This document summarizes the histology of roots, stems, and leaves. It describes the key structures and tissues of plant roots including the root cap, epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular cylinder, and root hairs. It also discusses the two main types of root systems - taproot and fibrous. For stems, it focuses on vascular bundles. Finally, it provides details on leaf anatomy like the epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular system. It compares the characteristics of dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous leaves.

1.  Name :- HITARTHSINH.D.SOLANKI
 Roll No. :- 50
 Subject :- Seminar Presentation
 Topic :- Histology of Root,Stem and Leaf

2.  When a seed germinates, the first
structure to appear is the root, or radicle
◦ A. It becomes the primary root
 Usually the most important root in some plants
◦ B. Other roots branch out from the primary
root; called secondary roots
◦ C. The apical meristem, found at the root tip, is
where new cells develop
 It is covered by the root cap – protects it from
damage as it passes through coarse soil particles

3. ◦ D). The surface of the
root is protected by skin
cells called the epidermis
 Where water and minerals
enter the root by osmosis
& diffusion
 Can grow long, hair like
projections called root
hairs
 They greatly increase
the surface area of
the root to allow
more water intake

4.  Notice that
cell division
occurs at the
tip of the root
 Older cells are
found farther
away from the
root tip
Root Cap
Region of
Maturation
Region of
Elongation
Region of
Cell Division
Apical
meristem

5. ◦ A). Cortex – this is where the root stores the food
produced by the leaves; it is made out of
parenchyma tissue
◦ B). Endodermis – the inner boundary of the
cortex; one cell layer thick; controls the
movement of water and minerals into the xylem
and phloem
◦ C). Pericycle – a layer found inside the
endodermis which may produce lateral roots; also
produces vascular cambium in dicots

6. ◦ D). Vascular cylinder, or stele – forms the central
cylinder of the root; it is made out of two secondary
transport tissues
 1. Xylem – carries the water taken in by the root hairs
and epidermis up the plant to the stems and leaves
 2. Phloem – carries the food produced by the leaves
down to the roots to be stored in the cortex

7. Lateral Root
Vascular
Cylinder
Xylem
Phloem
Pericycle
Endodermis
Cortex
Root Hairs

8.  Plant root systems are organized in two basic
ways; It has to do with primary and secondary
roots
◦ A). A root system comprising one main primary
root and many secondary roots branching off the
primary root is called a taproot system
 Ex. Carrot, Parsnip, Oak
 Their roots reach far into the ground; they can be
several feet long
Carrot Beet
Sweet potato

9. ◦ B). A system which has no dominant
primary root but is made of many
primary and secondary roots of
similar size is called a fibrous root
system
 Ex. Grasses, Magnolia, Rhododendron,
Euonymus
 The roots are smaller, shorter and
more compact; They usually never
grow below the first 6-12 inches of
soil
 These roots form a large network
underground

10. Monocot Dicot

12. Monocot Dicot

15.  Typical dorsiventral leaf
 T.S of leaf lamina show three main parts
Epidermis
Mesophyll
Vascular system

17.  It covers both upper(adaxial epidermis) and lower
surface(abaxial)
 Cuticle is present
 Upper epidermis consist stomata
 Palisade parenchyma
 Adaxially placed
 Elongated cells
 Vertically arranged and parallel to each other

18.  It seen in the veins and mid ribs
 Size of vascular bundle depend on the size of
the vein
 It is surrounded by a thick walled bundle
sheath cells

21.  Typical isobilateral leaf
 Three main parts
Epidermis
Mesophyll
Vascular system

22.  Stomata present on both epidermis
 Mesophyll is not differentiated in to palisade
and spongy parenchyma
 Bulliform cells- modified adaxial epidermis
cells and veins
 It absorb water and become turgid-leaf
surface exposed
 It become flaccid due to water stress-leaves
curl inward

23. Characteristics Dicotyledonous leaf Monocotyledons leaf
Nature of orientation Typically dorsiventral Typically isobilateral
Stomata Hyposomatic Amphisomatic
Motor cells Absent Present in the upper
epidermis
Mesophyll cells Differentiated into
palisade and spongy
parenchyma
Undifferentiated
Venations Irregularly scattered Parallel arranged
Xylem vessels Many protoxylem and
metaxylem vessels in
each bundle
Two protoxylem and
metaxylem vessels in
each bundle
Bundle sheath Made up of
collenchyma
Made up of
sclerenchyma

24.  Reference :- Textbookof Botany.
 Author :- A.C.Dutta.
 Publication:- Oxford UniversityPress.