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British Imperialism and Egyptian Architecture-seminar.pdf

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The presentation demonstrates the influence of colonialism on the architecture and urban design of cities.

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Presented by Arch./Lamiaa Abd-Elaziz Supervised by Prof./ Dr. MOSTAFA REFAT Prof./ Dr. KHALED DEWIDAR Examiners Prof./Dr. HESHAM AREF prof./Dr. GERMIN EL GOHARY Professor of Architecture Ainshams university, Cairo, Egypt Professor of Architecture Ainshams university, Cairo, Egypt Professor of Architecture Ainshams university, Cairo, Egypt Professor of Architecture Fayoum university, Cairo, Egypt The effect of British imperialism on the Egyptian architecture
Introduction Question Hypothesis objectives Methodology publications
Publications  “Orientalism and Islamic architecture”, published in proceedings of Architecture, Engineering and technologies, 2019. The research paper has been selected to be published online as a book chapter through the (ASTI), the book series by Springer on Advances in Science, Technology, and Innovation.
Research Question  Did the British imperialism had an effect on the Egyptian architectural identity. If so, how far did it affect and shape the country’s architecture?
 British imperialism lasted in Egypt for 74 years. Preceded by Britain control over Egypt's Finances. During this time Egypt underwent cultural and political changes. All of which must have had an impact on the Egyptian architecture. Hypothesis
 Studying to what extent the British imperialism affected the architectural identity in Egypt.  Understanding how the British Imperialism affected the Egyptian architectural identity.  studying postcolonial theories and how relevant are they to architecture.  How ‘Orientalism’ shaped European scholars understanding of Islamic architecture, and consequently their architectural outcome. Objectives
 The thesis will follow a qualitative case study research.  Studying the political, cultural changes In Egypt during that time.  Studying Post-colonial theories especially Bhabha’s and Edward Said's theories.  Case studies from three different phases will be analyzed, whereby studied theories will be applied. Methodology
Methodology Before formal British protectorate After formal British protectorate (1882) After 1919 revolution  Case studies from three different phases will be analyzed.
Contents Introduction Research question Research goal Research hypothesis Methodology 00 Post-colonial theories Emergence and definitions Relation to architecture and built environment Bhabha’s theories Post-colonial cities features Imperial cities 01 Orientalism Introduction European scholars interpreting Islamic architecture Phases of Orientalism International exhibition 02
Contents Historical background Muhammad Ali pasha Khedive Ismail British occupation of Egypt 03 Case studies St. Mark’s church Heliopolis city Cairo Railway station Shepheard’s hotel The cataract Mena house hotel Windsor hotel Bayt el Lurd Egyptian Engineering society Awqaf ministry Muslim Youth association Major villa, Gezira sporting club Turf club, member’s coffee room Villa Huda Shaarawi All Saints cathedral Villa Voysey 04 Conclusions 05 Recommendations 06
Post-colonial theories 1 Definitions Architecture Bhabha Colonial cities Imperial cities
Definitions  It emerged in the final decades of colonial rule formal ending.  A result of academic research on colonization effects on Societies and their cultures.  A discourse Concerned with cultural, Social effects left behind by colonialism and Imperialism. First Phase  Early to mid 1980s.  Anglophone west. Second Phase “Humanities phase”  Edward Said’s book “Orientalism”.  Early 1980.  Metropolitan and third world intellectuals.
 Historically Culture, modernity and empire are inextricably related in the field of Architecture.  Architecture is the physical embodiment of society’s every day life activities and practices.  The city physical spaces and built forms influence the production of the identities, memories and relations of the society.  Arrangements of spatial and built form affect life opportunities of those who inhabit them.  The transformation in the city’s built environment represent transformation in social distribution of power, in particular post-colonial times. Relevance to Architecture
Bhabha’s theories AMBIVALENCE  Coexistence of contradictory instincts.  Internal conflict.  Ambiguity within colonial discourse.  Orientalists’ narratives of colonized nations’ cultures. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE  western architecture as a superior referent.  Modern architecture is the new classical architecture.
HYBRIDITY  “Cultural hybridity”.  Process of multiplying not addition.  A non-stopping, never-ending process of reproduction.  Authorize peripheral cultures. ARCHITECTURE  different aspect to analyzing and criticizing architecture.  socio-political conditions of hybrid architectural products. AMBIVALENCE  Coexistence of contradictory instincts.  Internal conflict.  Ambiguity within colonial discourse.  Orientalists’ narratives of colonized nations’ cultures. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE  western architecture as a superior referent.  Modern architecture is the new classical architecture. Bhabha’s theories
Bhabha’s theories Third space  Third space is a space of endless negotiation not a space of resolution or settlement. HYBRIDITY  “Cultural hybridity”.  Process of multiplying not addition.  A non-stopping, never-ending process of reproduction.  Authorize peripheral cultures. ARCHITECTURE  different aspect to analyzing and criticizing architecture.  socio-political conditions of hybrid architectural products. AMBIVALENCE  Coexistence of contradictory instincts.  Internal conflict.  Ambiguity within colonial discourse.  Orientalists’ narratives of colonized nations’ cultures. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE  western architecture as a superior referent.  Modern architecture is the new classical architecture.
