The document provides an overview of the Indo-Saracenic style of architecture that emerged in British-ruled India in the late 19th century. It discusses how the style blended local Indian architectural elements with Islamic designs. It traces the origins of the style from studies conducted by British professionals on Indian architecture. It also examines how factors like climate, culture, and patronage from local rulers influenced the development and popularity of the Indo-Saracenic style. However, the style declined in the early 20th century after India's independence as new construction methods and budget constraints arose. The document uses two specific architectural examples, the Raza Library and Raja Ram High School, to illustrate characteristics of the Indo-Saracenic
Michael Graves was an American architect known for his postmodern style. He designed several notable buildings including the Humana Building, Walt Disney World Dolphin and Swan Hotels, and the Denver Central Library. Graves had a philosophy of reinterpreting traditional architectural forms and drawing inspiration from existing architecture. Some of his signature design elements included classical tripartite facades with distinct base, shaft, and cornice sections as well as playful use of color and patterned materials. The document provides details on Graves' education, influences, architectural style and philosophy through descriptions and images of several major works.
anant raje, architect, indian architect, design, philosophy, concept, works, projects, educational purpose, buildings, pictures, iifm, bda, louis i kahn of india, life, carrer, death, photos
The document provides biographical information about British architect Laurie Baker (1917-2007). It discusses that he went to India in 1945 and lived/worked there for over 50 years, obtaining Indian citizenship in 1989. Some of his accomplishments include designing low-cost housing and medical facilities that incorporated local materials and techniques. He is renowned for promoting simplicity and cost-conscious construction. The document outlines several of Baker's architectural principles and design features, and provides examples of his works including homes, a computer center, and housing for tribal communities.
Raj Rewal is an Indian architect born in 1934 in Hoshiarpur, India. He received his early education in India and then attended architecture schools in London and Paris in the 1950s. Notable influences on his work include Le Corbusier and traditional Indian architecture. Rewal's designs emphasize structure, materials, and climatic sensitivity. He is known for housing projects that draw from traditional Indian urban forms like narrow streets, courtyards, and roof terraces. His works include the Asian Games Village in Delhi and the National Institute of Immunology.
- Fatehpur Sikri was built by Mughal emperor Akbar as his capital from 1571-1585, located 40km west of Agra. It featured elaborate planning with complexes for religious, royal, and public uses separated on terraces along a ridge.
- The town layout had a fortified wall, markets, gardens, and caravanserais organized according to the terrain and climate. Water supply was managed through cisterns, wells, and an artificial lake to store rainwater year-round.
- The complexes each had their own drainage systems to collect rainwater and fill reservoirs, ensuring a constant water supply to the palaces and buildings.
The document summarizes several works by architect Joseph Allen Stein, including Triveni Kala Sangam (1952), India International Centre (1959-62), India Habitat Centre (1988), and the Australian High Commission. It describes the structures, materials, courtyards, and design details of each building, noting Stein's emphasis on local materials, climate considerations, and combining traditional and modernist principles in an appropriate regional style.
When the British first made inroads into India, little impact had been, was, or even intended on being made. Structures were mainly reflective of their functions, simple warehouses and a number of rather temporary administration facilities with residences remaining few in number, these kept to the traditional and vernacular. However, as British interests in India expanded, more permanent structures were required to facilitate the infrastructure of the new British Raj- symbols of their new status as the power seat; a sense of permanence and prominence.
Michael Graves was an American architect known for his postmodern style. He designed several notable buildings including the Humana Building, Walt Disney World Dolphin and Swan Hotels, and the Denver Central Library. Graves had a philosophy of reinterpreting traditional architectural forms and drawing inspiration from existing architecture. Some of his signature design elements included classical tripartite facades with distinct base, shaft, and cornice sections as well as playful use of color and patterned materials. The document provides details on Graves' education, influences, architectural style and philosophy through descriptions and images of several major works.
anant raje, architect, indian architect, design, philosophy, concept, works, projects, educational purpose, buildings, pictures, iifm, bda, louis i kahn of india, life, carrer, death, photos
The document provides biographical information about British architect Laurie Baker (1917-2007). It discusses that he went to India in 1945 and lived/worked there for over 50 years, obtaining Indian citizenship in 1989. Some of his accomplishments include designing low-cost housing and medical facilities that incorporated local materials and techniques. He is renowned for promoting simplicity and cost-conscious construction. The document outlines several of Baker's architectural principles and design features, and provides examples of his works including homes, a computer center, and housing for tribal communities.
Raj Rewal is an Indian architect born in 1934 in Hoshiarpur, India. He received his early education in India and then attended architecture schools in London and Paris in the 1950s. Notable influences on his work include Le Corbusier and traditional Indian architecture. Rewal's designs emphasize structure, materials, and climatic sensitivity. He is known for housing projects that draw from traditional Indian urban forms like narrow streets, courtyards, and roof terraces. His works include the Asian Games Village in Delhi and the National Institute of Immunology.
- Fatehpur Sikri was built by Mughal emperor Akbar as his capital from 1571-1585, located 40km west of Agra. It featured elaborate planning with complexes for religious, royal, and public uses separated on terraces along a ridge.
- The town layout had a fortified wall, markets, gardens, and caravanserais organized according to the terrain and climate. Water supply was managed through cisterns, wells, and an artificial lake to store rainwater year-round.
- The complexes each had their own drainage systems to collect rainwater and fill reservoirs, ensuring a constant water supply to the palaces and buildings.
The document summarizes several works by architect Joseph Allen Stein, including Triveni Kala Sangam (1952), India International Centre (1959-62), India Habitat Centre (1988), and the Australian High Commission. It describes the structures, materials, courtyards, and design details of each building, noting Stein's emphasis on local materials, climate considerations, and combining traditional and modernist principles in an appropriate regional style.
When the British first made inroads into India, little impact had been, was, or even intended on being made. Structures were mainly reflective of their functions, simple warehouses and a number of rather temporary administration facilities with residences remaining few in number, these kept to the traditional and vernacular. However, as British interests in India expanded, more permanent structures were required to facilitate the infrastructure of the new British Raj- symbols of their new status as the power seat; a sense of permanence and prominence.
Dakshinachitra is a 10-acre living museum in Chennai that showcases the art, architecture, crafts, and traditions of South India. It contains recreated houses and settlements from the four South Indian states - Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Visitors can explore the different housing types and craft demonstrations, as well as cultural performances. The museum aims to authentically represent and preserve the diverse cultural heritage of South India.
During this period there were two prominent styles:
1. Indo - saracenic revival architecture
2. Neoclassical architecture
Introduced new institutions
Military
Forts
Emergence of new urbanity
British influence, mostly affected: Bombay, Calcutta, Madras
Introduction of new building practices.
Superimposition, modification , replacement of existing buildings materials and techniques with their impact on architectural forms.
TIME , LIFE, WORKS AND
PHILOSOPIES OF F L WRIGHT
Compiled by : Manish Jain Architect Gr. Floor , Ashoka apartment Bhawani Singh RoadC-scheme , Jaipur -302001 Rajasthan ( INDIA)Ph. 91-0141-2743536 , 91-9829063132Email: fdarchitect @gmail.com Web : www.frontdesk.co.in
architectural case study
Asian games village designed by ar. raj rewal
B.Arch 4th-year sem 7
detailed zoning
analysis and survey
concept execution
referral links
https://www.scribd.com/document/415212492/Asian-Games-Village-Final
https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/fp/from-utopias-to-heterotopias-migrant-housing-values-of-time-density-culture-and-energy-ur2005-monsoon-2019/building-blocks-of-migrant-housing-monsoon-2019-ug180076
https://www.slideshare.net/WaseemNoor3/raj-rewal-asian-games-village
https://www.archdaily.com/903782/asian-games-village-residence-iii-viueller-architects
https://rajrewal.in/portfolio/asian-games-village-1980-1982/
https://qdoc.tips/asiad-villagegrp-6-pdf-free.html
https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/media.archnet.org/system/publications/contents/2850/original/DPT0402.pdf?1384768113
https://prezi.com/zj7br3xisvu8/asiad-village/
It is a term used to categorise methods of
construction which use locally available
resources and traditions to address local
needs.
