced toxicity compared to the OTA group, indicating Ajwa dates have protective effects against OTA-induced kidney damage. Light and electron microscopy revealed the protective effects of
This document provides an overview of hepatoprotective activity and agents. It discusses the anatomy and functions of the liver, common liver disorders, and mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Screening methods for evaluating hepatoprotective effects include in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models. Several plants are described that have shown hepatoprotective properties, including Picrorrhiza kurroa, Orthosiphon stamineus, Tridax procumbens, Boerhaavia diffusa, and Hoslundia opposita. The document provides references for further information.
Profile of Trace Elements in Selected Medicinal Plants of North East IndiaIOSR Journals
Trace elements like Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and major elements K and Ca were quantified in ten selected medicinal plants of North East India by using Proton Induced X- ray Emission (PIXE) technique. No toxic heavy metals such as As, Hg, Pb and Cd were detected. The concentration (ppm) of the elements in the studied plants was found to be as follows: manganese(10 to1800 ), iron(27 to 836), copper(6 to140), zinc(10 to 160), potassium(14120 to 76950) and calcium(1660 to 32030). The levels of trace metals present in the plants was found to be beyond the safety standards of WHO in edible plants but around the permissible range for consumed medicinal herbs as defined for different countries.
Alternate animal experiments models for pre and post clinical screening of new drugs.
#Expetrimental_Pharmacology.
#Preclinical Screening methods and testing models.
#Animal_Handeling
Hypoglycemic effect of gongronema latifolia extracts in ratsAlexander Decker
This study investigated the hypoglycemic effects of water and ethanolic extracts of Gongronema latifolia leaves in rats. Phytochemical analysis found both extracts contained alkaloids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and high levels of polyphenols. Rats treated with various doses of both extracts for 21 days had significantly reduced blood glucose levels compared to controls, in a dose-dependent manner. The polyphenol content may cause insulin-like effects by binding insulin receptors or stimulating insulin release, reducing blood glucose similarly to insulin and justifying G. latifolia's traditional use for treating diabetes.
This document discusses past and present methods of medical research, including the use of animal models and alternatives. It notes that while animal models have historically contributed to medical discoveries like insulin and vaccines, humans are the best test subjects for humans due to interspecies differences. The 3Rs strategy of refining, reducing and replacing animal experiments where possible is presented. Alternatives discussed include cell and tissue cultures, stem cells, microdosing, clinical trials, computer modeling and simulations. While invaluable for basic research, alternatives currently have limitations and cannot completely replace whole-body testing, so responsible animal research will likely continue alongside developing alternatives.
ABSTRACT
Background:The main objective of the study is to determine the anti-arthritic effect of whole plant ethanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum
belonging to the family Polygonaceae in Female wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model . Methods:The plants areal
parts were collected near Tirupathi hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Phytoconstituents were identified through the
chemical tests. Ethanol (95%) was used to obtain the whole plant extraction through Soxhlet extractor. Female SD rats were used for antiarthritic
screening. Arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of P.glabrum was studied at doses
of 250 and500 mg/kg. The effects were compared with those of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the study, theliver enzyme levels were
determined and a radiological examination was carried out. Results and Discussion:The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic
extract of Polygonum glabrum showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. P. glabrum at 250 and 500 mg/kg
significantly inhibited the FCA-induced arthritis in the rats. This was manifested by as a decrease in the paw volume. The arthritic control
animals exhibited a significant decrease in body weight compared with control animals without arthritis. P. glabrum treated animals showed
dose dependent reduction in decrease in body weight and arthritis.At the same time, P.glabrum significantly altered the biochemical and
haematological changes induced by FCA (P < 0.05). The anti-arthritic effect of P.glabrum was comparable with that of Indomethacin.
Conclusion:The whole plant extract of P.glabrum showed significant anti-arthritic activity against FCA-induced arthritis in female Wistar
rats.
In vivo studies of wound healing and hepatoprotective agentsAdarsh Patil
1) Various in vivo models are used to evaluate wound healing and hepatoprotective activity, including excision wounds, incision wounds, and burn wounds in rats.
2) Parameters like wound contraction, epithelization time, tensile strength and histopathology are measured to assess wound healing.
3) Hepatoprotective activity is evaluated by pre-treating animals with the test substance before inducing liver damage using toxins like CCl4, D-galactosamine, or paracetamol. Liver function is then assessed through serum enzymes and histopathology.
This document discusses several alternative methods that can be used instead of animal experiments for pharmacological and toxicological screening. It describes the full thickness skin model method which uses skin tissue to evaluate the effects of substances instead of live animals. It also mentions in silico methods which use computer programs and knowledge of similar substances to predict properties without testing. The document outlines the cell line technique using continuous cell lines to screen for effects like anticancer drugs. Finally, it explains the patch clamp technique which studies individual ion channels in isolated cells and kidney tubules as an alternative to testing on whole animals.
This study investigated the acute oral toxicity of 9 Malaysian medicinal herbs in female Sprague Dawley rats based on OECD testing guidelines. Rats were given single doses of 300 or 2,000 mg/kg of each herb by oral gavage. No deaths or signs of toxicity were observed in any rats during the 14-day observation period. Body weights, food/water intake, and behavior were normal. Gross examination of organs found only slight abnormalities. The study concludes the herbs showed no observable acute toxicity at doses up to 2,000 mg/kg.
The document describes a study that evaluated the toxicity of the aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera. In an acute toxicity test in mice, the LD50 was estimated to be 1585 mg/kg when administered orally and over 2000 mg/kg when administered intraperitoneally. In a sub-chronic toxicity test in rats administered the extract orally for 60 days at doses up to 1500 mg/kg, there were no significant differences in sperm quality, hematological and biochemical parameters, or weight gain compared to controls, though food consumption decreased with higher doses. The results suggest the aqueous leaf extract of M. oleifera is relatively safe when administered orally.
