The document discusses different plant fibers used for textiles, including cotton, jute, and flax. It provides details on the classification, origin, cultivation, and processing of these fibers. Cotton is obtained from the seeds of cotton plants and is the most important agricultural commodity. Jute comes from plants in the genus Corchorus and is a very inexpensive fiber. Flax has been cultivated for thousands of years and produces strong fibers through retting and hacking processes.
A SEMINAR ON THE MANUFACTURING OF PARA RUBBER WHERE YOU GET ALL THOSE INFORMATION ABOUT THE MANUFACTURING .THAT'S SUFFICIENT FOR A SEMINAR IN YOUR SEMINAR
A SEMINAR ON THE MANUFACTURING OF PARA RUBBER WHERE YOU GET ALL THOSE INFORMATION ABOUT THE MANUFACTURING .THAT'S SUFFICIENT FOR A SEMINAR IN YOUR SEMINAR
This PPT intends to explore the different type of fatty acids, oils a, source along with their function in the welfare of the human.It also attempts to explore the essential oil, varieties along with their function.
INTRODUCTION -
The source of sugar can be stems or underground roots.
Two principle source of sugar are Sugarcane & sugar beet.
Also called as industrial plants
The sources of storage sugars are;
Stems- Sugarcane, Sugar maple
Roots- Beets, carrots
Flowers- palm
SUGARCANE (Saccharum officinarum)
SYSTEMATIC POSIYION –
Class- Liliopsida
Order- Poales
Family- Poaceae
Genus- Saccharum
Species- officinarum
Vernacular name- Ganna
Botanical & ecological description of sugarcane, SUGARCANE GROWING REGIONS, Cultivation of sugarcane, Processing of sugarcane, Uses of sugarcane
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) - SYSTEMATIC POSITION-
Family-Amaranthaceae
Genus- Beta
Species- vulgaris
Vernacular name- chukandar
Cultivation of Sugar beet, harvesting of Sugar beet, Processing of sugar extraction from Sugar beet, By-products of Sugar beet, Uses of sugar beet,
PALMYRA PALM- Manufacture OF Jaggery
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) -
SYSTEMATIC POSITION-
Class - Magnoliopsida
Order- Solanales
Family-Convolvulaceae
Genus –Ipomoea
Species- batatas
USES OF SWEET POTATO,
Stevia rebaudiana- USEs OF STEVIA
Other sugars, Importance of sugar
Medicinal plants are considered as a rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development. More than 30% of the entire plant species, at one time or other were used for medicinal purposes. It has been estimated that in developed countries like United States, plant drugs constitute as much as 25% of the total drugs, while in fast developing countries like India and China the contribution is as much as 80%. These countries provide two third of the plants used in modern system of medicine and the health care system of rural population depend on indigenous systems of medicine. Most of the drugs are considered very safe as there is no or minimal side effects.
This PPT intends to explore the different type of fatty acids, oils a, source along with their function in the welfare of the human.It also attempts to explore the essential oil, varieties along with their function.
INTRODUCTION -
The source of sugar can be stems or underground roots.
Two principle source of sugar are Sugarcane & sugar beet.
Also called as industrial plants
The sources of storage sugars are;
Stems- Sugarcane, Sugar maple
Roots- Beets, carrots
Flowers- palm
SUGARCANE (Saccharum officinarum)
SYSTEMATIC POSIYION –
Class- Liliopsida
Order- Poales
Family- Poaceae
Genus- Saccharum
Species- officinarum
Vernacular name- Ganna
Botanical & ecological description of sugarcane, SUGARCANE GROWING REGIONS, Cultivation of sugarcane, Processing of sugarcane, Uses of sugarcane
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) - SYSTEMATIC POSITION-
Family-Amaranthaceae
Genus- Beta
Species- vulgaris
Vernacular name- chukandar
Cultivation of Sugar beet, harvesting of Sugar beet, Processing of sugar extraction from Sugar beet, By-products of Sugar beet, Uses of sugar beet,
PALMYRA PALM- Manufacture OF Jaggery
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) -
SYSTEMATIC POSITION-
Class - Magnoliopsida
Order- Solanales
Family-Convolvulaceae
Genus –Ipomoea
Species- batatas
USES OF SWEET POTATO,
Stevia rebaudiana- USEs OF STEVIA
Other sugars, Importance of sugar
Medicinal plants are considered as a rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development. More than 30% of the entire plant species, at one time or other were used for medicinal purposes. It has been estimated that in developed countries like United States, plant drugs constitute as much as 25% of the total drugs, while in fast developing countries like India and China the contribution is as much as 80%. These countries provide two third of the plants used in modern system of medicine and the health care system of rural population depend on indigenous systems of medicine. Most of the drugs are considered very safe as there is no or minimal side effects.
This ppt was prepared for class seminar according to the syllabus of college.It contains brief history, description of plant, morphology evaluations, hemp fibre and its processing, surgical dressing, chemical test and uses.
References are added as well.
1.HEMP which is Scientifically known as Cannabis Sativa , is an annual herb plant grown specifically for industrial or medicinal use.