Vernacular architecture tends to evolve over
time to reflect the environmental, cultural
and historical context in which it exists.
It has often been dismissed as crude and
unrefined, but also has proponents who
highlight its importance in current design.
Umaid Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur, India is one of the world's largest private residences. Construction began in 1929 during a period of drought and famine, providing employment to thousands of local people. The palace was built over 15 years using pink and cream colored stone from local quarries. Today, parts of the palace are operated as a hotel and museum, but the royal family still resides in some areas.
Baker studied architecture in Birmingham and graduated in 1937, aged 20, in a period of political unrest for Europe.During the Second World War, he served in the Friends Ambulance Unit in China and Burma.He worked as an architect for an international and interdenominational Mission dedicated to the care of those suffering from leprosy. He focused on converting or replacing asylums once used to house the ostracized sufferers of the disease - "lepers".He Used indigenous architecture and methods of these places as means to deal with his once daunting problems.
Baker's designs invariably have traditional Indian sloping roofs and terracotta Mangalore tile shingling with gables and vents allowing rising hot air to escape curved walls to enclose more volume at lower material cost than straight walls.Designing and building low cost, high quality, beautiful homes
Suited to or built for lower-middle to lower class clients.
Irregular, pyramid-like structures on roofs, with one side left open and tilting into the wind.Brick jali walls, a perforated brick screen which utilises natural air movement to cool the home's interior and create intricate patterns of light and shadow.
The capital of British India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911. British architect Edwin Lutyens was tasked with planning and designing New Delhi. Lutyens designed an expansive garden city with wide avenues and classical buildings. Key elements of the design included the Rashtrapati Bhavan, Secretariat buildings, Parliament House, residential areas, and princely state palaces. However, the rapid growth of Old Delhi was not adequately planned for, leading to overcrowding and deterioration.
Charles Correa is an Indian architect known for his sensitivity to the needs of the urban poor. He was influenced by professors at the University of Michigan and MIT who emphasized traditional methods and materials. Throughout his career, Correa designed many buildings in India that combined vernacular and modern concepts to support cultural identity and community in a sustainable way. This included designs for housing, government buildings, and cultural centers that featured open-air spaces, passive climate control, and community participation.
Fatehpur Sikri was founded by Emperor Akbar in honor of the saint Shaikh Salim Chishti, who blessed Akbar with three sons. The city was planned as the new capital of the Mughal Empire, featuring impressive red sandstone architecture blending Hindu and Islamic styles. However, it was abandoned just 14 years later when the water supply ran dry. Today it remains remarkably preserved as an open air museum, a ghost city reflecting its former glory as the center of Mughal power and culture.
British council,Charles Correa- Case studyShruthiE4
The British Council building in Delhi, completed between 1987-1992, houses a library, auditorium, art gallery, and headquarters offices arranged in layers recalling historical India-UK interfaces. Designed by architect Charles Correa in collaboration with engineer Mahendra Raj and artist Howard Hodgkin, it was the first British Council to receive LEED Platinum certification for its green building practices.
The document provides biographical information about architect Laurie Baker (1917-2007). It describes how he was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi to design affordable housing for India's poor using locally available materials. Some of Baker's principles included minimizing costs, using natural materials, avoiding wastage, and creating beautiful, high-quality buildings in an eco-friendly manner. The document shares several of Baker's quotes reflecting his design philosophy and prioritization of craftsmanship over fame.
Kala Academy is located in Panaji, Goa along the Mandovi River. Designed by architect Charles Correa, it is the primary venue for promoting art and culture in Goa. The campus contains multiple performance spaces like an auditorium, amphitheater, and black box theater. It also has facilities for art galleries, classrooms, meeting rooms, and a library. The layout divides public, administrative, and academic zones across three levels for separation of different user groups. Outdoor and indoor spaces are well integrated through landscaping and building design.
Raj Rewal was an Indian architect known for his approach called "critical regionalism" which emphasized local topography, climate, and traditions rather than scenography. Some of Rewal's notable works that exemplified this approach included the State Trading Corporation Tower in New Delhi which used a structural concept as the basis for its architectural form. Rewal also designed housing complexes that created livable spaces through techniques like stacked apartments with shifted footprints to allow for private terraces and pedestrian pathways and gathering spaces. One such housing development was the Asian Games Village in New Delhi from 1982 which took inspiration from traditional villages in Rajasthan through its network of streets, squares and urban morphology.
The document discusses the contributions of the Maratha reign to residential architecture in India. It introduces the Wada architecture style, which featured large courtyard buildings arranged around open spaces. Wadas housed many families or single wealthy families. They evolved under the Peshwa reign by combining features from Mughal, Rajasthani, and Gujarati architecture with local techniques. The document also examines fort architecture, describing different types of forts built for defense like hill forts, land forts, forest forts, and sea forts. It provides details on the construction of hill forts and land forts.
Philip Johnson was an American architect born in 1906 who is known for introducing the International Style of modern architecture to the United States. He began his career focusing on the stark glass and steel styles of Mies van der Rohe but later incorporated more ornamental historical elements. Johnson had a significant influence through his pioneering use of glass in buildings, experimenting with all-glass facades in projects like the AT&T Building, now the Sony Tower. He believed architecture was about organizing interior space and designed notable buildings like the Crystal Cathedral featuring dramatic glass structures.
This document provides an overview of the life and works of Indian architect B.V. Doshi. It discusses his education and training under Le Corbusier, as well as the founding of his own firm Vastu-Shilpa. Key projects by Doshi are highlighted, including Sangath, CEPT Ahmedabad, IIM Bangalore, and the Hussain-Doshi Gufa art gallery. His architectural philosophies emphasized context, materials, climatic response, and flexibility. The document covers Doshi's career, important buildings, and his influence on Indian architecture through a holistic, human-centered approach.
This document discusses the rise and principles of modernist design from the early 20th century. It provides examples of key modernist designers like Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, and Marcel Breuer who rejected ornamentation in favor of clean lines and an emphasis on function. Their work in architecture and furniture design embraced new industrial materials like steel, glass, and plastic to create simple, standardized forms. While modernism dominated design for much of the 20th century, the document also suggests it began facing criticism by the late 1970s for its potentially cold and inhuman aesthetic.
Breve apunte de Lógica en el cual se proponen conceptos y definiciones usados en los primeros cursos Universitarios. Además cuenta con dos secciones de ejercicios propuestos con sus respectivas soluciones.
Se reciben críticas y comentarios.
Dakshinachitra is a 10-acre living museum in Chennai that showcases the art, architecture, crafts, and traditions of South India. It contains recreated houses and settlements from the four South Indian states - Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. Visitors can explore the different housing types and craft demonstrations, as well as cultural performances. The museum aims to authentically represent and preserve the diverse cultural heritage of South India.