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
THE KIDNEY OF WISTAR RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, ZUBAIRU SA3, MUSA T3, OYEPATA PJ2,
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced kid...oyepata
1) The study investigated the potential protective effects of the ethanol stem extract of Homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced kidney injury in rats.
2) Rats were treated with various doses of the H. letestui extract along with gentamicin, and kidney function was assessed by measuring serum biomarkers and histopathology.
3) The results showed that the H. letestui extract significantly reduced serum levels of urea and creatinine in a dose-dependent manner compared to gentamicin alone, indicating a protective effect on the kidneys.
Anticonvulsant and toxicity effects of ethanolic extract of Thevetia Peruvian...Premier Publishers
Epilepsy is a neurologic condition due to disordered firing of brain neurons characterised by seizures. Most currently available antiepileptic drugs are synthetic and do not offer a complete cure yet with devastating side effects. Studies have shown that extracts from certain plants can produce anticonvulsant effects and may, therefore be useful against epileptic seizures. To investigate anticonvulsant effect of ethanolic extract of the leaves of Thevetia peruviana on chemically induced seizures in Wister rats. Leaves of T. peruviana were pulverised and extracted with ethanol. Graded doses of the ethanolic extract were used to test for the anticonvulsant effect of the extract using pentylenetetrazole model of seizures in rats. Acute toxicity testing and phytochemical analysis were done using Lorke’s method. Graded doses of T. peruviana leaf extract significantly delayed onset of seizures. They protected animals from death due to pentylenetetrazole-induced tonic seizures. There was no death up to 3000mg/kg. The extract was found to be rich in essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloid, phenols, proteins and resins. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of T. peruviana contains compounds with anticonvulsant effects since it protected the animals from death and delayed the onset of seizures produced by pentylenetetrazole and that is relatively safe.
Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Effects of the Flavonoid-rich Fraction of th...IOSRJPBS
The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis are edible and used in herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases associated with oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates the antioxidative effect of the flavonoid-rich fraction of the methanol extract of Jatropha tanjorensis leaves (FRJT) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties of FRJT were determined by serum biochemical enzymes; alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPx), heamatological pararmeters (PCV, Hb and WBC) and histology study. The results obtained showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the activities of liver marker enzymes across the pre-treated groups compared with the untreated rats. Assay of antioxidant enzymes showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced SOD and GPx activities whereas CAT activity was non-significantly (p ˃ 0.05) increased when compared with the untreated animals. PCV, Hb and WBC levels were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in the untreated group. However, supplementation with FRJT and Silymarin ameliorated the induced depletion of blood in the pre-treated animals. Histological examination of the liver tissue showed marked reduction in fatty degeneration across the pre-treated groups when compared with the untreated group. The results in this study indicate that FRJT exhibited varying levels of protection against CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rat models. These results also indicate that the flavonoid-rich fraction contains antioxidants, which mop up free radicals in the system and support its use in the treatment of diseases resulting from oxidative damage.
1) A study investigated the vasodilatory and toxic effects of a crude extract of Ruta graveolens (Ruta) on rat aortas and CRL1730 endothelial cells.
2) The Ruta extract generated vasodilation in rat aortas at subtoxic concentrations, partially dependent on the endothelium. It caused a loss of cell viability in CRL1730 cells at high concentrations but did not induce oxidative stress or DNA fragmentation.
3) The results suggest Ruta extract regulates vascular tone through a complex, partially endothelium-dependent mechanism and has vasodilatory activity at subtoxic levels without damaging cell membranes or viability.
This study evaluated the prophylactic (preventive) and curative effects of a hydro-alcoholic extract of Moringa oleifera pods on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rats. Rats were pre-treated or post-treated with three different doses of the extract (100, 250, 500 mg/kg) for 14 days before or after being administered CCl4 to induce liver injury. Biochemical markers, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and histopathological examination of the liver were used to assess the degree of liver damage and the protective effects of the extract. The extract was found to significantly reduce liver damage markers and bilirubin levels in a dose-dependent
Sesame radiatum Phytoestrogens Stimulate Spermatogenic Activity and Improve S...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Increasing concern has been expressed about declining sperm counts and potential environmental effects of estrogenic endocrine disruptors on human reproductive health. This study evaluated the effects of sesame phytoestrogenic lignans from Sesamum radiatum leaves on male Sprague Dawley rats. Rats received aqueous extracts at 14 mg/kg or 28 mg/kg daily for 6 weeks. Results showed significant increases in testicular weight, sperm count, motility and morphology in treated groups compared to controls in a dose-dependent manner. Treated groups also had significantly higher testosterone and lower FSH levels. This suggests sesame phytoestrogenic lignans may improve sperm quality in rats.
Antigonadotrophic effect of spondias mombin leaf extract in male wistar ratsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of an aqueous leaf extract of Spondias mombin on male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into three groups: a control group and two experimental groups that received oral doses of 400mg/kg or 800mg/kg of the leaf extract daily for 28 days. After sacrifice, the anterior pituitary glands were examined and serum levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone were measured. The experimental groups showed regression of gonadotropin cells in the anterior pituitary compared to controls. Hormonal assays also revealed significantly lower levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone in the experimental groups. The study concludes that the Spondias mom
Anthelmintic activity of Punica granatum ethanol extract against paramphis...researchanimalsciences
Parasitic diseases remain a major threat to livestock production around the
world, particularly in India. Paramphistomosis caused by paramphistomes are one of
the most common and economically important diseases of livestock. The high
incidence of resistance to chemotherapeutics, toxicity and side effects has urged the
necessity of finding alternative plant
-
based anthelmintics against helminth parasites.
Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to assess the anthelmintic effect of
the rind of
Punica granatum
Ethanol Extract (
Pg
EE) against paramphistomes in
infected sheep. Infected sheep were treated orally with 30 and 50 mg/ml
concentrations of
Pg
EE. Eggs Per Gram (EPG) count on faeces, haematological and
biochemical parameters of sheep were investigated. In
Pg
EE
-
treated sheep, the egg
count reduced significantly in the faeces and the reduction was proportional to
dosage and duration after treatment. The maximum reduction (97.95 %) was
observed on day 21 post
-
treatment with 50 mg/ml concentration of
Pg
EE. In infected
sheep, the haemoglobin and protein content were below standard physiological
values. Improvement of haematobiochemical profile was observed in sheep after
treatment with
Pg
EE.
Comparative Studies of the Aqueous Extracts of OcimumGratissimum, Aloe Vera, ...IOSR Journals
The current orthodox treatment modalities for diabetic mellitus have many setbacks including undesirable side effects and the high cost of long term treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the anti-diabetic effectsand compare some biochemical parameters of four plants; Ocimumgratissimum (OG),Aloe vera (AV), Brassica oleracea(BO) and Ipomoea batatas(IB) on alloxan induced diabetic rats. The preliminary phytochemical screening reveals the presence ofalkaloid, tannin, cardiac glycoside, resin and steroids in all four plants. Diabetic was induced by interperitonial injection of alloxan monohydrate while treatment was done for 21 days. Diabetic rats had significant increased (P˂0.05)cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and artherogenic index (AI). Treatment of experimental rats with 150 mg/kg bw. of aqueous extractsof plants significantly decrease (P˂0.05) the levels of cholesterol and LDL in OG and BO treated groups when compare with the control. Computed artherogenic index was significantly reduced (P˂0.05) in AV treated group when compared to the control. Aqueous extracts also significantly (P˂0.05) alter serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in a similar manner with metformin treated group. Result showed that decrease in plasma glucose was in the order IB˃OG˃BO˃AV. All plant extracts possess antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic effects and were able to ameliorate the weight loss observed in diabetic rats
This study investigated the protective effects of Ajwa dates against ochratoxin A (OTA)-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Rats were divided into four groups: a control group, an OTA-treated group, an Ajwa date-treated group, and an Ajwa date + OTA-treated group. The OTA-treated group experienced decreased body and kidney weight, elevated creatinine and urea levels, and damage to proximal tubules. The Ajwa date-treated group showed no tubule damage. The Ajwa date + OTA group exhibited reduced toxicity compared to the OTA group, indicating Ajwa dates have protective effects against OTA-induced kidney damage. Light and electron microscopy revealed the protective effects of
This document provides an overview of hepatoprotective activity and agents. It discusses the anatomy and functions of the liver, common liver disorders, and mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Screening methods for evaluating hepatoprotective effects include in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models. Several plants are described that have shown hepatoprotective properties, including Picrorrhiza kurroa, Orthosiphon stamineus, Tridax procumbens, Boerhaavia diffusa, and Hoslundia opposita. The document provides references for further information.
Profile of Trace Elements in Selected Medicinal Plants of North East IndiaIOSR Journals
Trace elements like Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and major elements K and Ca were quantified in ten selected medicinal plants of North East India by using Proton Induced X- ray Emission (PIXE) technique. No toxic heavy metals such as As, Hg, Pb and Cd were detected. The concentration (ppm) of the elements in the studied plants was found to be as follows: manganese(10 to1800 ), iron(27 to 836), copper(6 to140), zinc(10 to 160), potassium(14120 to 76950) and calcium(1660 to 32030). The levels of trace metals present in the plants was found to be beyond the safety standards of WHO in edible plants but around the permissible range for consumed medicinal herbs as defined for different countries.
Alternate animal experiments models for pre and post clinical screening of new drugs.
#Expetrimental_Pharmacology.
#Preclinical Screening methods and testing models.
#Animal_Handeling
Hypoglycemic effect of gongronema latifolia extracts in ratsAlexander Decker
This study investigated the hypoglycemic effects of water and ethanolic extracts of Gongronema latifolia leaves in rats. Phytochemical analysis found both extracts contained alkaloids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and high levels of polyphenols. Rats treated with various doses of both extracts for 21 days had significantly reduced blood glucose levels compared to controls, in a dose-dependent manner. The polyphenol content may cause insulin-like effects by binding insulin receptors or stimulating insulin release, reducing blood glucose similarly to insulin and justifying G. latifolia's traditional use for treating diabetes.
This document discusses past and present methods of medical research, including the use of animal models and alternatives. It notes that while animal models have historically contributed to medical discoveries like insulin and vaccines, humans are the best test subjects for humans due to interspecies differences. The 3Rs strategy of refining, reducing and replacing animal experiments where possible is presented. Alternatives discussed include cell and tissue cultures, stem cells, microdosing, clinical trials, computer modeling and simulations. While invaluable for basic research, alternatives currently have limitations and cannot completely replace whole-body testing, so responsible animal research will likely continue alongside developing alternatives.
ABSTRACT
Background:The main objective of the study is to determine the anti-arthritic effect of whole plant ethanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum
belonging to the family Polygonaceae in Female wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model . Methods:The plants areal
parts were collected near Tirupathi hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Phytoconstituents were identified through the
chemical tests. Ethanol (95%) was used to obtain the whole plant extraction through Soxhlet extractor. Female SD rats were used for antiarthritic
screening. Arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of P.glabrum was studied at doses
of 250 and500 mg/kg. The effects were compared with those of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the study, theliver enzyme levels were
determined and a radiological examination was carried out. Results and Discussion:The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic
extract of Polygonum glabrum showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. P. glabrum at 250 and 500 mg/kg
significantly inhibited the FCA-induced arthritis in the rats. This was manifested by as a decrease in the paw volume. The arthritic control
animals exhibited a significant decrease in body weight compared with control animals without arthritis. P. glabrum treated animals showed
dose dependent reduction in decrease in body weight and arthritis.At the same time, P.glabrum significantly altered the biochemical and
haematological changes induced by FCA (P < 0.05). The anti-arthritic effect of P.glabrum was comparable with that of Indomethacin.