Colonial cities features Colonial cities Unbalanced power distribution pluralism Ordering principle Social classification system segregation National categories Architecture local architecture reproduction of Imperial power
 Colonialism or imperialism had an effect on imperial/metropolis cities as much as it had on the colonies.  There were few ‘exotic’ and ‘orientalist’ architectural influences found in the city.  There were an urbanistic competition going on between these imperial capitals generated by European imperialisms. Imperial cities
Orientalism 2 Introduction phases International expos Orientalists
Introduction What is Orientalism ?  A mere descriptive term associated with the western scholars’ fascination with the East.  Edward Said’s book: “Orientalism” in 1978.  Reintroduced a different definition to the term ‘Orientalism’.
Introduction Said’s interpretation of ‘Orientalism’  According to said ‘Orientalism’ implies a different sense of understanding.  Orientalism discourse was a tool that empowered growing western domination. Factors shaping ‘Orientalism’  Polarized views (East/ west).  Totalizing cultures.  Ethnology Discourses.
Phases of Orientalism  Purpose: An analytic method in viewing Islamic Architecture.  Available data: based on expeditions.  Islamic Architecture. 18 th Century Orientalism 19 th Century Orientalism New Orientalism 18th Century 20th Century 19th Century  Purpose: studying classical heritage remnants.  Available data: ‘Description of Egypt’.  Islamic Architecture. Purpose: Wasn’t architecturally based. Available data: travelogues.  Islamic architecture.
19 th Century Orientalism New Orientalism 20th Century 19th Century ‘Description of Egypt’ Drawing illustration of sultan Hassan mosque Edward Lane Drawing illustration of sultan Hassan mosque Comparison between ‘19th century Orientalism’ and ‘New Orientalism’ Phases of Orientalism
London colonial and Indian exhibition Crystal palace London Crystal palace Sydenham Exposition universelle Paris French Exhibition Paris 1889 French Exhibition French Exhibition Paris  Held in 1854.  Orientalists designed the pavilions displayed in the exhibitions.  Held in 1851  Orientalists designed the pavilions displayed in the exhibitions.  Held in 1855.  was intended to surpass the British great exhibition ‘Crystal Palace’.  Held in 1867.  First time nations were invited to design their own pavilions. (houses in the national Architectural style).  Held in 1878.  National houses were developed to become separate pavilions.  Held in 1886.  Indian craftsmen were seen while working by visitors. Held in 1889. Egyptian craftsmen constructed buildings under French supervision 19th Century International expos: avenues for ‘Orientalism’ International exhibitions
Alhambra court at the crystal palace, London Crystal palace, London International exhibitions
Tree of Architecture by Sir Banister Fletcher Drawing illustration for a tomb Near Cairo by Owen Jones Orientalists
Historical background 3 Introduction Muhammad Ali Khedive Ismail British protectorate
 Modernizing Egypt.  Reformation start.  European migration.  Commencement of Suez canal.  Closed down a no. of institutions.  Railway commencement. 1882  Orabi Revolt.  Bombardment of Alexandria.  Veiled protectorate. 1922  Declaration of independence  1919 Revolution  Start of Nationalism movement. Introduction 1805 Muhammad Ali pasha 1848 Ibrahim pasha 1848 Abbas Hilmy I 1854 Said Pasha 1863 Khedive Ismail 1879 Khedive Tewfik 1914 Sultan Hussein kamil 1892 Khedive Abbas II 1914  Formal protectorate 1876  French and Britain Dual control.
Muhammad Ali era Muhammad Ali mosque at the citadel, Cairo  Start of reformations and modernizing Egypt.  Abandoning Mamluk architectural style, Start of Europeanization trend.
Faskia Kiosk drawing illustration by Pascal Coste Faskia Kiosk, Muhammad Ali palace, Shubra Muhammad Ali era
Khedive Ismail era Khedival opera house, Cairo Qasr el Nile bridge, Cairo
Abdeen palace, Cairo Koubah palace, Cairo Khedive Ismail era
Case studies 4
St. Mark’s church St. Marks church, Alexandria - Date of construction 1864 - Architect James Wild
St. Marks church, Alexandria St. Mark’s church
St. Marks church, Alexandria St. Mark’s church
St. Marks church, Alexandria Ornaments of Ibn Tulun mosque St. Mark’s church
Heliopolis city Aerial view of Heliopolis city, Cairo - Date of construction 1900 – 1920 - Architect Ernest Jasper
Heliopolis city The two oases proposal Heliopolis city, Cairo
Heliopolis city The two oases proposal Heliopolis city, Cairo
Heliopolis city The two oases proposal Heliopolis city, Cairo
Heliopolis city Heliopolis city layout in 1930
Heliopolis city Heliopolis city, Cairo
Heliopolis city Heliopolis city, Cairo
Heliopolis city Architectural details in Heliopolis city and its counterparts in Mamluk buildings. similarity in column capitals between Alhambra palace and Heliopolis city
Cairo Rail way station Cairo Railway station, Ramses square - Date of construction 1893 - Architect Edwin Patsy.