During this period there were two prominent styles:
1. Indo - saracenic revival architecture
2. Neoclassical architecture
Introduced new institutions
Military
Forts
Emergence of new urbanity
British influence, mostly affected: Bombay, Calcutta, Madras
Introduction of new building practices.
Superimposition, modification , replacement of existing buildings materials and techniques with their impact on architectural forms.
TIME , LIFE, WORKS AND
PHILOSOPIES OF F L WRIGHT
Compiled by : Manish Jain Architect Gr. Floor , Ashoka apartment Bhawani Singh RoadC-scheme , Jaipur -302001 Rajasthan ( INDIA)Ph. 91-0141-2743536 , 91-9829063132Email: fdarchitect @gmail.com Web : www.frontdesk.co.in
architectural case study
Asian games village designed by ar. raj rewal
B.Arch 4th-year sem 7
detailed zoning
analysis and survey
concept execution
referral links
https://www.scribd.com/document/415212492/Asian-Games-Village-Final
https://portfolio.cept.ac.in/fp/from-utopias-to-heterotopias-migrant-housing-values-of-time-density-culture-and-energy-ur2005-monsoon-2019/building-blocks-of-migrant-housing-monsoon-2019-ug180076
https://www.slideshare.net/WaseemNoor3/raj-rewal-asian-games-village
https://www.archdaily.com/903782/asian-games-village-residence-iii-viueller-architects
https://rajrewal.in/portfolio/asian-games-village-1980-1982/
https://qdoc.tips/asiad-villagegrp-6-pdf-free.html
https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/media.archnet.org/system/publications/contents/2850/original/DPT0402.pdf?1384768113
https://prezi.com/zj7br3xisvu8/asiad-village/
It is a term used to categorise methods of
construction which use locally available
resources and traditions to address local
needs.
Vernacular architecture tends to evolve over
time to reflect the environmental, cultural
and historical context in which it exists.
It has often been dismissed as crude and
unrefined, but also has proponents who
highlight its importance in current design.
Umaid Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur, India is one of the world's largest private residences. Construction began in 1929 during a period of drought and famine, providing employment to thousands of local people. The palace was built over 15 years using pink and cream colored stone from local quarries. Today, parts of the palace are operated as a hotel and museum, but the royal family still resides in some areas.
Baker studied architecture in Birmingham and graduated in 1937, aged 20, in a period of political unrest for Europe.During the Second World War, he served in the Friends Ambulance Unit in China and Burma.He worked as an architect for an international and interdenominational Mission dedicated to the care of those suffering from leprosy. He focused on converting or replacing asylums once used to house the ostracized sufferers of the disease - "lepers".He Used indigenous architecture and methods of these places as means to deal with his once daunting problems.
Baker's designs invariably have traditional Indian sloping roofs and terracotta Mangalore tile shingling with gables and vents allowing rising hot air to escape curved walls to enclose more volume at lower material cost than straight walls.Designing and building low cost, high quality, beautiful homes
Suited to or built for lower-middle to lower class clients.
Irregular, pyramid-like structures on roofs, with one side left open and tilting into the wind.Brick jali walls, a perforated brick screen which utilises natural air movement to cool the home's interior and create intricate patterns of light and shadow.
The capital of British India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911. British architect Edwin Lutyens was tasked with planning and designing New Delhi. Lutyens designed an expansive garden city with wide avenues and classical buildings. Key elements of the design included the Rashtrapati Bhavan, Secretariat buildings, Parliament House, residential areas, and princely state palaces. However, the rapid growth of Old Delhi was not adequately planned for, leading to overcrowding and deterioration.
Charles Correa is an Indian architect known for his sensitivity to the needs of the urban poor. He was influenced by professors at the University of Michigan and MIT who emphasized traditional methods and materials. Throughout his career, Correa designed many buildings in India that combined vernacular and modern concepts to support cultural identity and community in a sustainable way. This included designs for housing, government buildings, and cultural centers that featured open-air spaces, passive climate control, and community participation.
Fatehpur Sikri was founded by Emperor Akbar in honor of the saint Shaikh Salim Chishti, who blessed Akbar with three sons. The city was planned as the new capital of the Mughal Empire, featuring impressive red sandstone architecture blending Hindu and Islamic styles. However, it was abandoned just 14 years later when the water supply ran dry. Today it remains remarkably preserved as an open air museum, a ghost city reflecting its former glory as the center of Mughal power and culture.
British council,Charles Correa- Case studyShruthiE4
The British Council building in Delhi, completed between 1987-1992, houses a library, auditorium, art gallery, and headquarters offices arranged in layers recalling historical India-UK interfaces. Designed by architect Charles Correa in collaboration with engineer Mahendra Raj and artist Howard Hodgkin, it was the first British Council to receive LEED Platinum certification for its green building practices.
The document provides biographical information about architect Laurie Baker (1917-2007). It describes how he was inspired by Mahatma Gandhi to design affordable housing for India's poor using locally available materials. Some of Baker's principles included minimizing costs, using natural materials, avoiding wastage, and creating beautiful, high-quality buildings in an eco-friendly manner. The document shares several of Baker's quotes reflecting his design philosophy and prioritization of craftsmanship over fame.
Kala Academy is located in Panaji, Goa along the Mandovi River. Designed by architect Charles Correa, it is the primary venue for promoting art and culture in Goa. The campus contains multiple performance spaces like an auditorium, amphitheater, and black box theater. It also has facilities for art galleries, classrooms, meeting rooms, and a library. The layout divides public, administrative, and academic zones across three levels for separation of different user groups. Outdoor and indoor spaces are well integrated through landscaping and building design.
Raj Rewal was an Indian architect known for his approach called "critical regionalism" which emphasized local topography, climate, and traditions rather than scenography. Some of Rewal's notable works that exemplified this approach included the State Trading Corporation Tower in New Delhi which used a structural concept as the basis for its architectural form. Rewal also designed housing complexes that created livable spaces through techniques like stacked apartments with shifted footprints to allow for private terraces and pedestrian pathways and gathering spaces. One such housing development was the Asian Games Village in New Delhi from 1982 which took inspiration from traditional villages in Rajasthan through its network of streets, squares and urban morphology.
The document discusses the contributions of the Maratha reign to residential architecture in India. It introduces the Wada architecture style, which featured large courtyard buildings arranged around open spaces. Wadas housed many families or single wealthy families. They evolved under the Peshwa reign by combining features from Mughal, Rajasthani, and Gujarati architecture with local techniques. The document also examines fort architecture, describing different types of forts built for defense like hill forts, land forts, forest forts, and sea forts. It provides details on the construction of hill forts and land forts.
Philip Johnson was an American architect born in 1906 who is known for introducing the International Style of modern architecture to the United States. He began his career focusing on the stark glass and steel styles of Mies van der Rohe but later incorporated more ornamental historical elements. Johnson had a significant influence through his pioneering use of glass in buildings, experimenting with all-glass facades in projects like the AT&T Building, now the Sony Tower. He believed architecture was about organizing interior space and designed notable buildings like the Crystal Cathedral featuring dramatic glass structures.
This document provides an overview of the life and works of Indian architect B.V. Doshi. It discusses his education and training under Le Corbusier, as well as the founding of his own firm Vastu-Shilpa. Key projects by Doshi are highlighted, including Sangath, CEPT Ahmedabad, IIM Bangalore, and the Hussain-Doshi Gufa art gallery. His architectural philosophies emphasized context, materials, climatic response, and flexibility. The document covers Doshi's career, important buildings, and his influence on Indian architecture through a holistic, human-centered approach.