Conclusion:The whole plant extract of P.glabrum showed significant anti-arthritic activity against FCA-induced arthritis in female Wistar
rats.
In vivo studies of wound healing and hepatoprotective agentsAdarsh Patil
1) Various in vivo models are used to evaluate wound healing and hepatoprotective activity, including excision wounds, incision wounds, and burn wounds in rats.
2) Parameters like wound contraction, epithelization time, tensile strength and histopathology are measured to assess wound healing.
3) Hepatoprotective activity is evaluated by pre-treating animals with the test substance before inducing liver damage using toxins like CCl4, D-galactosamine, or paracetamol. Liver function is then assessed through serum enzymes and histopathology.
This document discusses several alternative methods that can be used instead of animal experiments for pharmacological and toxicological screening. It describes the full thickness skin model method which uses skin tissue to evaluate the effects of substances instead of live animals. It also mentions in silico methods which use computer programs and knowledge of similar substances to predict properties without testing. The document outlines the cell line technique using continuous cell lines to screen for effects like anticancer drugs. Finally, it explains the patch clamp technique which studies individual ion channels in isolated cells and kidney tubules as an alternative to testing on whole animals.
This study investigated the acute oral toxicity of 9 Malaysian medicinal herbs in female Sprague Dawley rats based on OECD testing guidelines. Rats were given single doses of 300 or 2,000 mg/kg of each herb by oral gavage. No deaths or signs of toxicity were observed in any rats during the 14-day observation period. Body weights, food/water intake, and behavior were normal. Gross examination of organs found only slight abnormalities. The study concludes the herbs showed no observable acute toxicity at doses up to 2,000 mg/kg.
The document describes a study that evaluated the toxicity of the aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera. In an acute toxicity test in mice, the LD50 was estimated to be 1585 mg/kg when administered orally and over 2000 mg/kg when administered intraperitoneally. In a sub-chronic toxicity test in rats administered the extract orally for 60 days at doses up to 1500 mg/kg, there were no significant differences in sperm quality, hematological and biochemical parameters, or weight gain compared to controls, though food consumption decreased with higher doses. The results suggest the aqueous leaf extract of M. oleifera is relatively safe when administered orally.
Hepatotoxic Effects of the Methanol Extract of Senna Siemea in Wister Rats - ...
Similar to SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
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Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced kid...oyepata
1) The study investigated the potential protective effects of the ethanol stem extract of Homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced kidney injury in rats.
2) Rats were treated with various doses of the H. letestui extract along with gentamicin, and kidney function was assessed by measuring serum biomarkers and histopathology.
3) The results showed that the H. letestui extract significantly reduced serum levels of urea and creatinine in a dose-dependent manner compared to gentamicin alone, indicating a protective effect on the kidneys.
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced kid...oyepata
Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced
kidney Injury in rat
OYEPATA SIMEON JOSEPH*1, JUDE E2. OKOKON AND OPEYEMI TOSIN JOSEPH3
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Effect of ethanol stem extract of homalium letestui on gentamicin-induced
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OYEPATA SIMEON JOSEPH*1, JUDE E2. OKOKON AND OPEYEMI TOSIN JOSEPH
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
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Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
Effects of Acalypha torta (Muell) Leaf Extract on Histological Indices of the...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Effect of ethanol_stem_extract_of_homalium_letestui_on_histological_features_...oyepata
This study investigated the effects of ethanol stem extract of Homalium letestui on kidney damage induced by paracetamol in rats. Rats were pretreated with the stem extract at doses of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg or silymarin for 8 days before being given paracetamol. Kidney tissues were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin and Bence Jones staining. Paracetamol caused kidney cell damage including degeneration, inflammation, and necrosis. Pretreatment with the stem extract or silymarin reduced this cellular damage in a dose-dependent manner and improved kidney architecture. The extract also positively influenced hematological and biochemical markers altered by paracetamol, indicating its potential
Toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extractIOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study on the toxicological profile of Grewia bicolor root extract. The study found:
1) The tolerated dose of the extract in rats was 800mg/kg while the toxic dose was 1600mg/kg, with behavioral and neurological signs observed at toxic doses.
2) The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was calculated to be 2663.92 mg/kg in acute toxicity testing.
3) In a 28-day sub-acute toxicity study, rats administered 800mg/kg of the extract daily showed no changes in body weight, hematological, or biochemical parameters compared to controls.
Biochemical and histological changes associated with methanolic leaf extract ...Open Access Research Paper
This study examined the biochemical and histological changes associated with methanolic leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium in acetaminophen-induced hepatic toxicity in wistar albino rats. The serum liver enzymesALT, AST and ALP decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the test animals treated with 600mg/kg of the leaf extract. Protein concentration increased significantly (p<0.05) in the test animals treated with 600mg/kg of the leaf extract.The effect of the G. latifolium leaf extract seems to be dose dependent on the liver enzymes and protein concentration measured. The results showed that acetaminophen-induced hepatic toxicity in the wistar albino rats as observed in the negative control was reversed with the administration of the leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium (in groups 3, 4 and 5) in the test animals. The histological analysis of the liver showed that the extract had a normalising effect on the effected liver. These results indicate that the leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium exhibits biochemical and histological changes and can be used against some hepatic inflammations.