Cairo Railway station, Ramses square Sultan Qa’itbay complex, Cairo Cairo Rail way station
Cairo Railway station, Ramses square Sultan Qa’itbay complex, Cairo Cairo Rail way station
Cairo Railway station, Ramses square Sultan Qa’itbay complex, Cairo Cairo Rail way station
Cairo Railway station, Ramses square Sultan Qa’itbay complex, Cairo Cairo Rail way station
Shepheard’s hotel Shepheard’s hotel, Cairo - Date of construction 1890 - Architect George Somers Clarke Jr.
Shepheard’s hotel Shepheard’s hotel, Cairo
Shepheard’s hotel Moorish dinning hall in Shepheard’s hotel, Cairo Interior Design of Shepheard’s hotel, Cairo
The cataract hotel The cataract hotel, Aswan - Date of construction 1900 - Architect Henri Favarger
The cataract hotel The cataract hotel, Aswan
The cataract hotel Moorish Dinning hall at The cataract hotel, Aswan
Mena house hotel Mena house hotel, Giza - Date of construction 1886 - Architect Henri Favarger
Mena house hotel, Giza Old Cairo city Mena house hotel
Mena house hotel, Giza Mena house hotel
Moorish dinning hall at Mena house hotel, Giza Mena house hotel
Windsor hotel Windsor hotel, Cairo
Bayt el Lord British embassy/ Bayt el lord, Cairo - Date of construction 1894 - Architect R. H. Boyce.
Sporting clubs Gezira sporting club Major villa, Gezira sporting club - Date of construction 1882.
Sporting clubs Turf club Turf club, Cairo - Date of construction 1935 - Architect Newnum, Eric George.
Egyptian Engineering society, Cairo - Date of construction 1930 - Architect Mostafa Fahmy Egyptian Engineering society
Awqaf ministry, Cairo - Date of construction 1898,1911and 1929 - Architect Mahmoud Fahmy Awqaf ministry
Muslim youth association, Cairo - Date of construction 1935 - Architect Mostafa Fahmy Muslim youth association
Egyptian medical syndicate, Cairo - Date of construction 1940 - Architect Mostafa Fahmy Egyptian medical syndicate
Villa Huda Shaarawi , Cairo - Date of construction 1920 - Architect Mahmoud Fahmy Villa Huda Shaarawi
All Saints cathedral , Cairo - Date of construction 1933 - 1938 - Architect Adrian Gilbert Scott. All Saints cathedral
Villa Voysey, Aswan - Date of construction 1905 - Architect Charles Francis Annesley Voysey. Villa Voysey
Conclusions
1864 NEO – CLASSICISM MODERNISM 1900 1890 1894 1930 1882 1933 1938 1905 20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM 1919 1876 1914 1922 EUROPEAN
1864 1900 1890 1894 1930 1882 1933 1938 1905 20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM 1919 1876 1914 1922 ISLAMIC NEO-ISLAMIC NEO-ISLAMIC /NEO-MOORISH LOCAL ISLAMIC STYLES /NEO-MAMLUK NEO – CLASSICISM MODERNISM EUROPEAN
NEO-ISLAMIC 1864 NEO-ISLAMIC /NEO-MOORISH 1900 1890 Shepheard’s hotel The cataract hotel 1894 British embassy Windsor hotel 1930 1882 Major villa Gezira sporting club Turf club 1933 1938 All saints cathedral 1905 Villa Voysey 20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM 1919 1876 1914 1922 EUROPEAN ISLAMIC LOCAL ISLAMIC STYLES /NEO-MAMLUK NEO – CLASSICISM MODERNISM
NEO-ISLAMIC 1864 St. Marks church NEO-ISLAMIC /NEO-MOORISH 1900 1890 Shepheard’s hotel The cataract hotel 1894 British embassy Windsor hotel 1930 1882 Major villa Gezira sporting club Turf club 1933 1938 All saints cathedral 1905 Villa Voysey 20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM 1919 1876 1914 1922 EUROPEAN ISLAMIC LOCAL ISLAMIC STYLES /NEO-MAMLUK NEO – CLASSICISM MODERNISM
NEO-ISLAMIC 1864 St. Marks church NEO-ISLAMIC /NEO-MOORISH 1900 Heliopolis 1890 Shepheard’s hotel The cataract hotel 1894 British embassy Windsor hotel 1930 1882 Major villa Gezira sporting club Turf club 1933 1938 All saints cathedral 1905 Villa Voysey 20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM 1919 1876 1914 1922 EUROPEAN ISLAMIC LOCAL ISLAMIC STYLES /NEO-MAMLUK NEO – CLASSICISM MODERNISM
NEO-ISLAMIC 1864 St. Marks church NEO-ISLAMIC /NEO-MOORISH 1900 Heliopolis Cairo railway station 1893 1890 Shepheard’s hotel The cataract hotel Mena house hotel 1886 1894 British embassy Egyptian engineers society Windsor hotel 1929 Awqaf ministry 1930 1882 Major villa Gezira sporting club Turf club Muslim youth association 1940 Egyptian medical syndicate 1933 1938 All saints cathedral 1905 Villa Voysey Villa Huda Shaarawi 20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM 1919 1936 1920 1876 1914 1922 EUROPEAN ISLAMIC LOCAL ISLAMIC STYLES /NEO-MAMLUK NEO – CLASSICISM MODERNISM
NEO-ISLAMIC 1864 St. Marks church NEO-ISLAMIC /NEO-MOORISH EUROPEAN 1900 Heliopolis Cairo railway station 1893 1890 Shepheard’s hotel The cataract hotel Mena house hotel 1886 1894 British embassy Egyptian engineers society Windsor hotel 1929 Awqaf ministry 1930 1882 Major villa Gezira sporting club Turf club Muslim youth association 1940 Egyptian medical syndicate 1933 1938 All saints cathedral 1905 Villa Voysey Villa Huda Shaarawi 20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM 1919 1936 1920 1876 1914 1922 LOCAL ISLAMIC STYLES /NEO-MAMLUK NEO – CLASSICISM MODERNISM
Heliopolis city Minarets St. Mark’s church Ornaments
Egyptian engineers society 1929 Awqaf ministry 1930 Muslim youth association 1940 Egyptian medical syndicate 1905 Villa Huda Shaarawi 1919 1936 1920 1914 1922 NEO-MAMLUK  After the 1919 revolution, Egypt witnessed a revival of the Neo-Mamluk architecture and it was the style used by Egyptian architects pioneers to represent our identity.