This document discusses the rise and principles of modernist design from the early 20th century. It provides examples of key modernist designers like Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, and Marcel Breuer who rejected ornamentation in favor of clean lines and an emphasis on function. Their work in architecture and furniture design embraced new industrial materials like steel, glass, and plastic to create simple, standardized forms. While modernism dominated design for much of the 20th century, the document also suggests it began facing criticism by the late 1970s for its potentially cold and inhuman aesthetic.
Breve apunte de Lógica en el cual se proponen conceptos y definiciones usados en los primeros cursos Universitarios. Además cuenta con dos secciones de ejercicios propuestos con sus respectivas soluciones.
Se reciben críticas y comentarios.
Tut Ank Amón, un faraón egipcio de hace más de 3,000 años, presenta información sobre el Antiguo Egipto a través de 10 pruebas. Las pruebas cubren temas como el río Nilo, la sociedad egipcia, la medicina, la comida, los faraones y sus objetos, y los dioses egipcios. Tut espera que los estudiantes hayan aprendido mucho sobre la antigua cultura egipcia a través de esta interactiva sesión.
La matriz BCG clasifica las unidades de negocio de una empresa según su posición en el mercado y la tasa de crecimiento del mercado, dividiéndolas en cuatro categorías: Estrellas, Interrogantes, Perros y Vacas. Las Estrellas se benefician de grandes oportunidades de crecimiento, mientras que las Vacas generan más efectivo del que necesitan; los Interrogantes requieren mucha inversión pero generan poco efectivo; y los Perros tienen poco o ningún crecimiento de mercado.
CORRIENTES PEDAGÓGICAS... las teorías las trabajamos anteriormente, por ello en esta presentación sólo se manejan en la segunda diapositiva, sólo por mencionarlas
Protocolos de investigacion janeth florezjaneth Florez
Este documento describe los elementos clave de un protocolo de investigación. Explica que un protocolo de investigación es un documento que describe los lineamientos y metodología para cumplir los objetivos y medir los resultados de acuerdo a la hipótesis planteada. Su finalidad es orientar a investigadores, evaluadores y comités de ética sobre lo que se quiere hacer y cómo hacerlo. Para el investigador es importante saber qué elementos incluir para una mejor aceptación y patrocinio del protocolo. Para la institución, permite revisiones continuas y da claridad sobre los criter
O documento discute o processo de industrialização, definindo-o como a modernização dos meios de produção acompanhada pelo desenvolvimento tecnológico e econômico. Ele explica o que é indústria e lista três tipos: indústrias de base, intermediárias e de bens de consumo. Também descreve a expansão da industrialização a partir da Revolução Industrial na Inglaterra no século XVIII e como o Brasil incentivou a industrialização sob Vargas e Kubitschek, apesar dos problemas atuais.
This document provides an abstract for an international workshop on pottery production in Eretria, Greece from the Early Helladic to Hellenistic periods. The workshop will take place on March 2-3, 2017 at Lausanne University. It will include presentations on pottery analyses from various periods, including the Hellenistic, Geometric, Classical, Middle Helladic, and Early Helladic periods. The analyses involve macroscopic, petrographic, and chemical studies of pottery samples to characterize fabric groups and determine local versus non-local production. The goal is to better understand pottery craftsmanship and trade in the area over time.
Este documento contiene información sobre tres tipos de tecnologías biométricas: NFC, lectores biométricos de retina y lectores de huella. Explica que NFC es una tecnología inalámbrica que funciona a 13.56 MHz y se usa para pagos móviles, identificación y transferencia de datos. Los lectores de retina analizan los patrones de los capilares en el ojo para identificación y los lectores de huella digital capturan imágenes de las crestas y valles en los dedos para propósitos de seguridad
The document provides an overview of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs from 1933 to 1938 to address the Great Depression. It describes the three R's of the New Deal: Relief to provide immediate aid, Recovery through stimulus programs, and Reform through permanent regulations. Major New Deal agencies included the CCC, WPA, PWA, AAA, SEC, FDIC and Social Security. The New Deal faced criticism for not going far enough to help women and African Americans or being too socialist. By the late 1930s, the economy had recovered and union membership increased, but the recession of 1937 showed the recovery was not complete.
El documento discute el tema del aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Explica que el aprendizaje ocurre a través de la interacción entre el sujeto y el objeto de conocimiento y genera conocimiento. Además, aunque todos tienen la capacidad de aprender, no todos lo hacen de la misma manera ni alcanzan los mismos niveles de desempeño debido a diferencias individuales. El desarrollo también condiciona el aprendizaje en cierta medida. El documento también analiza si el estudiante es solo un receptor pasivo de información o
Modeling the Effects of Land Use Change on FloodingAdam Nayak
Due to population growth, urban areas in Oregon have been expanding, leading to increases in impervious surfaces and net losses in wetlands, riparian vegetation, and forestation in the Northwest. Utilizing ArcGIS and NOAA’s C-CAP imagery, this study classifies and analyzes urban land use changes between 1996 and 2010. These findings shed light on the importance of land use management in urban settings and are being used by local watershed councils to advocate for changes within their stream basins.
This document provides guidance on how to analyze visual texts. It explains that a visual analysis involves breaking down the different elements of a visual text, such as photos, advertisements, or websites, to understand how they communicate the intended message. The key steps are to describe the visual elements of the text, respond to one's initial reaction to it, and then analyze how each element contributes to the overall message being conveyed considering the audience and context. A strong visual analysis includes a clear thesis about the text's message and organizes the analysis of elements around supporting that thesis.
The Victoria Terminus (now Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus) railway station in Mumbai is a prime example of Indo-Saracenic architecture. Designed by Frederick William Stevens in 1878, it blends elements of Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture with traditional Indian architecture styles. Key features include its high vaulted entrances, pointed arches, central dome, turrets, and long platform and train shed structure emulating a traditional Indian palace layout. The dome's dovetailed ribs constructed without centering was an engineering achievement.
This document provides an overview of colonial architecture in India. It discusses how colonialism began with European trading powers like the Portuguese, Dutch, French and British colonizing India between the 16th-19th centuries. Under the British colonial rule post-1857, architecture was used to showcase power and superiority over native Indians. New building types like railway stations, courts and hospitals were constructed. The document also examines the 'Indo-Saracenic' architectural style that emerged, blending European and Indian elements. It provides several examples of major colonial buildings constructed in cities like Bombay, Calcutta and New Delhi during this period.
This document lists examples of colonial architecture in India including churches such as St. Francis of Assissi in Goa and St. Mary's Church in Madras as well as forts including Fort William in Calcutta, St. George fort in Madras, and Fort St. George in Bombay. It also mentions Victoria Terminus and Victoria Memorial as examples of colonial architecture.
The document discusses colonial architecture in India, specifically secular structures. It provides examples of secular buildings from the colonial era, such as post offices, townhalls, and university buildings. One structure discussed in detail is the General Post Office in Calcutta, which was constructed between 1864-1868. The imposing structure is located on the site of the original Fort William and acts as a landmark in the city.
Juan Ramón Jiménez continuó buscando la belleza y perfección durante su exilio en Estados Unidos, aunque publicó varias obras incluyendo Animal de fondo en 1949, Tercera antología poética en 1957, y En el otro costado entre 1936-1942. En sus obras, identificó a Dios con la belleza y se identificó a sí mismo con Dios, viendo a Dios como algo dentro y fuera de él mismo. Revisó su obra a lo largo de su vida, y su poemario Leyenda recoge su obra poética tal como él quería que se
The document discusses the history of architecture in France from the Baroque era to the 19th century. It describes the French Academic tradition which was established by the founding of the Royal Academy of Architecture in 1671. This codified classical design principles and influenced generations of French architects. Key figures like Blondel and Perrault questioned classical proportions and emphasized rationality. Neoclassicism declined due to new technologies and functional priorities in the industrial era.