EFFECT OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Cassia angustifolia EXTRACT ON HEART AND LI...oyepata
The document describes a study that investigated the effects of ethanol leaf extract of Cassia angustifolia on the heart and lipid profile of Wistar rats. Some key findings from the study include:
- Administration of the Cassia angustifolia extract for 28 days caused a significant decrease in red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, and platelet count in treated rats compared to the control group.
- The extract did not significantly affect white blood cell differentials such as neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes.
- Treatment resulted in a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level but did not significantly change other lipid parameters like low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and trigly
Influence of gongronema latifolium leaf extracts treatment on some hepatic...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effects of extracts from the leaves of Gongronema latifolium on hepatic enzyme activity in rats. Rats were treated with various doses of ethanolic and water extracts for 7 days. Blood samples were then analyzed for liver enzyme levels. The results showed that the extracts increased the activity of AST and ALT liver enzymes at doses of 25mg/kg, indicating potential liver cell damage. The extracts also increased serum amylase levels in a dose-dependent manner. However, the extracts did not significantly affect blood urea levels. The conclusion is that while G. latifolium extracts may have some medical benefits, chronic high dose use could adversely impact liver function.
Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Fema...YogeshIJTSRD
Celosia argentea is a plant of family Amaranthaceae used as traditional medicine for various diseases. The aim of the study is to evaluate the acute toxicity effect of Celosia argentea leaf extract for 14 days in female albino rats. The aqueous extract of Celosia argentea showed no evidence of single dose toxicity 2000 mg kg when studying acute toxicity on biochemical, hematological or histological parameters. The results showed that .C. argentea does not cause toxicity at the doses studied. M. Sridevi | B. Senthilkumar | K. Devi "Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Female Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39811.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/39811/acute-oral-toxicity-study-of-aqueous-leaf-extract-of-celosia-argentea-in-female-albino-rats/m-sridevi
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the psychopharmacological effects of the ethyl acetate extract of Sarcostemma acidum (EASA). Various tests were conducted to assess the anti-psychotic, anxiolytic, and central nervous system inhibitory activities of EASA. In tests for anti-psychotic activity, EASA significantly increased the latency period for rats to climb a pole and increased cataleptic scores, indicating suppression of conditioned avoidance response activity, possibly by blocking dopaminergic pathways. In tests for anxiolytic activity, EASA significantly increased the number of entries and time spent in the open arms of an elevated plus maze, suggesting an increase in exploratory behavior. In tests of central nervous system activity
Effect of ethanol_leaf_extract_of_cassia_angustifolia_extract_on_liver_of_wis...oyepata
1) The document reports on a study that investigated the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Cassia angustifolia on the liver of Wister rats.
2) Male and female rats were divided into four groups, with one group receiving distilled water and the other three groups receiving 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg of the Cassia angustifolia extract orally for 28 days.
3) The results showed some changes in hematological parameters like decreases in red blood cells and hemoglobin at the 50 mg/kg dose. Liver enzymes were also affected at some doses. Histological analysis found some liver changes at higher doses.
INVESTIGATION THE EFFECT OF PENTHYLENTETRAZOLE INDUCING EPILEPSY MODEL USING ...Self-employed researcher
This study investigated the anticonvulsant effects of Epilobium hirsutum extract in a pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure model in mice. Mice were pretreated with 100 or 200 mg/kg of E. hirsutum extract or valproate before being injected with PTZ. The extract increased seizure onset time and decreased duration compared to the PTZ group. Neurological tests and biochemical assays also showed the extract reduced oxidative stress and improved motor function versus PTZ. The results suggest E. hirsutum has anticonvulsant properties potentially due to its antioxidant compounds like flavonoids and phenolic acids.
1) The study evaluated the antifertility effects of an alcoholic extract of Areca catechu in male albino rats.
2) Rats treated with 300mg/kg and 600mg/kg of the extract showed 50% and 100% reduction in fertility respectively.
3) Histological examination of the testes showed effects like reduction in sperm production and changes in testicular structure at higher doses.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Investigation on Effects of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Seeds of Datur...semualkaira
This study investigation the effects of methanolic and aqueous
extracts of seeds of Datura metel on liver of Wistar rats. Datura
metel seed is believed to be a medicinal plant widely used in phytomedicine to cure diseases such as asthma, cough, convulsion and
insanity. Various parts of the plant (leaves, seeds, roots and fruits)
are used for different purposes in herbal medicine.
Investigation on Effects of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Seeds of Datur...semualkaira
This study investigation the effects of methanolic and aqueous
extracts of seeds of Datura metel on liver of Wistar rats. Datura
metel seed is believed to be a medicinal plant widely used in phytomedicine to cure diseases such as asthma, cough, convulsion and
insanity. Various parts of the plant (leaves, seeds, roots and fruits)
are used for different purposes in herbal medicine
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This document provides a history of pharmacy through brief summaries of 24 key developments:
1) It begins with the earliest origins of pharmacy from prehistoric times when early humans first used plants and natural remedies.
2) It then discusses the earliest known records of organized pharmacy practice in ancient Babylonia around 2600 BC where medical practitioners served as priests, pharmacists, and physicians.
3) Chinese pharmacy is traced back to the emperor Shen Nung around 2000 BC who was credited with identifying medicinal properties of hundreds of herbs.
4) Major pharmaceutical records included the Papyrus Ebers from ancient Egypt around 1500 BC which described 700 medicinal drugs.
The document traces the evolution of pharmacy as a
history of pharmacy in nigeria for nigerians-200430142820.pdfoyepata
This document provides an overview of the history and development of pharmacy in Nigeria. Some key points:
- Pharmacy practice was introduced to Nigeria in the late 19th century through European missionaries. The first pharmacy shop was opened in 1887 in Lagos.