20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM SPORTING CLUBS HOTELS ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL OTHER Villa Huda Shaarawi Winter palace hotel Al Sekka al Hadid club Alexandria Sporting club British embassy 1864 Saint John’s Methodist church Heliopolis Palace hotel 1900 Cairo railway station 1893 Shepheard’s hotel 1890 The cataract hotel Mena house hotel 1886 1894 Egyptian engineers society Windsor hotel 1929 Awqaf ministry 1930 1882 Major villa Gezira sporting club Turf club Muslim youth association 1940 Egyptian medical syndicate 1933 1938 Saints Andrews church 1905 Villa Voysey 1919 1936 1920 1876 1914 1922 Semiramis hotel 1907 1906 1898 Continental - Savoy hotel 1908 St. Marks church All Saints cathedral Basilica church
First Shepheard’s hotel premise Shepheard’s hotel
20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM SPORTING CLUBS HOTELS ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL OTHER Villa Huda Shaarawi Winter palace hotel Al Sekka al Hadid club Alexandria Sporting club British embassy 1864 Saint John’s Methodist church Heliopolis Palace hotel 1900 Cairo railway station 1893 Shepheard’s hotel 1890 The cataract hotel Mena house hotel 1886 1894 Egyptian engineers society Windsor hotel 1929 Awqaf ministry 1930 1882 Major villa Gezira sporting club Turf club Muslim youth association 1940 Egyptian medical syndicate 1933 1938 Saints Andrews church 1905 Villa Voysey 1919 1936 1920 1876 1914 1922 Semiramis hotel 1907 1906 1898 Continental - Savoy hotel 1908 St. Marks church All Saints cathedral Basilica church
Gezira sporting club
Heliopolis city hippodrome
20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM SPORTING CLUBS HOTELS ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL OTHER Villa Huda Shaarawi Winter palace hotel Al Sekka al Hadid club Alexandria Sporting club British embassy 1864 Saint John’s Methodist church Heliopolis Palace hotel 1900 Cairo railway station 1893 Shepheard’s hotel 1890 The cataract hotel Mena house hotel 1886 1894 Egyptian engineers society Windsor hotel 1929 Awqaf ministry 1930 1882 Major villa Gezira sporting club Turf club Muslim youth association 1940 Egyptian medical syndicate 1933 1938 Saints Andrews church 1905 Villa Voysey 1919 1936 1920 1876 1914 1922 Semiramis hotel 1907 1906 1898 Continental - Savoy hotel 1908 St. Marks church All Saints cathedral Basilica church
St. Marks cathedral, Alexandria Basilica, Heliopolis, Cairo All Saints cathedral, Cairo
20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM SPORTING CLUBS HOTELS ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL OTHER Villa Huda Shaarawi Winter palace hotel Al Sekka al Hadid club Alexandria Sporting club British embassy 1864 Saint John’s Methodist church Heliopolis Palace hotel 1900 Cairo railway station 1893 Shepheard’s hotel 1890 The cataract hotel Mena house hotel 1886 1894 Egyptian engineers society Windsor hotel 1929 Awqaf ministry 1930 1882 Major villa Gezira sporting club Turf club Muslim youth association 1940 Egyptian medical syndicate 1933 1938 Saints Andrews church 1905 Villa Voysey 1919 1936 1920 1876 1914 1922 Semiramis hotel 1907 1906 1898 Continental - Savoy hotel 1908 St. Marks church All Saints cathedral Basilica church
 Hybrid Islamic architectural styles -‘Neo-Islamic’ styles- are a great example of ‘cultural hybridity’. Heliopolis palace hotel Heliopolis city
Moorish dinning hall at Shepheard’s hotel, Cairo Moorish dinning hall at Mena house hotel, Giza
Moorish dinning hall at the cataract hotel Moorish hall at Heliopolis palace hotel , Giza
Heliopolis city  British imperialism is not a far distance event from us, Egypt still bear urbanistic and architectural influences from this period.
 ‘post-colonial’ states compulsively inherited an obsession with spatial order that was passed down from the colonial regimes. Nasr city and Izbit Al- Haggana Shubra
 Usage of Islamic styles were limited to mosques, municipal and governmental buildings.