Architecture
and
Folk Architecture
Dr. Jacqueline Marn
Chronology of Styles in American Architecture
The Seventeenth Century:
17th Century Colonial
Term applies to both New England and Virginia
architecture.
Note: regional differences, however.
The Eighteenth Century:
Georgian (1714-1776)
English-inspired colonial architecture. Marked by a greater
concern for style and higher standards of comfort. Fairly
homogeneous in both New England and Southern colonies.
Neoclassicism (c.1780-1820)
There are several variations:
Federalist: Especially common in New England; a
traditionalist approach to classicism, heavily influenced by
English models. Charles Bulfinch, Samuel MacIntyre.
Idealist: An intellectual and moral approach to classicism,
at first linked to Roman models. Symbolic and
associational values stressed.
Best example: Thomas Jefferson.
Rationalist: Emphasized structure and classical building
techniques, such as stone vaulting and domes. Benjamin
Latrobe.
Source: http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/amstyles.html
Chronology of Styles in American Architecture
The Nineteenth Century:
The period is characterized by Romantic revivals and eclecticism.
Greek Revival (1818-1850)
The first truly national style in the United States. Strong associational
values. Permeated all levels of building.
Gothic Revival (c. 1820-1860)
Strong associational values of religion and nature. Found in both
ecclesiastical and residential architecture. A wide range of archaeological
accuracy, from Richard Upjohn's urban churches to "Carpenter's Gothic"
cottages.
The "Corporate Style" (c.1800-1900)
Practical architecture for engineering and commercial purposes; especially
early factories. In its time thought to be a "style-less style."
Egyptian Revival (1820-1850)
Used primarily for memorials, cemeteries, prisons, and later, warehouses.
Italianate, or Italian Villa Mode (1840-1860)
A residential style used by A.J. Downing and others; a Renaissance revival.
Second Empire Baroque (1860-1880)
French origin; used for public and residential architecture.
High Victorian Gothic (1860-1880)
English origin; used for ecclesiastical, public, and residential architecture.
Richardsonian Romanesque (1870-1895)
Shingle Style (1879-1900)
Used for residential architecture.
Chicago School (1885-1915)
Commercial architecture; skyscrapers.
New York Style Skyscrapers (1875-1910)
Typically use a historical style; block and tower format.
Source: http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/amstyles.html
Chronology of Styles in American Architecture
Classical Revival (1885-1920)
Also called Academic Classicism, or Beaux-Arts Classicism.
Related revivals: Rena.
William EvansPost University Art History IA Trip t.docxambersalomon88660
William EvansPost University Art History I
A Trip to the Metropolitan Museum
The visit is blood-curdling and gives a fantastic experience
Metropolitan Museum of Art can easily fit among the famous legendary European museums
The museum is iconic Beaux-Arts façade
Visiting Metropolitan Museum of Art has left me recalling of that blood-curdling and fantastic experience. Being one of the world’s premier cultural institutions and houses, it significantly encompasses nearly everything from the ancient classics to the modern masters. With its iconic Beaux-Arts façade, Metropolitan Museum of Art can easily fit among the famous legendary European museums. Although it is distinctly American and New York experience, it is a melting pot of the spectacular art and the artifacts from across time and the world. Interestingly, the museum is fondly referred to as the Met and visitors can travel from as far as Paleolithic Egypt to the Neolithic Near East to experience their culture in the form of artifacts in the museum.
What I realized is that Met features a comprehensive collection of calligraphy, art and even ritual objects from Nepal, China, and Tibet. I was further fascinated by the artifact of Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus and ignited my curiosity, and I immediately yearned to know its origin and history of this magnificent artifact (Baetjer, 1999).
*
Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus
Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus is a significant marble of Early Christian Sarcophagus
used for the burial of Junius Bassus
the sarcophagus was placed in the Old St. Peter’s Basilica inside the Vatican
Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus is a significant marble of Early Christian Sarcophagus that was used for the burial of Junius Bassus, who is known to have died in 359. Importantly, it has then been described as the single most famous piece of early Christian relief sculpture. Originally, the sarcophagus was placed in the Old St. Peter’s Basilica inside the Vatican. Moreover, is one of the oldest surviving high-status sarcophagi with clear and elaborate carvings of Christian themes with complicated iconographic plans that embrace both the old and new testaments.
*
Junius Bassus
Junius Bassus was a significant figure and a senator
headed the government capital as the Praefectus Urbi
Bassus converted to Christianity shortly at the verge of his death
Junius Bassus was a significant figure and a senator who was the head of the government capital as the Praefectus Urbi at the time of his death in 359 when he was 42 years. Just as the artifact of sarcophagus depicts, Bassus converted to Christianity shortly at the verge of his death (Stokstad, 2010).
*
Style and art of sarcophagus
the workmanship and cooperation were of the highest quality
the sculpture shows fewer features of the late antique style of sculpture
the sculpture ignores practically all the rules obeyed by official artifacts
reflects a blending of the late Hellenic style with the contemporary Roman and Ital.
INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY ON INDIAN ARCHITECTURE ART AND CRAFTSahibnoor Singh
Christianity is India's third-largest religion after Hinduism and Islam. Saint Thomas the Apostle is said to have brought Christianity to India who supposedly reached the Malabar Coast (Kerala) in 52 AD. Saint Thomas was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. Local rulers in Kerala gave the St. Thomas Christians various rights and privileges which were written on copper plates.
In Mughal times Missionaries took advantage of using visual aids for propagating Christianity (Christian Faith) to the Mughal emperor Akbar. It was during his time when artists imitated copies of European art specifically related to Christian faith. His successors Jahangir and Shah Jahan also motivated artists to imitate Christian art and to create in a European manner.
The very first paintings to reach the Mughal court were large oil paintings of Mother Mary, a religious figure known to the Muslim world, by her presence in the Quran.
Contact - sahibnoorsinghdhindsa@gmail.com
The document discusses surface embellishments in Byzantine architecture and fashion. It describes how embroidery, beading, and printing/dyeing were important techniques used to decorate textiles and add visual interest in the Byzantine Empire. These surface embellishments held cultural significance and helped establish Byzantine fashion as luxurious. The techniques originated many centuries ago and have continued to influence contemporary fashion design.
This document provides an overview of post-modern architecture. It discusses how post-modernism emerged in the 1960s as a rejection of modernism's puritanical rules. Key figures like Robert Venturi argued for complexity and contradiction over simplicity. The document profiles several prominent post-modern architects like Venturi, Philip Johnson, Charles Moore, Michael Graves, and Frank Gehry. It examines some of their notable works and how they incorporated historical references, ornamentation, and contextual designs.
colonial architecture of India, the legacy, pre colonial legacy, raj 'indo saracenic' and arts and crafts movement, earlier traditions in colonial times, colonial inputs into town planning, industry and architecture, colonial architecture education, architecture and nationalism, examples
Primitivism emerged as an art movement in the early 20th century that drew inspiration from non-Western and prehistoric artistic forms. Artists like Paul Gauguin incorporated motifs from places like Tahiti in their paintings and ceramics. Primitivism was also applied to artists working in a naive or folk style. During this time, primitivism was elevated to an art movement that valued simplicity and what was deemed natural. Le Corbusier incorporated primitivist elements into his architecture through the use of basic construction techniques like vaults, emphasizing the craftsman's hand, and employing raw, unfinished materials. His Maison Jaoul from 1952-1954 featured vaulted brick ceilings, rough concrete
HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE & THE ANCIENT ART OF PLANNING: THE ERA FORGOTTENcivej
This document summarizes the evolution of architecture, planning, and construction techniques from prehistoric times to ancient civilizations around the world. It discusses:
1) Architecture began as basic shelters for safety and evolved with mankind. Early structures included Neanderthal rock caves and megaliths from the British Isles.
