This document provides an overview of territorial, technical, and cultural changes in the 19th century and their effects on city design. It discusses how the invention of trains and factories led to rapid urbanization and population growth. New building materials like cast iron enabled open floor plans and large interior spaces. Culturally, Neoclassicism emerged as the dominant style, though some movements sought national identity through local revivals. The document provides examples of Neoclassical works like Ledoux's ideal city plan, Jefferson's University of Virginia campus design, and Schinkel's Altes Museum in Berlin to illustrate these trends in architecture during this time period.
Impact of renaissance & industrial revolution on city forms & Concepts of utopiaAnoushka Tyagi
The presentation contains principles, and the impacts on city forms with respect to different movements- like the Park movement, linear city concept, Settlement house movement, city beautiful, and the garden city movement.
Architecture
and
Folk Architecture
Dr. Jacqueline Marn
Chronology of Styles in American Architecture
The Seventeenth Century:
17th Century Colonial
Term applies to both New England and Virginia
architecture.
Note: regional differences, however.
The Eighteenth Century:
Georgian (1714-1776)
English-inspired colonial architecture. Marked by a greater
concern for style and higher standards of comfort. Fairly
homogeneous in both New England and Southern colonies.
Neoclassicism (c.1780-1820)
There are several variations:
Federalist: Especially common in New England; a
traditionalist approach to classicism, heavily influenced by
English models. Charles Bulfinch, Samuel MacIntyre.
Idealist: An intellectual and moral approach to classicism,
at first linked to Roman models. Symbolic and
associational values stressed.
Best example: Thomas Jefferson.
Rationalist: Emphasized structure and classical building
techniques, such as stone vaulting and domes. Benjamin
Latrobe.
Source: http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/amstyles.html
Chronology of Styles in American Architecture
The Nineteenth Century:
The period is characterized by Romantic revivals and eclecticism.
Greek Revival (1818-1850)
The first truly national style in the United States. Strong associational
values. Permeated all levels of building.
Gothic Revival (c. 1820-1860)
Strong associational values of religion and nature. Found in both
ecclesiastical and residential architecture. A wide range of archaeological
accuracy, from Richard Upjohn's urban churches to "Carpenter's Gothic"
cottages.
The "Corporate Style" (c.1800-1900)
Practical architecture for engineering and commercial purposes; especially
early factories. In its time thought to be a "style-less style."
Egyptian Revival (1820-1850)
Used primarily for memorials, cemeteries, prisons, and later, warehouses.
Italianate, or Italian Villa Mode (1840-1860)
A residential style used by A.J. Downing and others; a Renaissance revival.
Second Empire Baroque (1860-1880)
French origin; used for public and residential architecture.
High Victorian Gothic (1860-1880)
English origin; used for ecclesiastical, public, and residential architecture.
Richardsonian Romanesque (1870-1895)
Shingle Style (1879-1900)
Used for residential architecture.
Chicago School (1885-1915)
Commercial architecture; skyscrapers.
New York Style Skyscrapers (1875-1910)
Typically use a historical style; block and tower format.
Source: http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/amstyles.html
Chronology of Styles in American Architecture
Classical Revival (1885-1920)
Also called Academic Classicism, or Beaux-Arts Classicism.
Related revivals: Rena.
Impact of renaissance & industrial revolution on city forms & Concepts of utopiaAnoushka Tyagi
The presentation contains principles, and the impacts on city forms with respect to different movements- like the Park movement, linear city concept, Settlement house movement, city beautiful, and the garden city movement.
Architecture
and
Folk Architecture
Dr. Jacqueline Marn
Chronology of Styles in American Architecture
The Seventeenth Century:
17th Century Colonial
Term applies to both New England and Virginia
architecture.
Note: regional differences, however.
The Eighteenth Century:
Georgian (1714-1776)
English-inspired colonial architecture. Marked by a greater
concern for style and higher standards of comfort. Fairly
homogeneous in both New England and Southern colonies.