Thank you
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British Imperialism and Egyptian Architecture-seminar.pdf

  • 1. Presented by Arch./Lamiaa Abd-Elaziz Supervised by Prof./ Dr. MOSTAFA REFAT Prof./ Dr. KHALED DEWIDAR Examiners Prof./Dr. HESHAM AREF prof./Dr. GERMIN EL GOHARY Professor of Architecture Ainshams university, Cairo, Egypt Professor of Architecture Ainshams university, Cairo, Egypt Professor of Architecture Ainshams university, Cairo, Egypt Professor of Architecture Fayoum university, Cairo, Egypt The effect of British imperialism on the Egyptian architecture
  • 3. Publications  “Orientalism and Islamic architecture”, published in proceedings of Architecture, Engineering and technologies, 2019. The research paper has been selected to be published online as a book chapter through the (ASTI), the book series by Springer on Advances in Science, Technology, and Innovation.
  • 4. Research Question  Did the British imperialism had an effect on the Egyptian architectural identity. If so, how far did it affect and shape the country’s architecture?
  • 5.  British imperialism lasted in Egypt for 74 years. Preceded by Britain control over Egypt's Finances. During this time Egypt underwent cultural and political changes. All of which must have had an impact on the Egyptian architecture. Hypothesis
  • 6.  Studying to what extent the British imperialism affected the architectural identity in Egypt.  Understanding how the British Imperialism affected the Egyptian architectural identity.  studying postcolonial theories and how relevant are they to architecture.  How ‘Orientalism’ shaped European scholars understanding of Islamic architecture, and consequently their architectural outcome. Objectives
  • 7.  The thesis will follow a qualitative case study research.  Studying the political, cultural changes In Egypt during that time.  Studying Post-colonial theories especially Bhabha’s and Edward Said's theories.  Case studies from three different phases will be analyzed, whereby studied theories will be applied. Methodology
  • 8. Methodology Before formal British protectorate After formal British protectorate (1882) After 1919 revolution  Case studies from three different phases will be analyzed.
  • 9. Contents Introduction Research question Research goal Research hypothesis Methodology 00 Post-colonial theories Emergence and definitions Relation to architecture and built environment Bhabha’s theories Post-colonial cities features Imperial cities 01 Orientalism Introduction European scholars interpreting Islamic architecture Phases of Orientalism International exhibition 02
  • 10. Contents Historical background Muhammad Ali pasha Khedive Ismail British occupation of Egypt 03 Case studies St. Mark’s church Heliopolis city Cairo Railway station Shepheard’s hotel The cataract Mena house hotel Windsor hotel Bayt el Lurd Egyptian Engineering society Awqaf ministry Muslim Youth association Major villa, Gezira sporting club Turf club, member’s coffee room Villa Huda Shaarawi All Saints cathedral Villa Voysey 04 Conclusions 05 Recommendations 06
  • 12. Definitions  It emerged in the final decades of colonial rule formal ending.  A result of academic research on colonization effects on Societies and their cultures.  A discourse Concerned with cultural, Social effects left behind by colonialism and Imperialism. First Phase  Early to mid 1980s.  Anglophone west. Second Phase “Humanities phase”  Edward Said’s book “Orientalism”.  Early 1980.  Metropolitan and third world intellectuals.
  • 13.  Historically Culture, modernity and empire are inextricably related in the field of Architecture.  Architecture is the physical embodiment of society’s every day life activities and practices.  The city physical spaces and built forms influence the production of the identities, memories and relations of the society.  Arrangements of spatial and built form affect life opportunities of those who inhabit them.  The transformation in the city’s built environment represent transformation in social distribution of power, in particular post-colonial times. Relevance to Architecture
  • 14. Bhabha’s theories AMBIVALENCE  Coexistence of contradictory instincts.  Internal conflict.  Ambiguity within colonial discourse.  Orientalists’ narratives of colonized nations’ cultures. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE  western architecture as a superior referent.  Modern architecture is the new classical architecture.
  • 15. HYBRIDITY  “Cultural hybridity”.  Process of multiplying not addition.  A non-stopping, never-ending process of reproduction.  Authorize peripheral cultures. ARCHITECTURE  different aspect to analyzing and criticizing architecture.  socio-political conditions of hybrid architectural products. AMBIVALENCE  Coexistence of contradictory instincts.  Internal conflict.  Ambiguity within colonial discourse.  Orientalists’ narratives of colonized nations’ cultures. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE  western architecture as a superior referent.  Modern architecture is the new classical architecture. Bhabha’s theories
  • 16. Bhabha’s theories Third space  Third space is a space of endless negotiation not a space of resolution or settlement. HYBRIDITY  “Cultural hybridity”.  Process of multiplying not addition.  A non-stopping, never-ending process of reproduction.  Authorize peripheral cultures. ARCHITECTURE  different aspect to analyzing and criticizing architecture.  socio-political conditions of hybrid architectural products. AMBIVALENCE  Coexistence of contradictory instincts.  Internal conflict.  Ambiguity within colonial discourse.  Orientalists’ narratives of colonized nations’ cultures. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE  western architecture as a superior referent.  Modern architecture is the new classical architecture.