- Early pharmacy training involved apprenticeships under physicians to learn dispensing. The first school of pharmacy was established in 1925 in Lagos to formalize training.
- Pharmacy education has expanded over the decades with additional schools, a shift to degree programs, and curriculum changes to reflect evolving pharmacy roles.
- The profession has grown to include various practice settings like hospitals, retail pharmacies, manufacturing, research, teaching and more. Several important pione
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Assessing Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on African Countries: A Comparativ...oyepata
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Effect of Parkia biglobosa extract on open skin wound
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This document provides an overview of the history and development of pharmacy in Nigeria. Some key points:
- Pharmacy in Nigeria has a long history, though early practices were largely undocumented. Traditional healers used plants and other natural remedies. Formal pharmacy practice was introduced by Europeans in the late 19th century.
- The first pharmacy shop in Nigeria was opened in 1887 in Lagos by Richard Zaccheus Bailey. Early training involved apprenticeships, with the first school of pharmacy opening in 1925 in Lagos.
- Pharmacy education has expanded and advanced over time. Degrees have transitioned from diplomas to BPharm and beyond. Regulations and standards have also increased over the decades.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ
1. *Corresponding author: simeon4unme@yahoo.com; +2348038248352
ajopred.com
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
BRAIN, LUNGS, STOMACH AND SPLEEN OF WISTER RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, SABASTINE AZ3, MUSA TL4, OYEPATA PJ2
1. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bingham University, Nasarawa, Nigeria
2. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Port Harcort, Rivers State,
Nigeria
3. Department of Pharmacology & therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gombe State University, Nigeria
4. Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gombe State University, Gombe State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
All substances have the potential to be toxic if given to humans and other living organisms in certain conditions
and at certain doses or levels. The toxic and adverse effect of traditional medicines may persist long and may not
be immediately detected, even, when the desire effect is forgotten. There is therefore the need to evaluate the
safety profile of this plant on different body organs. In this study the effect of sub-acute administration of Ocimum
canum on the brain, spleen, lungs and stomach were evaluated. Rats of either sex were selected. Group 1
received distilled water (10 ml/kg), while group 2, 3 and 4 received Ocimum canum 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg
respectively. Animals were kept in standard cages and given access to the extract, water and food orally for 28
days, after which they were weighed and sacrificed. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture and taken
immediately for hematological and chemo pathological analysis. The brain, spleen, lungs and stomach were also
harvested for histological study of the effect of the plant using haematotoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining
technique. There was Significant (P<0.05) decrease in RBC, HGB, MCV, while there was no change in the level
of neutrophiles, basophiles, eosinophiles and platelets. The brain, lungs, spleen and stomach were observed to
be slightly significantly (p<0.05) increased in rats with dose level of 100 mg/kg. Histopathological examination of
the brain, stomach and lungs showed normal features at all doses. The spleen showed Slight lymphocyte
hyperplasia at all doses and normal features at the control (10 ml/kg). Though result of the study suggests that
the plant may be safe, care should still be ensured when consumed for a sustained period of time.
KEYWORDS: Brain; Lungs; Ocimum canum; Rat
INTRODUCTION
The lungs are the primary organs of the respiratory
system in humans and many other animals (1).
Humans have two lungs, a right lung and a left lung.
They are situated within the thoracic cavity of the
chest. The right lung is bigger than the left, which
shares space in the chest with the heart. The lungs
together weigh approximately 1.3 kilograms (2.9 lb),
and the right is heavier. The lungs are part of the
lower respiratory tract that begins at the trachea
and branches into the bronchi and bronchioles, and
which receive air breathed in via the conducting
zone (1).
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of
the nervous system in all vertebrate and most
invertebrate animals. The brain is located in the
head, usually close to the sensory organs for
senses such as vision (2). Physiologically, the
function of the brain is to exert centralized control
over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on
the rest of the body both by generating patterns of
muscle activity and by driving the secretion of
chemicals called hormones. This centralized control
allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes
in the environment. Some basic types of
responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated
by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but
African Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research & Development
Vol. 11 No.1; pp. 035-042 (2019)
2. sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based
on complex sensory input requires the information
integrating capabilities of a centralized
brain(2).Ocimum canum Sims. (Hairy Basil) is a
traditional medicinal plant distributes throughout
sub-Saharan Africa and very well known in northern
Nigeria(3). The plant branches out from its base,
with angle stems and open foliage. It is not often
used as a culinary herb, unlike the related basil
species O. basilicum, but more often as a medicinal
plant(4). The essential oils found in this species have
strong fungicidal activity against certain plant
pathogens(5). In Africa, leaves of O. canum have
been used as an insecticide for the protection
against post-harvest insect damage especially that
by bruchid beetles (6). Medicinal properties may be
associated with the external flavonoids, as some
specimens produce very high levels of these
compounds, especially nevadensin, which has
antioxidant activity (7).
The leaves of the plant is used specially for treating
various types of diseases and lowering blood
glucose and also treats cold, fever, parasitic
infestations on the body and inflammation of joints
and headaches(8). Essential oil from the leaves of
O. canum possesses antibacterial and insecticidal
properties(9). In this study effect of Ocimum canum
on lung, stomach, spleen and brain was studied
after 28 days of oral administration of the ethanol
leaf extract of the plant.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Animals
Male and female wister rats were obtained from
Bingham University, Animal House. They were
maintained on standard animal pellets and given
water ad libitum. Permission and approval for
animal studies were obtained from the College of
Health Sciences Animal Ethics Committee of
Bingham University.