Neoclassicism (c.1780-1820)
There are several variations:
Federalist: Especially common in New England; a
traditionalist approach to classicism, heavily influenced by
English models. Charles Bulfinch, Samuel MacIntyre.
Idealist: An intellectual and moral approach to classicism,
at first linked to Roman models. Symbolic and
associational values stressed.
Best example: Thomas Jefferson.
Rationalist: Emphasized structure and classical building
techniques, such as stone vaulting and domes. Benjamin
Latrobe.
Source: http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/amstyles.html
Chronology of Styles in American Architecture
The Nineteenth Century:
The period is characterized by Romantic revivals and eclecticism.
Greek Revival (1818-1850)
The first truly national style in the United States. Strong associational
values. Permeated all levels of building.
Gothic Revival (c. 1820-1860)
Strong associational values of religion and nature. Found in both
ecclesiastical and residential architecture. A wide range of archaeological
accuracy, from Richard Upjohn's urban churches to "Carpenter's Gothic"
cottages.
The "Corporate Style" (c.1800-1900)
Practical architecture for engineering and commercial purposes; especially
early factories. In its time thought to be a "style-less style."
Egyptian Revival (1820-1850)
Used primarily for memorials, cemeteries, prisons, and later, warehouses.
Italianate, or Italian Villa Mode (1840-1860)
A residential style used by A.J. Downing and others; a Renaissance revival.
Second Empire Baroque (1860-1880)
French origin; used for public and residential architecture.
High Victorian Gothic (1860-1880)
English origin; used for ecclesiastical, public, and residential architecture.
Richardsonian Romanesque (1870-1895)
Shingle Style (1879-1900)
Used for residential architecture.
Chicago School (1885-1915)
Commercial architecture; skyscrapers.
New York Style Skyscrapers (1875-1910)
Typically use a historical style; block and tower format.
Source: http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/amstyles.html
Chronology of Styles in American Architecture
Classical Revival (1885-1920)
Also called Academic Classicism, or Beaux-Arts Classicism.
Related revivals: Rena.
colonial architecture of India, the legacy, pre colonial legacy, raj 'indo saracenic' and arts and crafts movement, earlier traditions in colonial times, colonial inputs into town planning, industry and architecture, colonial architecture education, architecture and nationalism, examples
An architectural style that emerged around early 1960s and was against the architectural styles advocated by Le Corbusier and Ludwig vies Van der Rohe.
Brutalist buildings are characterized by minimalist constructions that showcase the bare building materials and structural elements over decorative design.The style commonly makes use of exposed concrete or brick, angular geometric shapes, and a predominantly monochrome colour palette;
Book Review: “The Culture of Cities” by Lewis Mumford;
Protection and the Medieval town
Court, Parade, and Capital
The Insensate Industrial town
Rise and fall of Megalopolis
The Regional framework of Civilization
The politics of Regional Development
Social basis of the New Urban Order
colonial architecture of India, the legacy, pre colonial legacy, raj 'indo saracenic' and arts and crafts movement, earlier traditions in colonial times, colonial inputs into town planning, industry and architecture, colonial architecture education, architecture and nationalism, examples
An architectural style that emerged around early 1960s and was against the architectural styles advocated by Le Corbusier and Ludwig vies Van der Rohe.
Brutalist buildings are characterized by minimalist constructions that showcase the bare building materials and structural elements over decorative design.The style commonly makes use of exposed concrete or brick, angular geometric shapes, and a predominantly monochrome colour palette;
Book Review: “The Culture of Cities” by Lewis Mumford;
Protection and the Medieval town
Court, Parade, and Capital
The Insensate Industrial town
Rise and fall of Megalopolis
The Regional framework of Civilization
The politics of Regional Development
Social basis of the New Urban Order
history of contemporary architecture - 18. The capitalist city, Megalopolis, ...Dania Abdel-aziz
history of contemporary architecture - 18. The capitalist city, Megalopolis, Edge cities, The indigenous city, The colonial city
الشكر للدكتورة مجد الحمود
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
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history of contemporary architecture - 01. Neo Classicism.ppt