  • 17. Colonial cities features Colonial cities Unbalanced power distribution pluralism Ordering principle Social classification system segregation National categories Architecture local architecture reproduction of Imperial power
  • 18.  Colonialism or imperialism had an effect on imperial/metropolis cities as much as it had on the colonies.  There were few ‘exotic’ and ‘orientalist’ architectural influences found in the city.  There were an urbanistic competition going on between these imperial capitals generated by European imperialisms. Imperial cities
  • 20. Introduction What is Orientalism ?  A mere descriptive term associated with the western scholars’ fascination with the East.  Edward Said’s book: “Orientalism” in 1978.  Reintroduced a different definition to the term ‘Orientalism’.
  • 21. Introduction Said’s interpretation of ‘Orientalism’  According to said ‘Orientalism’ implies a different sense of understanding.  Orientalism discourse was a tool that empowered growing western domination. Factors shaping ‘Orientalism’  Polarized views (East/ west).  Totalizing cultures.  Ethnology Discourses.
  • 22. Phases of Orientalism  Purpose: An analytic method in viewing Islamic Architecture.  Available data: based on expeditions.  Islamic Architecture. 18 th Century Orientalism 19 th Century Orientalism New Orientalism 18th Century 20th Century 19th Century  Purpose: studying classical heritage remnants.  Available data: ‘Description of Egypt’.  Islamic Architecture. Purpose: Wasn’t architecturally based. Available data: travelogues.  Islamic architecture.
  • 23. 19 th Century Orientalism New Orientalism 20th Century 19th Century ‘Description of Egypt’ Drawing illustration of sultan Hassan mosque Edward Lane Drawing illustration of sultan Hassan mosque Comparison between ‘19th century Orientalism’ and ‘New Orientalism’ Phases of Orientalism
  • 24. London colonial and Indian exhibition Crystal palace London Crystal palace Sydenham Exposition universelle Paris French Exhibition Paris 1889 French Exhibition French Exhibition Paris  Held in 1854.  Orientalists designed the pavilions displayed in the exhibitions.  Held in 1851  Orientalists designed the pavilions displayed in the exhibitions.  Held in 1855.  was intended to surpass the British great exhibition ‘Crystal Palace’.  Held in 1867.  First time nations were invited to design their own pavilions. (houses in the national Architectural style).  Held in 1878.  National houses were developed to become separate pavilions.  Held in 1886.  Indian craftsmen were seen while working by visitors. Held in 1889. Egyptian craftsmen constructed buildings under French supervision 19th Century International expos: avenues for ‘Orientalism’ International exhibitions
  • 25. Alhambra court at the crystal palace, London Crystal palace, London International exhibitions
  • 26. Tree of Architecture by Sir Banister Fletcher Drawing illustration for a tomb Near Cairo by Owen Jones Orientalists
  • 27. Historical background 3 Introduction Muhammad Ali Khedive Ismail British protectorate
  • 29. Muhammad Ali era Muhammad Ali mosque at the citadel, Cairo  Start of reformations and modernizing Egypt.  Abandoning Mamluk architectural style, Start of Europeanization trend.
  • 30. Faskia Kiosk drawing illustration by Pascal Coste Faskia Kiosk, Muhammad Ali palace, Shubra Muhammad Ali era
  • 31. Khedive Ismail era Khedival opera house, Cairo Qasr el Nile bridge, Cairo
  • 32. Abdeen palace, Cairo Koubah palace, Cairo Khedive Ismail era
  • 34. St. Mark’s church St. Marks church, Alexandria - Date of construction 1864 - Architect James Wild
  • 35. St. Marks church, Alexandria St. Mark’s church
  • 36. St. Marks church, Alexandria St. Mark’s church
  • 37. St. Marks church, Alexandria Ornaments of Ibn Tulun mosque St. Mark’s church
  • 38. Heliopolis city Aerial view of Heliopolis city, Cairo - Date of construction 1900 – 1920 - Architect Ernest Jasper
  • 39. Heliopolis city The two oases proposal Heliopolis city, Cairo
  • 40. Heliopolis city The two oases proposal Heliopolis city, Cairo
  • 41. Heliopolis city The two oases proposal Heliopolis city, Cairo
  • 45. Heliopolis city Architectural details in Heliopolis city and its counterparts in Mamluk buildings. similarity in column capitals between Alhambra palace and Heliopolis city
  • 46. Cairo Rail way station Cairo Railway station, Ramses square - Date of construction 1893 - Architect Edwin Patsy.
  • 47. Cairo Railway station, Ramses square Sultan Qa’itbay complex, Cairo Cairo Rail way station
  • 48. Cairo Railway station, Ramses square Sultan Qa’itbay complex, Cairo Cairo Rail way station
  • 49. Cairo Railway station, Ramses square Sultan Qa’itbay complex, Cairo Cairo Rail way station
  • 50. Cairo Railway station, Ramses square Sultan Qa’itbay complex, Cairo Cairo Rail way station
  • 51. Shepheard’s hotel Shepheard’s hotel, Cairo - Date of construction 1890 - Architect George Somers Clarke Jr.