2) Major ancient civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, and the Indian subcontinent independently developed architectural styles suited to their environments and needs. Egyptian architecture featured pyramids, temples and tombs while Roman architecture combined Greek and Etruscan styles.
3) In India, the Indus Valley civilization featured advanced town planning. Later Vedic and
The search of identity by India between the period of 1890 to 1990 and the Deliberate attempts to exert an Indian identity through the built environment have been glorified.
1
xxxxxxx
ARH2000
Fall 2017
Harn Diversity Project
The Harn Museum of Art at the University of Florida displays an expansive collection of
Asian art from various countries throughout the region. The online exhibit Korean Art:
Collecting Treasures showcases pieces that span a multitude of media and that can trace their
origins to Korea. Many of the pieces were donated to the museum by General James Van Fleet in
1988. Fleet served in the U.S. Army as an officer during the Korean War and influenced the
founding of the Korea Society in New York in 1957. The Korea Society worked to promote
positive relations between American and Korean communities by encouraging a “mutual
understanding” between the two cultures (“Korean Art: Collecting Treasures”). The effect of
Korean Art: Collecting Treasures is very similar; it creates a window into the world that is
Korean culture thus sparking conversation and recognizing and validating the strong Korean
community in Gainesville.
Gainesville, as a whole, is a widely diverse community which is largely due to the
influence of the University of Florida. Educational and research opportunities draw people from
across the globe to this central Floridian town. The Institute of International Education Open
Doors Report of 2016 states that there is a total of 7,107 international students enrolled here at
UF with 267 of these students being from South Korea. The total of South Korean international
students is the third largest group behind only China and India. In addition to international
students, there are, also, eighty-one exchange students from South Korea. The Korean
2
Undergraduate Student Association (KUSA) provides a way for this community of Korean
students, international, exchange, and American, to engage with each other and find support.
KUSA enhances the social lives of its members by establishing “big” and “little” families,
hosting a spring formal dance, and organizing an annual trip to Atlanta (“KUSA at UF”). Beyond
the social aspects of the club, the Korean Undergraduate Student Association states that their
goal is to “unite” the Korean and Korean-American communities and to “promote the visibility”
of these communities “on campus as well as in the greater society” (KUSA-GatorConnect). This
stated purpose is extremely similar to the purpose of the aforementioned Korea Society and
mirrors the effect Korean Art: Collecting Treasures has on viewers, particularly the aspect of
“visibility.” The Korean Undergraduate Student Association with this Korean art exhibit,
together prevent Korean culture from being ignored or neglected on campus by giving it a place
to come together and shine brightly to the public.
Korean Art: Collecting Treasures features pieces whose themes, styles, and media are
iconic to Korean artwork as a whole. Ceramic works are particularly characteristic of Asia
(Frank, 318). Almost all of ...
This document provides an overview of Indo-Saracenic or Indo-Gothic architecture, which emerged in British India in the late 19th century. It was a fusion of Indian architectural styles like Hindu and Mughal with Gothic elements popular in Victorian Britain, such as pointed arches and stained glass. Some key characteristics included bulbous domes, ornate designs, balconies and perforated screens. Major cities featuring buildings in this style included Delhi, Lucknow, Jaipur, and Calcutta. Famous British architects who worked in this style included Lutyens, Baker, Wyatt, and Stevens.
The document provides information on Indo-Gothic or Indo-Saracenic architecture. It discusses how this style fused elements of Indian-Islamic and native Indian architecture with Gothic revival and neo-classical styles favored in Victorian Britain. Some key features of Indo-Saracenic architecture discussed include bulbous domes, horseshoe arches, delicate ornamentation, and towers/minarets. Several prominent British architects who worked in this style are also mentioned, including Henry Irwin who designed notable buildings like the Madras High Court. Specific examples of buildings constructed in major cities across India in this hybrid Indo-Saracenic style are then outlined.
history of contemporary architecture - 01. Neo Classicism.pptDania Abdel-aziz
This document provides an overview of territorial, technical, and cultural changes in the 19th century and their effects on city design. It discusses how the invention of trains and factories led to rapid urbanization and population growth. New building materials like cast iron enabled open floor plans and large interior spaces. Culturally, Neoclassicism emerged as the dominant style, though some movements sought national identity through local revivals. The document provides examples of Neoclassical works like Ledoux's ideal city plan, Jefferson's University of Virginia campus design, and Schinkel's Altes Museum in Berlin to illustrate these trends in architecture during this time period.
Indian architecture has evolved dramatically over thousands of years, influenced by the many cultures and religions throughout India's history. The earliest architecture dates back to around 10000 BC in the Neolithic period. Indian architecture has progressed from ancient to modern times, incorporating new styles at different periods. Some of the most prominent architectural styles include residential, commercial, landscape, interior design, urban design, green design, and industrial. Famous historic buildings demonstrate Indian architecture through the ages. Future trends will continue to be shaped by new technologies and sustainability efforts, while architects take on more opportunities in an advancing world.
Western art influenced Philippine art in various ways through the Spanish colonization. Characteristics of Greek, Roman, Christian, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical artistic styles can be seen in Philippine architecture, particularly in churches. For example, Greek columns and intricate designs are evident in mausoleums. Roman architectural designs like domes and modified columns also influenced the Immaculate Conception Cathedral. Gothic and Byzantine styles featuring pointed arches, windows and dome ceilings appeared in structures like the Basilica Minore de San Sebastian.
Vernacular and modern architecture lessons from corbusierchiko Ncube
Le Corbusier was deeply influenced by the vernacular architecture he encountered during his 1911 "Journey to the East" through southeastern Europe. He was inspired by the simple forms, massing, use of light and shadow, and blending of interior and exterior spaces in traditional buildings. These influences can be seen in his early works like the Villa Schwob. The Villa Savoye showcases several vernacular-inspired elements, including the use of glazing at the entrance to blur boundaries, a ramp to guide movement between spaces like ceremonial ramps in mosques, and a washbasin bringing nature into the home like traditional "water temples." Overall, the document examines how Le Corbusier's study of modest traditional
Vernacular architecture refers to construction methods that use locally available resources to meet local needs. It evolves over time based on the environmental, cultural, and historical context. While sometimes viewed as crude, it is important to current design. Vernacular architecture is indigenous to a place rather than imported. Examples include thatched huts, igloos, log cabins, and terraced housing. It is based more on local traditions and trial and error rather than formal architectural training.
This document discusses the contributions of Islamic civilization to various fields including engineering. It notes that Islamic civilization spanned a wide geographic region and incorporated many cultures. Engineering was highly valued in Islamic civilization as a way to improve lives with minimal effort. Muslims made significant advances in fields like architectural, acoustic, industrial, hydraulic, and mechanical engineering hundreds of years ago. They combined functionality with aesthetics. Some of their achievements included advanced water supply systems, architectural techniques in mosques, mechanical devices, and automated machines. Their work incorporated ethical values of respecting human dignity and avoiding forced labor.
