History of computer electromechanical age
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The electromechanical age from 1840-1940 saw important advances that enabled the development of early computers. Key inventions included Alessandro Volta's battery in 1800, which provided a reliable source of electricity and allowed information to be encoded as electrical signals. Samuel Morse invented the telegraph in 1832 for electrical communication of text messages. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876 for bidirectional voice communication. These inventions established telecommunication networks powered by electricity. Early electromechanical computing devices were also developed, such as tabulating machines in the 1850s, the Comptometer mechanical adding machine in 1885, and Herman Hollerith's punched card tabulating system used for the 1890 US Census. These early electromechanical devices demonstrated that
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Electromechanical age
The document summarizes key developments during the Electromechanical Age from 1840-1940, including the invention of the voltaic battery, telegraph, telephone, radio, and early electromechanical computers using punch cards. Some notable inventions were Alessandro Volta's battery in 1800, Samuel Morse's telegraph in 1832, Alexander Graham Bell's telephone in 1876, Guglielmo Marconi's development of radio in the 1890s, and Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine company in 1896 which later became IBM. These innovations helped convert knowledge into electrical signals and laid the foundation for modern telecommunication.
Premechanical period
The premechanical period from 3000 B.C. to 1450 A.D. saw the development of early forms of communication like petroglyphs and alphabets, the creation of writing tools like pens and paper made from papyrus, and the establishment of early libraries and data centers to store written information on scrolls and some bound books. Key inventions included early numbering systems by Hindus and the abacus, one of the first calculators.
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The document discusses the history and evolution of information and communications technology (ICT) from early manual and mechanical devices through modern electronic systems. It outlines four main periods: 1) Premechanical period when humans began communicating with words and pictures on rocks. 2) Mechanical period dominated by machines driven by steam/gears including the Pascaline calculator. 3) Electromechanical period saw the rise of electricity for information handling through telegraphs and telephones. 4) Electronic period from 1940s to today focused on solid state devices, transistors, integrated circuits, and computers with graphical user interfaces leading to the internet.
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The premechanical period from 3000 B.C. to 1450 A.D. saw the development of early forms of communication like petroglyphs and alphabets, the creation of writing tools like pens and paper made from papyrus, and the establishment of early libraries and data centers to store written information on scrolls and some bound books. Key inventions included early numbering systems by Hindus and the abacus, one of the first calculators.
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The document provides an overview of the history of information and communication technology (ICT) from ancient times to the present. It discusses early forms of communication like writing systems and libraries in ancient civilizations. It then covers the mechanical age with developments like the printing press and slide rules. The electro-mechanical age saw innovations in telecommunication like the telegraph and telephone. The electronic age discusses early computers using vacuum tubes and the development of stored-program computers. It outlines the four generations of digital computing from vacuum tubes to microprocessors on a single chip.
Computer Age
This document summarizes important inventions and developments from the 14th century to the 19th century that helped enable the computer age. Some key inventions and developments mentioned include Johannes Gutenberg inventing the printing press in 1450, Blaise Pascal inventing the mechanical calculator called the Pascaline in 1642, Charles Babbage designing the analytical engine in 1837, the development of electromechanics in the 18th-19th centuries including Alessandro Volta inventing the battery, Samuel Morse inventing the telegraph in 1832, and Alexander Graham Bell inventing the telephone in 1876. The use of punched cards to store and process data is also discussed.
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The Four Basic Periods of Computer History
The four basic periods of computer history can be divided into the following:
Pre-mechanical Age – it involves the basic system of writing and alphabets like petroglyphs, ideographs, cuneiforms, the invention of pen and paper, and the first calculator ‘abacus’.
Mechanical Age – it involves the start of the information explosion where machines are now helping with the creation and transmission of information through a wider audience than in the pre-mechanical age.
Electromechanical Age – this is the start of telecommunications. Telegraphs, telephone, and radio are the highlights of this age.
Electronic Age – this is where we are today where computers are programmable and electric.
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The document provides a history of computers from pre-mechanical ages to modern electronic computers. It describes early mechanical calculating devices like the abacus and Napier's Bones used before 3000 BC. The electromechanical age from 1840-1940 saw early computers that used electricity to process information. Important early electronic computers then included ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, and UNIVAC, which helped establish the stored-program concept and were used for scientific and business calculations. John von Neumann played a key role in the development of the stored-program architecture.
