The document discusses the history of computers from ancient times to the present in four periods: pre-mechanical, mechanical, electromechanical, and electronic. It describes the major developments within each period that led to increasingly advanced computers, such as the abacus, mechanical calculators, vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. The document also outlines five generations of computers defined by their major technologies and how each generation made computers smaller, faster, cheaper, and more powerful and accessible to more users.

1. HISTORY OF COMPUTER
•Reporter :
Tobe Wang
Juvy Binaya

2. • History of Computer:
-4 Basic Computing Periods
-Ages
-Generations of Computer

3. FOUR BASIC PERIODS OF
COMPUTER HISTORY
•Pre-MechanicalAge
•Mechanical Age
•Electromechanical Age
•Electronic Age

5. Writing & Alphabets
1. Petroglyths - signs or simple figures carved in
rocks.

7. Cave Painting from Lascaux, France (15,000-
10, 000 B.C.)

8. Writing & Alphabets
1. Ideographs – symbols to represent ideas or
concepts

10. Writing & Alphabets
1. Cuneiform- the first true written language and
real information system.

12. •At around 2000 B.C. the Phoenicians created symbols
that expressed single syllables and consonants. (the
first true alphabets)
•Greek adopted the Phoenician and alphabet and added
vowels.
•Romans gave the Latin names to create the alphabet
we use today.

14. Papers and Pens
•Sumerians- stylus and wet clay.
•Egyptians- Papyrus plants. (2600 B.C.)
•Chinese- Made from rags. (100 A.D.)

15. Stylus and wet clay
Paper made from
Papyrus Plant

16. Books and Libraries
(permanent storage device)
• Mesopotamia- early religious leaders kept the earliest books.
• Egyptians- kept scrolls
• Greek- (600 B.C.) fold sheets of Papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them
together.

17. First Numbering System
• Egyptians- vertical lines (|) for numbers 1-9
U or 0- 10
Coiled rope- 100
Lotus blossom – 1000
• Hindus – (100 -200 AD) 9 digit numbering
• 875AD was the concept of zero developed.

18. The First Calculator
• Abacus- was man’s first recorded adding machine. Babylonia and
popularized in China.

19. Mechanical Age (1450-1840)

20. Johann Guttenberg- Movable metal- type
printing process in 1450.

21. The First General Purpose Computers
• John Napier –(1614) a Baron of Merchiston, Scotland. Invented LOGS
(Logarithm).
• LOGS – allows multiplication and division to be reduce in addition and
subtraction.
• 1614- Arabian Lattice – lays out a special version of the multiplication
tables on a set of four-sided wooden rods. (multiply, divide, large numbers
and find square and cube root)

22. John Napier
Napier’s bone

23. William Shickhard – 1623 (Professor at
University ofTubingen, Germany)
- Invented the first mechanical calculator that can work with six
digits and can carry digits across the columns.

24. William Oughtred (1575-1660)
-Invented the slide rule.

25. Blaise Pascal (1642)
-Invented the Pascaline (made of clock gears and levers)
that could solve mathematical problems like addition and
subtraction.

26. Gottfried Leibniz (1617)
-Invented the Stepped Reckoner that could multiply 5
digit and 12 digit numbers yielding up to 16 numbers.

27. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar
(1820)
- Developed Arithmometer, the first mass produced
calculator.

28. Charles Babbage
-Invented the difference engine (1821), and the
analytical engine (1832).
difference engine analytical engine

29. Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace
Byron (1842)
-The first computer programmer.

30. Electromechanical Age (1840-1940)

31. The Beginning of
Telecommunications
• Voltaic Battery
-first electric battery known as
voltaic pipe.
-invented by Alessandro Volta.

32. Samuel F.B. Morse – conceived of his version of
an ElectromagneticTelegraph. (1832)
• Telegraph

33. • Telephone and Radio
Alexander Graham Bell (1879)
-developed the first working telephone.

34. Guglielmo Marconi - 1894 (Radio)
- Discovered that electrical waves travel through space
and can produce and effect far from the point at which
it originated.
George Boole (1852)
Developed the binary algebra known as Boolean
Algebra.

35. Electromechanical Computing
•Pehr and Edward Scheuts (1853)
-completed aTabulating Machine, capable of processing fifteen
digit numbers, printing out result and rounding off to eight
digits.

36. Dorr Felt (1885)
-devises the comptometer, a key driven adding and
subtracting calculator.
Comptograph – containing a built-in printer.
comptometer comptograph

37. •Herman Hollerith
– Father of information processing.
- He founded the Tabulating Machine Company, later
became the ComputerTabulating Recording Company
and International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).
Punched Card - provided computer programmers
with a new way to put information into their machines.

38. Herman Hollerith Tabulating Machine

39. •Otto Shweiger (1893)
-invented the first efficient
four function calculator
called Millionare.

40. Lee de Forest (1906)
- developed vacuum tubes. (This is important
for it provided electrically controlled switch,

41. Electronic Age (1941-present)
Konrad Zuse –built the first programmable
computer called Z3.

42. Howard Aiken (1942)
- Developed Mark 1, the first stored program
computer.

43. John Atanasoff
and Clifford
Berry (1942)
- Completed the first all-electronic computer
called ABC or Atanasoff-Berry Computer.

45. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER

46. Introduction
oThe history of computer development is often referred
to in reference to the different generations of computing
devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by
a major technological development that fundamentally
changed the way computers operate, resulting in
increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more
efficient and reliable devices.

47. First Generation- 1940-1956:VacuumTubes
Used vacuum cubes for circuitry, magnetic drums for memory, and were often
enormous, taking up entire rooms.
Very expensive, consume great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which
was often the cause of malfunctions.
Relied on machine language to perform operations, could solve one problem at a
time.
Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on
printouts.
UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first generation computing
devices.

48. Second Generation- 1956-1963:Transistors
• Transistors replaced vacuum tubes allowing computers to became
smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable
than their first-generation predecessors.
• Still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output.
• Second-Generation computers moved from cryptic binary
machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which
allowed programmers to specify instruction in words.
• High-level programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN
were used.

49. Third-Generation – 1964-1971:Integrated Circuits
• Integrated circuit was used
• Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
• Instead of punched cards and printouts, user interacted through keyboards
and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the
device to run many different applications at one time with a central program
that monitored the memory.
• Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because
they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

50. Fourth- Generation -1971-Present Microprocessors
• Microprocessor were used
• What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the
hand
• In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in1984 Apple
introduced the Macintosh.
• As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to
form networks, which eventually led to the development of the internet.
• Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and
hand held devices.

51. Fifth Generation- Present and Beyond: Artificial
Intelligence
• Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still
in development, though there are some applications, such as voice
recognition, that are being used today.
• The used of parallel processing and super conductors is helping to make
artificial intelligence a reality.
• Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically
change the face of computers years to come .
• The goal of fifth –generation computing is to develop devices that respond
to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

53. Reference
• www.library.thinkquest.org
• www.datahub.blog.co.in
• www.google.com