Similar to History Report on THE INDO SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE (20)
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. INTRODUCTION
““Indo-Saracenic” was term used in 19Indo-Saracenic” was term used in 19thth
century by Britishcentury by British
professionals like architects, historians and archaeologist to defineprofessionals like architects, historians and archaeologist to define
the blending of local Indian or Hindu styles of building with popular,the blending of local Indian or Hindu styles of building with popular,
Islamic design in their current building practices.Islamic design in their current building practices.
As a practicing architect I am amazed at how the dilemma ofAs a practicing architect I am amazed at how the dilemma of
finding appropriate style of building, of architecture for the late 19finding appropriate style of building, of architecture for the late 19thth
Century and early 20Century and early 20thth
century was explored.century was explored.
Architecture is a reflection of society and is dependent on manyArchitecture is a reflection of society and is dependent on many
factors like patronage, personal taste, prevailing trends, bothfactors like patronage, personal taste, prevailing trends, both
national and international, skills and technology and budget. It isnational and international, skills and technology and budget. It is
within these parameters that any architecture is to be evaluated andwithin these parameters that any architecture is to be evaluated and
so is the case with the Indo-Saracenic style.so is the case with the Indo-Saracenic style.
AN OVERVIEW OF THE INDOAN OVERVIEW OF THE INDO
SARACENIC ARCHITECTURESARACENIC ARCHITECTURE
2. PREVALENT ARCHITECTURE IN MID 19TH
CENTURY
There were various schools of thought adopted for this period, withThere were various schools of thought adopted for this period, with
one school believing that western architectural styles were the mostone school believing that western architectural styles were the most
fitting, since these were assumed to be far superior artistically to thefitting, since these were assumed to be far superior artistically to the
local Indian building tradition. Within this group, itself, were twolocal Indian building tradition. Within this group, itself, were two
factions, one believing that the Neo-Classical style, with allusions tofactions, one believing that the Neo-Classical style, with allusions to
the grandeur of the Greek and Roman Empire, and other groupthe grandeur of the Greek and Roman Empire, and other group
actively promoted the Neo-Gothic style, which was in keeping withactively promoted the Neo-Gothic style, which was in keeping with
the Gothic Revival that was sweeping across England concurrently.the Gothic Revival that was sweeping across England concurrently.
For the building of churches, the Gothic style was most appropriate,For the building of churches, the Gothic style was most appropriate,
as it embodied all the values andas it embodied all the values and
associations of Christianity.associations of Christianity.
In England there was no single national style prevalent, and theIn England there was no single national style prevalent, and the
so-called Battle of the Styles was in progress. Hence within Indiaso-called Battle of the Styles was in progress. Hence within India
different cities based on the Governors patronage, chose andifferent cities based on the Governors patronage, chose an
appropriate style such as the formal Gothic Revival style forappropriate style such as the formal Gothic Revival style for
Bombay under Governor Bartle Frere, and the Neo Classical StyleBombay under Governor Bartle Frere, and the Neo Classical Style
for Calcutta.for Calcutta.
3. ORIGINS OF INDO-SARACENIC STYLE
As the British Empire in India slowly established itself, severalAs the British Empire in India slowly established itself, several
scholars initiated studies into Indian art and slowly began toscholars initiated studies into Indian art and slowly began to
understand and interpret these better. A growing interest for theunderstand and interpret these better. A growing interest for the
local traditions and culture was created.local traditions and culture was created.
This started with the efforts of William Hodges and the DaniellThis started with the efforts of William Hodges and the Daniell
brothers. James fergusson underlook a polemic and pioneeringbrothers. James fergusson underlook a polemic and pioneering
study of Indian architecture. His book documenting the same can bestudy of Indian architecture. His book documenting the same can be
regarded as the first of its kind at the time, and it was well received.regarded as the first of its kind at the time, and it was well received.
What the British understood from these studies was that there areWhat the British understood from these studies was that there are
various regional styles, as well as a few major traditions.various regional styles, as well as a few major traditions.
The British divided the style into two categories, namely a HinduThe British divided the style into two categories, namely a Hindu
and an Islamic style.and an Islamic style.
The term Saracenic refers to a ‘nomadic Arabic tribe’,The term Saracenic refers to a ‘nomadic Arabic tribe’,
Fergusson, in his book, refers to Saracenic architecture in India,Fergusson, in his book, refers to Saracenic architecture in India,
referring to the building of the Ghazni, Sayyid, Lodis and Moghulreferring to the building of the Ghazni, Sayyid, Lodis and Moghul
dynasty.dynasty.
4. CLIMATIC ORIGINS
The ‘style’ could not be applied quite simply in the new environmentThe ‘style’ could not be applied quite simply in the new environment
there was far too great a difference between the theoreticalthere was far too great a difference between the theoretical
projections of light and shade learnt in the drawing office and theprojections of light and shade learnt in the drawing office and the
tropical scene where the buildings were erected.tropical scene where the buildings were erected.
Hence the Gothic was modified slowly to a Venetian Gothic style,Hence the Gothic was modified slowly to a Venetian Gothic style,
and then further into an “Indo-Gothic” style.and then further into an “Indo-Gothic” style.
CULTURAL ORIGINS
The first group of practitioners of the Indo-Saracenic style wereThe first group of practitioners of the Indo-Saracenic style were
strongly convinced that designing in the local idiom would be thestrongly convinced that designing in the local idiom would be the
most appropriate for British civic building in India of that period.most appropriate for British civic building in India of that period.
Influenced by the studies of Fergusson more people decided toInfluenced by the studies of Fergusson more people decided to
adopt the local hybrid of styles.adopt the local hybrid of styles.
There were also several similarities between the prevalent GothicThere were also several similarities between the prevalent Gothic
style and the Indo-Saracenic.style and the Indo-Saracenic.
5. The British architects-engineers were most taken by certain typicalThe British architects-engineers were most taken by certain typical
elements of the traditional architecture. These were the dome, theelements of the traditional architecture. These were the dome, the
pointed arch, minarets, jalis, chattris, brackets, balconies, and roofpointed arch, minarets, jalis, chattris, brackets, balconies, and roof
forms and these were all used freely and often indiscriminately withoutforms and these were all used freely and often indiscriminately without
regard to local style, origin and context.regard to local style, origin and context.
MAHARAJAS SUPPORT AND PATRONAGE
Several of the Maharajas embraced style whole-heartedly. ForSeveral of the Maharajas embraced style whole-heartedly. For
the Maharajas, this hybrid style represented two differing ideologies tothe Maharajas, this hybrid style represented two differing ideologies to
them.them.
Hence we see that the Indo-Saracenic style was adopted as theHence we see that the Indo-Saracenic style was adopted as the
official style for building of the Raj of this period. Alongside, severalofficial style for building of the Raj of this period. Alongside, several
private residences of the Maharajas were also built in this style,private residences of the Maharajas were also built in this style,
leading to the further spread and popularity of the movement.leading to the further spread and popularity of the movement.
6. DECLINE OF THE STYLE
The style slowly lost its prominence as after the two WorldThe style slowly lost its prominence as after the two World
Wars, the global economy was badly hit and the funds required toWars, the global economy was badly hit and the funds required to
patronize such styles were not easily available. The constructionpatronize such styles were not easily available. The construction
methodology soon changed and the building were being designedmethodology soon changed and the building were being designed
with an RCC Framed Structure. By the mid 20with an RCC Framed Structure. By the mid 20thth
century i.e., justcentury i.e., just
around the Independence period, the Indo-Saracenic style was in itsaround the Independence period, the Indo-Saracenic style was in its
last stages and the buildings that were constructed in this period.last stages and the buildings that were constructed in this period.