  • 53. Shepheard’s hotel Moorish dinning hall in Shepheard’s hotel, Cairo Interior Design of Shepheard’s hotel, Cairo
  • 54. The cataract hotel The cataract hotel, Aswan - Date of construction 1900 - Architect Henri Favarger
  • 55. The cataract hotel The cataract hotel, Aswan
  • 56. The cataract hotel Moorish Dinning hall at The cataract hotel, Aswan
  • 57. Mena house hotel Mena house hotel, Giza - Date of construction 1886 - Architect Henri Favarger
  • 58. Mena house hotel, Giza Old Cairo city Mena house hotel
  • 59. Mena house hotel, Giza Mena house hotel
  • 60. Moorish dinning hall at Mena house hotel, Giza Mena house hotel
  • 62. Bayt el Lord British embassy/ Bayt el lord, Cairo - Date of construction 1894 - Architect R. H. Boyce.
  • 63. Sporting clubs Gezira sporting club Major villa, Gezira sporting club - Date of construction 1882.
  • 64. Sporting clubs Turf club Turf club, Cairo - Date of construction 1935 - Architect Newnum, Eric George.
  • 65. Egyptian Engineering society, Cairo - Date of construction 1930 - Architect Mostafa Fahmy Egyptian Engineering society
  • 66. Awqaf ministry, Cairo - Date of construction 1898,1911and 1929 - Architect Mahmoud Fahmy Awqaf ministry
  • 67. Muslim youth association, Cairo - Date of construction 1935 - Architect Mostafa Fahmy Muslim youth association
  • 68. Egyptian medical syndicate, Cairo - Date of construction 1940 - Architect Mostafa Fahmy Egyptian medical syndicate
  • 69. Villa Huda Shaarawi , Cairo - Date of construction 1920 - Architect Mahmoud Fahmy Villa Huda Shaarawi
  • 70. All Saints cathedral , Cairo - Date of construction 1933 - 1938 - Architect Adrian Gilbert Scott. All Saints cathedral
  • 71. Villa Voysey, Aswan - Date of construction 1905 - Architect Charles Francis Annesley Voysey. Villa Voysey
  • 73. 1864 NEO – CLASSICISM MODERNISM 1900 1890 1894 1930 1882 1933 1938 1905 20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM 1919 1876 1914 1922 EUROPEAN
  • 74. 1864 1900 1890 1894 1930 1882 1933 1938 1905 20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM 1919 1876 1914 1922 ISLAMIC NEO-ISLAMIC NEO-ISLAMIC /NEO-MOORISH LOCAL ISLAMIC STYLES /NEO-MAMLUK NEO – CLASSICISM MODERNISM EUROPEAN
  • 75. NEO-ISLAMIC 1864 NEO-ISLAMIC /NEO-MOORISH 1900 1890 Shepheard’s hotel The cataract hotel 1894 British embassy Windsor hotel 1930 1882 Major villa Gezira sporting club Turf club 1933 1938 All saints cathedral 1905 Villa Voysey 20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM 1919 1876 1914 1922 EUROPEAN ISLAMIC LOCAL ISLAMIC STYLES /NEO-MAMLUK NEO – CLASSICISM MODERNISM
  • 76. NEO-ISLAMIC 1864 St. Marks church NEO-ISLAMIC /NEO-MOORISH 1900 1890 Shepheard’s hotel The cataract hotel 1894 British embassy Windsor hotel 1930 1882 Major villa Gezira sporting club Turf club 1933 1938 All saints cathedral 1905 Villa Voysey 20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM 1919 1876 1914 1922 EUROPEAN ISLAMIC LOCAL ISLAMIC STYLES /NEO-MAMLUK NEO – CLASSICISM MODERNISM
  • 77. NEO-ISLAMIC 1864 St. Marks church NEO-ISLAMIC /NEO-MOORISH 1900 Heliopolis 1890 Shepheard’s hotel The cataract hotel 1894 British embassy Windsor hotel 1930 1882 Major villa Gezira sporting club Turf club 1933 1938 All saints cathedral 1905 Villa Voysey 20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM 1919 1876 1914 1922 EUROPEAN ISLAMIC LOCAL ISLAMIC STYLES /NEO-MAMLUK NEO – CLASSICISM MODERNISM
  • 78. NEO-ISLAMIC 1864 St. Marks church NEO-ISLAMIC /NEO-MOORISH 1900 Heliopolis Cairo railway station 1893 1890 Shepheard’s hotel The cataract hotel Mena house hotel 1886 1894 British embassy Egyptian engineers society Windsor hotel 1929 Awqaf ministry 1930 1882 Major villa Gezira sporting club Turf club Muslim youth association 1940 Egyptian medical syndicate 1933 1938 All saints cathedral 1905 Villa Voysey Villa Huda Shaarawi 20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM 1919 1936 1920 1876 1914 1922 EUROPEAN ISLAMIC LOCAL ISLAMIC STYLES /NEO-MAMLUK NEO – CLASSICISM MODERNISM
  • 79. NEO-ISLAMIC 1864 St. Marks church NEO-ISLAMIC /NEO-MOORISH EUROPEAN 1900 Heliopolis Cairo railway station 1893 1890 Shepheard’s hotel The cataract hotel Mena house hotel 1886 1894 British embassy Egyptian engineers society Windsor hotel 1929 Awqaf ministry 1930 1882 Major villa Gezira sporting club Turf club Muslim youth association 1940 Egyptian medical syndicate 1933 1938 All saints cathedral 1905 Villa Voysey Villa Huda Shaarawi 20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM 1919 1936 1920 1876 1914 1922 LOCAL ISLAMIC STYLES /NEO-MAMLUK NEO – CLASSICISM MODERNISM
  • 80. Heliopolis city Minarets St. Mark’s church Ornaments
  • 81. Egyptian engineers society 1929 Awqaf ministry 1930 Muslim youth association 1940 Egyptian medical syndicate 1905 Villa Huda Shaarawi 1919 1936 1920 1914 1922 NEO-MAMLUK  After the 1919 revolution, Egypt witnessed a revival of the Neo-Mamluk architecture and it was the style used by Egyptian architects pioneers to represent our identity.