Plant collection
Leaves of Ocimum canum were collected from its
natural habitat from nearby Karu village, Nasarawa
State, Nigeria. The plant was authenticated from
Department of Botany, Bingham University,
Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
Plant extraction
The leaves were shadow dried for two weeks. The
dried plant material was further reduced into small
pieces and pulverized. The powdered material was
macerated in 70% ethanol. The liquid filtrates were
concentrated and evaporated to dryness at 40C in
vacuum using rotary evaporator. The ethanol
extract was stored at -4C until used.
Animal study
Twenty four (24) rats of either sex (127-293g) were
selected and randomized into four groups of six rats
per group. Group 1 served as the control and
received normal saline (10ml/kg) while the rats in
groups 2, 3 and 4 were giving 100, 200, and 400
mg/kg of extract respectively. The weights of the
rats were recorded at the beginning of the
experiment and at weekly intervals. The first day of
dosing was taken as D0 while the day of sacrifice
was designated as D29.
Haematological analysis
The rats were sacrificed on the 29th day of
experiment. Blood samples were collected via
cardiac puncture. The blood was collected into
sample bottles containing EDTA for hematological
analysis such as Hemoglobin concentration, white
blood cell counts (WBC), differentials (neutrophils,
eosinophils, basophils, lymphocyte and monocyte),
red blood cell count (RBC), platelets and
hemoglobin (Hb) concentration using automated
Haematology machine (Cell-Dyn, Abbott, USA).
Food and water consumption
The amounts of feed and water consumed were
measured daily as the difference between the
quantity of feed and water supplied each day and
the amount remaining after 24hours.The rats were
sacrificed on the 29th day of experiment organs
were harvested for further gross histo-pathological
analysis.
Statistical analysis
Data were expressed as the Mean ±Standard Error
of the Mean (SEM). Data were analyzed statistically
using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test for multiple
comparisons between the control and treated
groups. Values of P≤ 0.05 were considered
significant.
36
3. RESULT
Effect of 28 days oral administration of Ocimum
canum on hematological parameters in rats
Ocimum canum caused significant (p<0.05)
decrease in the level of red blood cell, hemoglobin,
platelet etc. and significantly (p<0.05) caused an
increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration in the rats at the dose level of 200
mg/kg compared to the control. The level of
basophiles, neutrophiles, eosinophils and
lymphocytes were however not significantly
(p<0.05) affected by mean corpuscular hemoglobin
concentration (Table 1).
Effect of 28 days oral administration of Ocimum
canum on body weight (g) in rats
In the 1st, 3rd and 4th week significant (p<0.05)
increase was observed at 100 mg/kg dose level by
ethanol leaf extract of Ocimum canum, while in the
2nd week there was increase in body weight by the
extract but not significant when compared with the
control (Table: 2).
Effect of 28 days oral administration of Ocimum
canum on relative organ to body weight ratio in
rats.
The brain, lungs, spleen and stomach were
observed to be significantly (p<0.05) increased in
rats with dose level of 100 mg/kg of the ethanol
plant extract. At higher doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg
there was no significant (p<0.05) change (Table 3).
Effect of oral administration of ethanol leaf
extract of Ocimum canum on histology of Brain,
Lungs, Spleen and Stomach of rats
Histopathological examination of the brain showed
normal features at all doses and slight vacuolation
at 400 mg/kg dose of the extract (Plate VI). The
lungs showed normal features at all doses
respectively (Plate x). The spleen showed Slight
lymphocyte hyperplasia at all doses and normal
features at the control (10 ml/kg). The stomach
showed normal features at all doses of the extract
administered.
Table 1: Effect of 28 days oral administration of ethanol leaf extract of Ocimum canum on hematological
parameters in wistar rats
Treatment (mg/kg)
Hematological
parameters
DW(10ml/kg) 100 mg/kg 200 mg/kg 400 mg/kg
WBC (×109/L) 8.167±0.772 6.740±1.419 3.700±0.657* 7.220±1.085
RBC (×1012/L) 8.30±0.34 8.65±0.66 6.11±0.55* 7.71±0.21
HGB (g/dL) 15.95±0.56 15.24±0.66 11.33±0.86* 14.58±0.36
HCT (g/dL) 55.18±2.03 56.60±3.74 34.67±3.18* 53.40±1.81
MCV (fL) 66.62±0.93 65.40±1.44 57.17±0.31* 69.60±1.72
MCH (pg) 19.17±0.17 17.80±1.02 18.83±0.37 18.80±0.20
MCHC (g/dL) 29.17±0.17 27.40±1.12 32.50±0.62* 27.60±0.68
PLT (×109/L) 620.83±52.81 567.00±96.41 252.00±50.38* 670.40±55.72
LYM (%) 86.83±4.06 85.00±4.18 82.83±5.89 86.40±3.14
NEUT (×109/L) 10.83±3.67 10.83±3.68 15.40±5.60 11.20±3.02
EOSI (×109/L) 1.50±0.34 2.40±0.75 1.80±0.47 1.20±0.20
BASO (×109/L) 1.00±0.28 2.00±0.55 2.50±1.50 3.30±2.20
Data presented as Mean ± SEM: n = 6, One way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s post hoc for multiple comparison
*significantly different from the distilled water (DW) control at p<0.05. DW = distilled water (WBC = white blood cells, RBC =
red blood cells, HGB = hemoglobin, HCT = hematocrit, MCV = mean corpuscular volume, MCH = mean corpuscular
hemoglobin, MCHC = mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, PLT = platelet, LYM = lymphocyte, NEUT = neutrophils,
EOSI = eosinophils, BASO = basophils).