CONCLUSION
It is hoped that the Indo-Saracenic buildings documentedIt is hoped that the Indo-Saracenic buildings documented
painstakingly by the students of different architectural colleges willpainstakingly by the students of different architectural colleges will
help to see this style with fresh light and will lead to some answershelp to see this style with fresh light and will lead to some answers
about its appropriateness as a national style of the British, whether itabout its appropriateness as a national style of the British, whether it
successfully achieved the aims of its designers.successfully achieved the aims of its designers.
7. 1. THE RAZA LIBRARY1. THE RAZA LIBRARY
RAMPUR, UTTAR PRADESHRAMPUR, UTTAR PRADESH
8. SITE PLAN
INTRODUCTION
The Raza Library is
the most exquisite
building in the entire
complex. The building
presents a
amalgamation of the
vernacular and
European styles of
building.
The complex includes
other buildings such
as the Montessori
School, which used to
be the residence of
the architect.
10. FRONT
ELEVATION
SECTION AA’
The façade showcases a huge mehrab at the entrance and bears tall
slender pillars at the entrance. The top dome sits on the octagonal drum
base. The kalash on top of the dome and the minarets reflects the influence
of vernacular architecture.part of the building.
The durbar hall is the most richly decorated part of the building. The ceiling
is richly decorated with mouldings in plaster of Paris, which are further plated
in gold.
The curved wall within the hall, which hosted the Nawab’s throne, is now
adorned with paintings and scriptures from the Koran.
11. INTERNAL VIEW OF
DOME
INTERNAL VIEW OF
CORRIDOR
SIDE ELEVATION
LANDSCAPE
The height of the library
building is not equal to that
of other building in the
complex, but is equal to the
length of the garden. Its
width is also same as that
of the garden.The garden
bears a chequered pattern, which has been derived
from the Mughal land.
12. AXONOMETRIC VIEW
ANALYSIS
TOPOGRAPHY
The district of Rampur lies in
the Indo Gangetic plain of
Northern India. Owing to its
vicinity to the terai region of
Uttar Pradesh
13. CLIMATE
DETAILS
The building is
situated on a flat
terrain 300 km
northwest of
Lucknow at 28 48’
north latitude and
78 9’ east longitudes.
The walls are thick with three meter wide corridors. They
insulated the building from direct sunlight , reducing the
thermal gain in the building, thus keeping the building cool
during peak summer.
CONCLUSION
The influence of the European styles of architecture and
way of life, coupled with their desire of creating a symbol
of their might and prosperity, lead to the commissioning of
this building by the Nawab. At the same time the building
is also a proof of the receptiveness of the Nawab to
different ideas.
14. 2. THE RAJA RAM HIGH SCHOOL2. THE RAJA RAM HIGH SCHOOL
KOLAPUR, MAHARASHTRAKOLAPUR, MAHARASHTRA
15. SITE PLAN
INTRODUCTION
The Raja Ram High
School arguably the
first Indo-Saracenic
building in Kolhapur. It
was founded in the late
1800’s for the
education of the sons of
the Chiefs and Sardars
in the Juna-Rajwada
complex. It is one of the
oldest schools to be
affiliated with the
Bombay University.
The British, upon their arrival in Kolhapur, left a lasting impression on
the minds of the local chieftians and the royals. To obtain higher
education one had to either travel to Bombay or to Europe, which was not
feasible for everybody. Hence with the growing realization for higher
education, Raja Ram II himself founded the Raja Ram high school.
16. GROUND FLOOR PLAN
PLANNING : As stated earlier the Raja Ram High Schools was the first
Indo-Saracenic building in Kolhapur. The building is planned symmetrically
along the north-south axis. The approach to the site is through the gate, which
faces north. The vast open space on both sides of the entrance leads to the
porch at the northern face of the building. Two, moulded cast iron staircases
inter connect the two floors. The ground floor comprises of centrally placed
main hall with three class rooms on its either side. The principle office is
located above the porch. Typical chattris have been placed on the terrace in
front of the towers.
17. SECTION CC’
MAIN HALL : The main hall, is placed centrally in the building and is
flanked by the two imposing towers on the exterior. The hall displays
extensive ornamentation in the form of intricately carved timber jalis and
brackets, which support ornate balconies. The ceiling of the hall is made
of timber. The doors and windows of the hall have been decorated with
plaster moldings.
CLASSROOMS : There are altogether twelve classrooms in the
building with six on each floor. The corridors in front of the classrooms on
each floor provide access to them. The classrooms are provided with
huge ventilators and windows, which provide adequate light and
ventilation. The rooms have also been provided with wooden block
boards.
18. TOWER DETAIL : The most remarkable
feature of the building are its twin towers. The
towers are octagonal in shape with significant
ornamentation and degree of detailing. These
towers encase a staircase, which connects the
two floors and provides access to the terrace
also. Intricately caved jails and chajjas
supported on brackets, line the windows on
the façade of these towers.
CHATTRI DETAIL : These are small
pavilions placed at the corners of the building
and on either side of the towers. Some chattris
are flanked with a drooping Bengali roof and
are placed at the corners of buildings. The
more traditional ones are placed above the
porch. The chattris are capped with a squinch
dome.
19. FRONT ELEVATION
DOOR & RAILING WITH JALI
JALI : The jali is
basically a Mughal
element, which helps
regulate the flow of
wind and interplay of light with the help of varying patterns
and cross sections. The jalis in the school building are mainly
made out of wood and lime mortar. The balcony of the main
hall has an ornate timber jali.
20. CORRIDORS WITH
ORNATE RAILING,
ARCH AND
ARCHES : Multi foiled and tri foiled arches
have been used in the building, which lends the
building a certain degree of grandeur. An arcade
of these arches at both levels of the structure
make the elevation of the building a lot more
interesting.
RAILINGS : The railings add to the
horizontality of the building. Metal railing with
proportionate decorative elements are used on
the ground floor in tandem with the cast iron
staircase. On the first and the terrace level
railings cast in lime mortar with carvings have
been used.
RAJPUT BALCONY: Typical Rajput
balconies have been embedded on the porch.
The balconies are ornate with slender pillars and
floral patterns. These balconies are capped with
Bengali chattris supported by serpentine
brackets.
21. BRACKET : The brackets are used to
support the projecting balconies and roofs.
The brackets in this particular building perform
the very same role by providing support to the
projecting balconies in the main hall, projecting
terraces, chajjas, Rajput balconies and Bengali
roofs.
COLUMN : Similar to the arches, the columns
have also been assembled from black basalt stone
with significant ornamentation. The base and the
height of the column are in a 1:4 ratio. The shaft of
the column is fluted. The various components of the
column such as the base, the shaft and the capitol
are fixed using a tongue and groove joint.
22. ISOMETRIC VIEW OF
THE
STRUCTURE
WATER TOWER : The water towers were
constructed using brick as its principle material along
with earthen pipes. Earthen pipes consists of three
layers. The innermost layer wrapped by a second layer
of fine mortar. Third and outermost layer contained high
concentration of gravel to avoid contamination.
CHAJJAS : The
chajjas are the
traditional sun breakers
with origins in Hindu
architecture. The chajjas
are placed along the
north and northwest
sides of the building and
are supported by ornate
brackets.