  • 82. 20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM SPORTING CLUBS HOTELS ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL OTHER Villa Huda Shaarawi Winter palace hotel Al Sekka al Hadid club Alexandria Sporting club British embassy 1864 Saint John’s Methodist church Heliopolis Palace hotel 1900 Cairo railway station 1893 Shepheard’s hotel 1890 The cataract hotel Mena house hotel 1886 1894 Egyptian engineers society Windsor hotel 1929 Awqaf ministry 1930 1882 Major villa Gezira sporting club Turf club Muslim youth association 1940 Egyptian medical syndicate 1933 1938 Saints Andrews church 1905 Villa Voysey 1919 1936 1920 1876 1914 1922 Semiramis hotel 1907 1906 1898 Continental - Savoy hotel 1908 St. Marks church All Saints cathedral Basilica church
  • 83. First Shepheard’s hotel premise Shepheard’s hotel
  • 84. 20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM SPORTING CLUBS HOTELS ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL OTHER Villa Huda Shaarawi Winter palace hotel Al Sekka al Hadid club Alexandria Sporting club British embassy 1864 Saint John’s Methodist church Heliopolis Palace hotel 1900 Cairo railway station 1893 Shepheard’s hotel 1890 The cataract hotel Mena house hotel 1886 1894 Egyptian engineers society Windsor hotel 1929 Awqaf ministry 1930 1882 Major villa Gezira sporting club Turf club Muslim youth association 1940 Egyptian medical syndicate 1933 1938 Saints Andrews church 1905 Villa Voysey 1919 1936 1920 1876 1914 1922 Semiramis hotel 1907 1906 1898 Continental - Savoy hotel 1908 St. Marks church All Saints cathedral Basilica church
  • 87. 20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM SPORTING CLUBS HOTELS ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL OTHER Villa Huda Shaarawi Winter palace hotel Al Sekka al Hadid club Alexandria Sporting club British embassy 1864 Saint John’s Methodist church Heliopolis Palace hotel 1900 Cairo railway station 1893 Shepheard’s hotel 1890 The cataract hotel Mena house hotel 1886 1894 Egyptian engineers society Windsor hotel 1929 Awqaf ministry 1930 1882 Major villa Gezira sporting club Turf club Muslim youth association 1940 Egyptian medical syndicate 1933 1938 Saints Andrews church 1905 Villa Voysey 1919 1936 1920 1876 1914 1922 Semiramis hotel 1907 1906 1898 Continental - Savoy hotel 1908 St. Marks church All Saints cathedral Basilica church
  • 88. St. Marks cathedral, Alexandria Basilica, Heliopolis, Cairo All Saints cathedral, Cairo
  • 89. 20TH CENTURY (NEW ORIENTALISM) 19TH CENTURY ORIENTALISM SPORTING CLUBS HOTELS ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL OTHER Villa Huda Shaarawi Winter palace hotel Al Sekka al Hadid club Alexandria Sporting club British embassy 1864 Saint John’s Methodist church Heliopolis Palace hotel 1900 Cairo railway station 1893 Shepheard’s hotel 1890 The cataract hotel Mena house hotel 1886 1894 Egyptian engineers society Windsor hotel 1929 Awqaf ministry 1930 1882 Major villa Gezira sporting club Turf club Muslim youth association 1940 Egyptian medical syndicate 1933 1938 Saints Andrews church 1905 Villa Voysey 1919 1936 1920 1876 1914 1922 Semiramis hotel 1907 1906 1898 Continental - Savoy hotel 1908 St. Marks church All Saints cathedral Basilica church
  • 90.  Hybrid Islamic architectural styles -‘Neo-Islamic’ styles- are a great example of ‘cultural hybridity’. Heliopolis palace hotel Heliopolis city
  • 91. Moorish dinning hall at Shepheard’s hotel, Cairo Moorish dinning hall at Mena house hotel, Giza
  • 92. Moorish dinning hall at the cataract hotel Moorish hall at Heliopolis palace hotel , Giza
  • 93. Heliopolis city  British imperialism is not a far distance event from us, Egypt still bear urbanistic and architectural influences from this period.
  • 94.  ‘post-colonial’ states compulsively inherited an obsession with spatial order that was passed down from the colonial regimes. Nasr city and Izbit Al- Haggana Shubra
  • 95.
  • 96.  Usage of Islamic styles were limited to mosques, municipal and governmental buildings.