1. History of Contemporary Architecture
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz 1
University of Jordan
Summer Semester
Year 2017/2018
2. Contents
A. Territorial Changes in the 19th Century.
B. Technical Changes in the 19th Century.
C. Cultural Changes in the 19th Century.
1. Neo Classicism.
2. Local Revivals.
3. Emergence of Bourgeois.
D. Structural Changes for Cities.
E. Effects of the Territorial, Technical and Cultural Changes on the City.
2
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
3. Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century
Territorial Changes for Cities
A. Territorial Changes for Cities:
Cities changed in spacing:
• Slums.
• From a finite Reality to Infinite Reality.
• Rail Roads and Factories.
• Mass production and landscape of cities (cityscape).
• Health improvements: Drop in rates of immortality.
3
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
4. Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century
Territorial Changes for Cities
• Cities evolved generally in industrial revolution because of train invention in the 17th
century, which became an important point of transportation.
• A lot of people visiting cities for work.
• Cities populations increased because of lots of immigrations.
• Designers Started to think of the ideal city-design of the ideal cities, as an early
appearance of modernity.
As a Discourse:
City-design talks about equality and housing for everybody
and housing that fits for all.
4
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
5. Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century
Technical Changes for Cities
Discovery of new materials like Cast Iron, which is good in compression used in
creating:
1. Open spaces: Concepts of open space that introduced a new relationship
between the inside and the outside through the use of Glass, which is used
to change the concept of challenging the relationship with the outside.
2. Major Structural Changes: Thin columns and Big and large spaces
because of the steel used to cover large spans and spaces.
3. Details and Rich Interiors: Rod Iron use.
4. Sublime Spaces: they were introduced and created like that of the
cathedrals allowing lots of lighting to get to them.
5
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
6. C. Cultural Changes for Cities:
• The 19th century is the end of the Baroque and Rococo, it talked to the kings and
aristocrats.
• Social changes: Buildings are not any more dedicated to the elites, they are
more democratic.
• As a reaction three movements appeared at this stage:
1. Neo Classicism.
2. Local Revivals.
3. Emergence of Bourgeois.
6
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century
Cultural Changes for Cities
7. Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois
Neo Classicism
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz 7
8. Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
1. Neoclassicism:
It emerged as a reaction Against Rococo and Baroque
• Simplicity.
• More international.
• Looking for new Beginnings.
• Rediscovery of Classical traditions (Romans and Greeks) as a basis to
civilizations. At the beginning, civilizations depended on Roman traditions, and
lately they incorporated the greek traditions.
• At the same time people were rejecting these ideas and some saw it as foreign.
8
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
9. Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
1. Neoclassicism:
During this period:
• Meanwhile US started to become a separate country.
• The French Revolution occurred in Europe and there was the Idea of
International Nations.
Therefore, many architects were looking for Nation Identity for their architecture.
Therefore appeared the Local Revivalism.
9
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
10. Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
1. Neoclassicism:
• Ledoux designed a city (Ideal) city of Chaux in
1804, due to the request of people who work in
salt production as an alternative to electricity to
keep the meat.
• Therefore, salt was very important and
expensive.
• Many workers came from the villages to work in
Salt mines and they needed housing with
Justice and Social Equity.
10
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Claude Nicolas Ledoux
11. 11
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Ledoux ideal city - The Royal Saltworks
Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
1. Neoclassicism:
13. 13
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
French neo classical architect
Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
1. Neoclassicism:
14. 14
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Project for the ideal city of Chaux: House of supervisors
Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
1. Neoclassicism:
15. Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
1. Neoclassicism:
Train Stations became engine oriented that
require two parts:
• The Head, which can be
Neoclassical built by an architect.
• The Shed, which is built by an
engineer with steel work instead of
the traditional locomotive trains.
Therefore Sublime spaces are introduced for
people so they would not suffocate from
Steam.