37
4. Table 2: Effect of 28 days oral administration of Ocimum canum on body weight (g) in rats
Treatment (mg/kg) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4
DW (10ml/kg) 162.95±6.71 176.10±6.35 184.75±7.30 174.72±9.73
100 mg/kg 168.33±10.17 186.48±11.58 171.98±6.52 158.60±9.61
200 mg/kg 226.17±19.51* 239.67±19.56 240.83±20.44* 240.83±20.44*
400 mg/kg 168.68±11.39 148.48±8.94 168.47±9.57 159.54±8.30
*Significantly different from the distilled water (DW) control at p<0.05. DW = distilled water
Table 3: Effect of 28 days oral administration of Ocimum canum on relative organ to body weight ratio in
rats
Relative organ to Body weight Ratio%
Treatment(mg/kg)) BRAIN LUNGS STOMACH SPLEEN
DW(10 ml/kg) 0.808±0.02 0.905±0.179 0.908±0.063 0.429±0.018
100 mg/kg 0.943±0.098 0.753±0.063 0.839±0.027 0.429±0.060
200 mg/kg 1.291±0.191* 1.681±0.345* 1.318±0.120* 0.934±0.099*
400 mg/kg 0.961±0.068 0.743±0.079 0.874±0.041 0.548±0.029
*Significantly different from the distilled water (DW) control at p<0.05. DW = distilled water
Fig. 1: Effect of Ocimum canum on relative
organ and body weight ratio of the brain
Fig. 2: Effect of Ocimum canum on relative organ and
body weight ratio of the lung
Fig. 3: Effect of Ocimum canum on relative
organ and body weight ratio of the stomach
Fig. 4: Effect of Ocimum canum on relative organ and
body weight ratio of the spleen
38
5. Figure 5. Photomicrograph of the brain (Hematoxylin and eosin. H and E ×100). (a) Control group, Shows
normal neurons (N). (b) 100 mg/kg. (c) 200 mg/kg (d) 400 mg/kg of ethanol stem extract of Ocimum canum
Figure 6. Photomicrograph of the lungs (Hematoxylin and eosin. H and E ×100). (a) Control group, shows
normal alveoli (A). (b) 100 mg/kg (c) 200 mg/kg (d) 400 mg/kg ethanol leaf extract of Ocimum canum.
39
6. Figure 7. Photomicrograph of the Stomach (Hematoxylin and eosin. H and E ×100). (a) control group, shows
normal red (R) and white (W) pulp. (b) 100 mg/kg (c) 200 mg/kg, (d) 400 mg/kg of ethanol leaf extract of Ocimum
canum.
Figure 8. Photomicrograph of the Spleen (Hematoxylin and eosin. H and E ×100). (a) Control group, shows
normal stomach mucosa (M). (b) 100 mg/kg, shows normal features. (c) 200 mg/kg, shows normal features. (d)
400 mg/kg, shows normal features.
40
7. DISCUSSION
Over the past few years, toxicology has played a
vital part in the screening of newly developed drugs
before it can be used on humans. Through
incorporation of physiological, hematological,
biochemical, pathological, and histopathological
investigations in simplified test procedures with
small numbers of animals, it is possible to markedly
increase the informational content of the results
with regard to the toxicological spectrum and the
target organs of toxicity. There are many commonly
grown plants that are quite poisonous. Medicinal
plants, either as an extract, pure compound or as a
derivative, offer unlimited opportunities for the
discovery of new drugs (10). Most of the natural
products used in folk remedy have solid scientific
evidence with regard to their biological activities.
However, there is little information or evidence
available concerning the possible toxicity that
medicinal plants may cause to the consumers (11).
Subchronic studies assess the undesirable effects
of continuous or repeated exposure of plant
extracts or compounds over a portion of the
average life span of experimental animals, such as
rodents. Specifically, they provide information on
target organ toxicity and are designed to identify
noobservable adverse effect level(12). The body
weight changes serve as a sensitive indication of
the general health status of animals(13). Weight
gains were observed in all animals administered
with O. canum extract. It can be stated that the O.
canum extract did not interfere with the normal
metabolism of animals as corroborated by the non-
significant effect from animals in the vehicle control
group. The significant increment in food and water
intake is considered as being responsible for the
increment in body weight gain. As mentioned earlier
the loss of appetite is often synonymous with weight
loss due to disturbances in the metabolism of
carbohydrate, protein, or fat (14). Therefore, the
normal food and water intake (P > 0.05) without
loss of appetite are suggested as being responsible
for the observed increment in body weight in this
study. Fatness is characterized by increased
adipose tissue mass that results from both
increased fat cell number and increased fat cell
size. Adipose tissue is a dynamic organ that plays
an important role in energy balance and changes in
mass according to the metabolic requirements of
the organism(15). Moreover, it was reported that
excess energy intake and reduced energy
expenditure result in abnormal excessive growth of
white adipose tissue (WAT), which can lead to the
development of obesity(16) . The current research
findings did not suggest that Ocimum canum extract
at the various doses administered may prevent the
accumulation of WAT in rats. Also, the level of
basophiles, neutrophiles, eosinophils and
lymphocytes were not affected by the extract. This
indicates that the plant may not affect the body
immune. It could also suggest that the plant may
have immunomodulatory property. Agents that
activate host defense mechanisms in the presence
of an impaired immune responsiveness can provide
supportive therapy to conventional chemotherapy
(17). The study shows that the extract does not
stimulate or activate the immune system.
Histological analysis does not reveal significant
damage to any of the organ. This suggests that the
ethanol extract of the plant at the maximum dose
administered, which is equivalent to the
extrapolated dose consumed by human, it may be
safe. Though, biochemical parameters which are
essential for normal physiological functions of each
organ were not determine, hematological,
anatomical and histopathological analysis suggest
that the plant may be relatively safe at the doses
administered. Further research needs to be
undertaken to determine subsequent effect with
higher doses.
CONCLUSION
Result from the study indicates that the plant may
be orally safe for consumption.
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