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The document traces the evolution of computers from early counting devices like the abacus to modern computers. It discusses early mechanical calculators invented by Pascal and Babbage. The first programmable, general-purpose computer was ENIAC, built in 1946. Subsequent generations saw the replacement of vacuum tubes with transistors and integrated circuits, leading to smaller sizes. Modern computers are based on microprocessors and artificial intelligence. Computers have had widespread social impacts, both positive in areas like communication, and negative through issues like unemployment and data piracy.
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The document provides a historical overview of the evolution of computing from ancient times to the present. It discusses four periods: 1) The Pre-Mechanical Age, from 3000 BC to 1450 AD, when early numbering systems, writing, and mechanical calculators like the abacus were developed. 2) The Mechanical Age from 1450-1840, bringing advances like printing, logarithms, and early mechanical calculators. 3) The Electromechanical Age from 1840-1940 saw electricity harnessed for telecommunications and electromechanical machines. 4) The Electronic Age from 1941 onward led to programmable, stored-program computers like Z3, Mark I, and ABC.
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The document provides a historical overview of the development of computers and computing technology from ancient times to the late 20th century. It describes early counting devices like tally sticks and the abacus. It then outlines important developments like the creation of programming languages in the 1950s-60s, the introduction of integrated circuits in the 1970s which reduced the size and cost of computers, and the launch of early microcomputers in the 1970s like the Altair 8800 and Apple II. The document traces the evolution of computers from mechanical to electronic devices and the emergence of personal computing.
A history of the computer
The document outlines the history of computers in 5 eras: pre-history, electronics, mini, micro, and network. Some key events include the development of the abacus in 300 BC, Charles Babbage's analytical engine in the 1830s, the first general purpose electronic computer (ENIAC) in 1945, the development of integrated circuits in 1959 which enabled the mini computer era, the first microprocessor from Intel in 1971 which led to the microcomputer era and personal computers from Apple, IBM and others, and the establishment of ARPANET in 1969 which evolved into the Internet and World Wide Web, marking the network era.
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The document lists important inventions and developments in electronics and computing between 1904 and 1948, including the vacuum tube (1904), triode (1906), plug board (1906), flip-flop (1919), electronic AND gate (1924), differential analyzer (1930), printed circuit board (1936), klystron (1937-1939), Model K Adder (1939), founding of Hewlett-Packard (1939), color television (1944), transistor (1948), and IBM 604 electronic calculator (1948). These inventions laid the foundation for modern electronics and computing technology.
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
1. Information technology refers to the use of computers and software to manage information, including storing, protecting, processing, transmitting, and retrieving information.
2. The history of information technology spans from early writing systems to modern computers. Key developments include the abacus, mechanical calculators, punch cards, mainframe computers, and personal computers.
3. Modern information technology is digital and based on integrated circuits and microprocessors. Advances like graphical user interfaces, operating systems, and the internet have driven the widespread use of personal computers and mobile devices.
Computer
The document describes several important milestones in the development of computing technology:
1) The first capacitor was accidentally invented in 1746 by a student experimenting with electricity and water.
2) Charles Babbage designed plans for the Difference Engine in the 1820s, considered the first computer blueprint, though it was never built due to funding issues.
3) The first vacuum tube or "valve" was invented in 1906 by John Ambrose Fleming, allowing electricity to flow in one direction, and was a precursor to modern diodes.
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Every day we are dealing with the electronic circuits and devices in some or the other forms
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medical diagnosis, automobiles, industries, etc. and convinced everyone that without electronics, it is
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History of computer
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A history of the computer
This document outlines the history of computers in 5 eras: pre-history, electronics, mini, micro, and network. It describes many important early mechanical calculating devices. During the pre-history era, Charles Babbage designed analytical engines and Ada Lovelace wrote the first computer program. The electronics era saw the development of ENIAC, the first general-purpose electronic digital computer. The mini era began with integrated circuits allowing smaller computers. The micro era started with microprocessors leading to personal computers like the Apple II and IBM PC. Finally, the network era saw the rise of the internet through ARPANET and TCP/IP.
Birth of telecommunications
The birth of telecommunications was enabled by four key developments: 1) advances in electromagnetism science, 2) the ability to generate and store electricity, 3) the mechanical devices and infrastructure to transmit electricity, and 4) the creation of Morse code to translate electrical pulses into language. Together, these scientific and technological progressions allowed for the establishment of telegraph lines and marked the beginning of telecommunications.
Highlights in Computer History
The document summarizes key events and innovations in the history of computers from ancient times to the present. It describes the abacus from 3000 BC, the slide rule from 1622, early mechanical calculators and computers from the 1600s-1800s, the first general purpose computer designed by Charles Babbage in 1833, the first digital computer ENIAC from 1946, the first commercial computer UNIVAC from 1952, and the development of integrated circuits, microprocessors and personal computers that ushered in newer generations from the 1960s onward.
