The document traces the evolution of computers from early counting devices like the abacus to modern cloud computing. It describes key early inventions and pioneers that helped develop computers, such as Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, Alan Turing's Turing machine, and the first integrated circuits. The document then outlines the major generations of computers from first-generation mainframes to modern fifth-generation systems incorporating artificial intelligence and quantum computing.

1. Modern Computer Systems
 Module I

2. Evolution
of
Computers

3. The Early Years
 The first counting device was the abacus, originally
from Asia. It worked on a place-value notion
meaning that the place of a bead or rock on the
apparatus determined how much it was worth.
Roman Abacus Russian Abacus

4. Napier's bones (1600s)
 Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating device created
by John Napier of Merchiston for calculation of products and quotients
of numbers.

5. Pascaline (1642)
 Blaise Pascal invented the mechanical calculator called Pascaline. This
calculating machine could add and subtract two numbers directly and
multiply and divide by repetition.
Pascaline signed by Pascal

6. Difference Engine (1812)
 Charles P. Babbage, the "father of the computer", designed a
machine, the difference engine which would be steam-powered, fully
automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program.

7. Ada Lovelace (1840s)
 Ada Lovelace, world's first computer programmer,
provided the first algorithm intended to be processed by
Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose
computer, the Analytical Engine.
 She suggested that a binary system should be used for
storage rather than a decimal system.
Analytical Engine

8. Boolean logic(1850s)
 George Boole developed Boolean logic which would
later be used in the design of computer circuitry.
Venn diagrams for conjunction, disjunction, and complement.

9. Hollerith’s Tabulator(1890s)
 Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical, punched-card
data-processing machine which was used to compile information for the
1890 U.S. census. Hollerith's tabulator became so successful that he started
his own business to market it. His company would eventually become
International Business Machines (IBM).
Hollerith card puncher used by
the United States Census Bureau

10. Vacuum Tube(1906)
 The vacuum tube was invented by American
physicist Lee De Forest.
Triode vacuum tube

11. Turing Machine(1943)
 British mathematician Alan Turing developed a hypothetical device, the
Turing machine which would be designed to perform logical operation and
could read and write.
Model of Turing Machine

12. Harvard Mark I
 Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers from IBM, constructed a
large automatic digital sequence-controlled computer called the Harvard
Mark I. This computer could handle all four arithmetic operations, and had
special built-in programs for logarithms and trigonometric functions.

13. ENIAC
 The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine
was developed by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the
University of Pennsylvania. It used 18, 000 vacuums, punch-card input,
weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space.

15. First Generation(1951-1959)
 1951: Mauchly and Eckert built the UNIVAC I, the first computer designed
and sold commercially, specifically for business data-processing
applications.
 1950s : Dr. Grace Murray Hopper developed the UNIVAC I compiler.
 1957 : The programming language FORTRAN (Formula Translator) was
designed by John Backus, an IBM engineer.

16. Integrated Circuit
 Jack St. Clair Kilby and Robert Noyce of Texas Instruments
manufactured the first integrated circuit, or chip, which is a
collection of tiny little transistors.
First IC First transistor

17. Second Generation
(1959-1965)
 1960s : Gene Amdahl designed the IBM System/360 series of
mainframe (G) computers, the first general-purpose digital
computers to use integrated circuits.
 1961: Dr. Hopper was instrumental in developing the COBOL
(Common Business Oriented Language) programming language.

18. Cont…
 1963 : Ken Olsen, founder of DEC, produced the PDP-I, the first
minicomputer (G).
 1965 : BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
programming language developed by Dr. Thomas Kurtz and Dr. John
Kemeny.

19.  1969 : The Internet is started.
 1970 : Dr. Ted Hoff developed the famous Intel 4004
microprocessor (G) chip.
 1971 : Intel released the first microprocessor, a specialized
integrated circuit which was able to process four bits of data at a
time. It also included its own arithmetic logic unit. PASCAL, a
structured programming language, was developed by Niklaus
Wirth.

20. Fourth Generation
(1971-Present)
 1975 : Ed Roberts, the "father of the microcomputer" designed the first
microcomputer, the Altair 8800, which was produced by Micro
Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS). The same year, two young
hackers, William Gates and Paul Allen approached MITS and promised to
deliver a BASIC compiler. So they did and from the sale, Microsoft was born.

21. Cont…
 1976 : Cray developed the Cray-I supercomputer (G). Apple Computer, Inc
was founded by Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak.
 1977 : Jobs and Wozniak designed and built the first Apple II
microcomputer.

22. Cont…
 1970 : 1980: IBM offers Bill Gates the opportunity to develop the operating
system for its new IBM personal computer. Microsoft has achieved
tremendous growth and success today due to the development of MS-DOS.
Apple III was also released.
 1981 : The IBM PC was introduced with a 16-bit microprocessor.

23. Cont…
 1984 : Apple introduced the Macintosh computer, which incorporated a
unique graphical interface, making it easy to use. The same year, IBM
released the 286-AT.
 1986 : Compaq released the DeskPro 386 computer, the first to use the
80036 microprocessor.

24. Cont…
 1987 : IBM announced the OS/2 operating-system technology.
 1988 : A nondestructive worm was introduced into the Internet network
bringing thousands of computers to a halt.
 1989 : The Intel 486 became the world's first 1,000,000 transistor
microprocessor.
Intel 486

25. Cont…
 1993s: The Energy Star program, endorsed by the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA), encouraged manufacturers to build computer
equipment that met power consumption guidelines. When guidelines are
met, equipment displays the Energy Star logo. The same year, Several
companies introduced computer systems using the Pentium microprocessor
from Intel that contains 3.1 million transistors and is able to perform 112
million instructions per second (MIPS).

26. Fifth Generation (Present and
Beyond) Artificial Intelligence
 Fifth generation
computing devices,
based on artificial
intelligence, are still
in development,
though there are
some applications,
such as voice
recognition, that are
being used today.

27. Fifth Generation
 The use of parallel processing and superconductors
is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.
 Quantum computation, molecular and
nanotechnology will radically change the face of
computers in years to come.
 The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop
devices that respond to natural language input and
are capable of learning and self-organization.

28. Cloud Computing
 Cloud computing, or something being in the cloud, is an
expression used to describe a variety of different types of
computing concepts that involve a large number of
computers connected through a real-time communication
network such as the Internet.
 Cloud providers claim that computing costs reduce.
 Device and location independence enable users to access
systems using a web browser regardless of their location or
what device they use.
 Virtualization technology allows
sharing of servers and storage
devices and increased utilization.

29. Google glass