15
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Saint-Lazare Train Station Building - Paris
Train shed at Bristol
16. Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
• Spread Out of Neo-classicism:
In France:
The political movements affected architecture.
• After the French revolution the city had changed.
• Before the revolution there was the Royal Academy of Architecture.
• After the revolution the Aristocrats are rejected and the return was to simplicity
and ornamentations were rejected.
16
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
17. Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
• Spread Out of Neo-classicism:
In England:
There were many social activities, many factories though there was no revolution.
• Jean Nech: York Gate, England. A column metaphor was used, and the
same ideas seen in the U.S.A.
• A lot of residential architecture occurred.
17
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
18. Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
• Spread Out of Neo-classicism:
In the United States:
They benefited from the:
1) Greek democracy.
2) Roman traditions (the Imperial Power).
These two concepts were absorbed as a bases for the Western Civilization.
• E.g. The University of Virginia that was designed by Thomas Jefferson. (He
was a president of the U.S. and he was educated in France, he brought with
him the Neoclassical style).
• Mall space also became evident in the United States.
18
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
19. • He believed ignorance to be the enemy of
freedom, and he wanted to correct what he
considered to be the defects of educational
institutions modelled on European settings and
curriculum.
• He imagined that an "academical village"
clustered around a tree-lined lawn would
provide an ideal setting in which to pursue
higher education.
• The focal point of such a village would be a
Temple of Knowledge that would house the
university library.
• Jefferson had invented a uniquely American
setting for higher education: the college
campus.
19
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
(Photograph by Dan Grogan)
(The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, The Albert
& Shirley Small Special Collections Library,
University of Virginia Library)
Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
United States, The University of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson
20. 20
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
University of Virginia, the Lawn, looking north
Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
United States, The University of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson
21. 21
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
University of Virginia, Site Plan
Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
United States, The University of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson
22. 22
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
University of Virginia, 1819-26.
Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
United States, The University of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson
23. • Thomas Jefferson wanted to represent the "authority
of nature and power of reason“.
• It was inspired by the Pantheon in Rome.
• Construction began in 1822 and was completed in
1826, after his death.
• The grounds of the new university were unique in
that they surrounded a library housed in the Rotunda
rather than a church, as was common at other
universities in the English-speaking world.
• The Rotunda is seen as a lasting symbol of
Jefferson's belief in the separation of church and
education, as well as his lifelong dedication to both
education and architecture.
23
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
United States, The University of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson
24. 24
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
United States, The University of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson
Rotunda
25. Rotunda
25
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
United States, The University of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson
26. 26
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
United States, The University of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson
27. 27
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Different column styles used at the
pavilions
Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
United States, The University of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson
28. Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
• Spread Out of Neo-classicism
In the Germany:
• The Spread of Neoclassicism was present.
• Carl Schinkel designed the Altes Museum (Schinkel Museum).
• In Germany the political circumstances was similar to that in France. They
wanted Neo-Classicism.
28
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Carl Schinkel, Altes Museum, Berlin Germany, 1830
29. 29
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Carl Schinkel, Altes Museum, Berlin Germany, 1830
Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
31. 31
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
John Soane (1753-1837), Bank of England, London
The leading exponent of Neo-Classicism in England at this time was Sir
John Soane, an idiosyncratic architect whose work also has Romantic
qualities.
32. 32
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
Benjamin Henry Latrobe, Roman Catholic Cathedral, Baltimore, U.S. 1805-18.
Latrobe presented both Gothic and Neo-Classical designs of this church to
his client. The classical proposal was selected but did not include the
towers.
33. 33
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia, 1770.
For his own house Jefferson turned the familiar Palladian five-part organization backward in
order to focus the complex on spectacular mountain views. This view from the front shows that
Jefferson disguised the two-storey elevation to appear as only one story.
34. 34
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
The William Brown Library and Museum (now the World Museum Liverpool), designed by
Thomas Allom (1804-1872), UK
35. Royal Scottish academy Edinburgh by William Henry playfair, Greek Doric style
portico
35
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.