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Computing and electronics have influenced society greatly by permeating communication, medicine, and science. While the abacus was one of the earliest digital computing devices, analog computing using mechanical devices began millennia ago in ancient Greece and Rome. In the 19th century, electrical power enabled electro-mechanical and hybrid digital and analog devices like the Hollerith punch card. Electronic components then revolutionized radios and televisions and were integrated into computers. Modern computers are now small and affordable due to transistors and integrated circuits.
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The document provides a history of early computing devices and computers from ancient abacuses up to modern times. It discusses early mechanical calculating devices developed by Pascal, Leibniz, and Babbage. Babbage designed plans for an "Analytical Engine" in the 1800s but it was not built. The document then summarizes the generations of electronic computers from the 1940s onwards, highlighting the transition from vacuum tubes to transistors to integrated circuits. It describes the key technological developments that defined each generation and enabled computers to become smaller, faster, and more capable over time.
Evolution of electronics
The document provides an overview of the evolution of electronics from its early history to modern developments. It begins with the current widespread use of electronics in various areas of life. It then discusses the key inventions and developments in electronics chronologically, including the vacuum tube, transistor, integrated circuit, digital and analog circuits, contributions of important scientists like Volta, Ohm, Maxwell, and developments like the microprocessor. The document covers electronics innovations from the late 1800s to modern times and how they transformed and advanced the field.
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History of computer electromechanical age
- 2. ELECTROMECHANICAL AGE -The discovery of ways to harness electricity was the key advance made during this period. Knowledge and information could now be converted into electrical impulses.
- 3. The beginning of telecommunication Alessandro Volta invented the voltaic pile which is considered to be the first source of stored electricity in the 8th Century. The battery made by Volta is credited as the first electrochemical cell. It consists of two electrodes: one made of zinc, the other of copper. The electrolyte is sulfuric acid or a brine mixture of salt and water. The electrolyte exists in the form 2H+ and SO4 2-. The zinc, which is higher than both copper and hydrogen in the electrochemical series, reacts with the negatively charged sulphate. ( SO4 ) The positively charged hydrogen bubbles start depositing around the copper and take away some of its electrons. This makes the zinc rod the negative electrode and the copper rod the positive electrode. Voltaic Battery
- 4. Telegraph Samuel F.J. Morse invented the first magnetic telegraph in the year 1832 and made an experiment version in 1815.
- 5. Telephone The first successful bi-directional transmission of clear speech by Bell and Watson was made on 10 March 1876 when Bell spoke into his device, “Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you.” and Watson answered. Bell used Gray's liquid transmitter design[9] in his famous 10 March 1876 experiment, but avoided describing the liquid transmitter in his public demonstrations. The liquid transmitter had the problem that waves formed on the surface of the liquid, resulting in interference.
- 6. Marchese Guglielmo Marconi,(25 April 1874 - 20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor, best known for his development of a radiotelegraph system, which served as the foundation for the establishment of numerous affiliated companies worldwide. RADIO
- 7. Electromechanical Computing Pehr and Advard Scheutz (1853) complete their tabulating Machine, capable of processing fifteen-digit numbers, printing out results and rounding off to eight digits
- 8. A Comptometer (1885) is a type of mechanical (or electro- mechanical) adding machine. The comptometer invented by Dorr Felt , was the first adding device to be driven solely by the action of pressing keys, which are arranged in an array of vertical and horizontal columns. COMPTOGRAPH- Comptometer with built-in printer.
- 9. Punched Cards A punch card or punched card (or punch card or Hollerith card or IBM card), is a piece of stiff paper that contains digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions. Now almost an obsolete recording medium, punched cards were widely used throughout the 19th century for controlling textile looms and in the late 19th and early 20th century for operating fairground organs and related instruments. It was used through the 20th century in unit record machines for input, processing, and data storage. Early digital computers used punched cards as the primary medium for input of both computer programs and data, with offline data entry key punch machines. Some voting machines use punched cards.
- 10. The company which became IBM was founded in 1896 as the Tabulating Machine Company[6] by Herman Hollerith, in Broome County, New York (Endicott, New York, Where it still maintains very limited operations). It was incorporated as Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR) on June 16, 1911, and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1916. IBM adopted its current name in 1924, when it became a Fortune 500 company.
- 11. The Millionaire (1893), the first efficient four-function calculator invented by Otto shweiger, a Swiss Engineer.