2.It can be used to make a wide range of products including fiber.
3.Along with bamboo, hemp is among the fastest growing plants on Earth.
Bangladesh is an agricultural based country located in South Asia. Agriculture is the prime occupation of the major peoples in Bangladesh. In 1947-48 Bangladesh grown about 80% of total jute in the world which produced lot of foreign money that was majority of the total revenue of the country. For this reason jute is called as "Golden Fiber" of Bangladesh. Jute is one of the cheapest and the strongest of all natural fibres and considered as fibre of the future. Raw jute is the natural fibre which is extremely eco-friendly. Bangladesh is the biggest producer of natural jute or raw jute fibre both in quantity and quality .The other countries grow Jute plant are India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand etc.
A presentation on cultivated cotton species in worldSantosh pathak
Cotton, the king of fibers, usually referred as white gold is soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a ball, or protective capsule, around the seed of cotton plants of the genus Gossypium.
The plant is shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, Africa ,and India.
Steps taken to go green in appareal industrypriyangaraja1
Textiles Industry has many working procedures which form flow processes. Each process makes various influences on the environment and human health.Therefore, many eco-friendly fibers have been invented which do not require the use of any pesticides or chemicals
Chemical and Physical Structures of Natural Polymer FibersOneebNaeem
This file involves an overview of the physical structures and chemical structures of natural polymer fibers. Knowledge of the structures of natural fibers can significantly help us find properties of those fibers.
In this slide described the physiology of rice on the basis of breeding purpose. covered information about golden rice and hybrid rice. Also list out the varieties of rice developed in Maharashtra state and by Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Agriculture University, Akola.
Here is the presentation for deccan hemp. The content in this presentation is provided from authentic sources. Follow me for more presentation on production technology of field crops. Thank you!
Rattans non-wood forest products -botanical description, distribution, life cycle, cultivation, and economic importance.
useful for post graduate students.
Similar to Fiber yeilding plants : Cotton, Jute & Flax (20)
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. Classification Of Fibers On The Basis Of Nature And Structure
Bast Fibers Structural Fibers Surface Fibers
Associated with Phloem,
Pericycle and cortex.
Strands of small, short
lignified cells ensheathing
both Xylem and Phloem.
Borne on the surface of Stems,
Leaves, Fruits and Seeds.
Derived from
dicotyledonous plants.
Found scattered in the
leaves of
monocotyledonous plants.
Obtained from a great
diversity of plants.
Usually separated by
‘Retting’
Separated by mechanical
scraping.
Separation done by Ginning.
Examples- Flax, Jute,
Hemp, Kenaf etc.
Examples-Manila hemp,
Sisal, New Zealand hemp.
Example-Cotton, Kapok.
3.
4. Gossypium spp.
It is world’s most important non-food agricultural commodity.
It was one of the first vegetable fibers used for textile
purposes.
The fiber is obtained from the surface of the seeds.
The production of cotton is greater than that of all other
fibers put together.
Cotton has been under cultivation since ancient times in two
widely separated continents:
• South Asia
• Central America
Family: Malvaceae
5. Excavations in Mohanjo-Daro (Indus Valley) by Gulati and
Turner (1928) revealed the occurrence of cotton in the form
of strings and fragment of cloth covering the household
articles, which archaeologists date to about 3000 B.C.
The existence of cotton threads has also been mentioned in
the Rig Veda (Oldest scripture of the Hindus, written about
1500 B.C.).
From India cotton was introduced eastward to China and
westward to Egypt around 600 A.D.
Arabs introduced it to the African continent and later on, it
was introduced to Europe.
6. Systematics, Origin And Distribution
Hutchinson et al. (1947) recognized 20 species of the genus
Gossypium.
The different species are grouped into 8 sections, of which 2 are
commercially important.
All wild species of cotton are diploid with n=13 chromosomes.
There are 16 Wild species and 4 cultivated species of cotton.
The four cultivated species have large no. of varieties and hybrid
forms and can be classified as:
• The American or New World cottons
• The Asiatic or Old World cottons
7.
8. The New World cotton is represented by G. hirsutum and G.
barbadense .
THE Old World cotton is represented by G. arboreum and G.
herbaceum .
Species of these two sections are genetically distinct and do not
form natural hybrids.
The cultivated Asiatic forms of section Herbacea have 13 pairs
of large chromosomes and are designated by genome A. These
have never been reported growing in New World.
The species includes in section Klotzchiana are also diploid but
contain 13 pairs of small chromosomes, designated by genome
D .These are distributed only in the New World.
9. Tetraploid cottons of section Hirsuta, have 26 pair of
chromosomes, of which 13 pairs are large (similar to Old World
cotton with genome A) and 13 are small (similar to New World
cotton with genome D).
On the basis of this information , it is believed that the
tetraploid cottons of section Hirsuta have evolved through
accidental hybridization between Asiatic diploids and American
diploids, followed by doubling of chromosome number.
10. Species Common name Place of Origin Chromoso
me no.
Distribution/Grown
G. arboreum Ceylon Cotton Old World
(Indo-China)
13 India, Myanmar,
Malaysia, China, Korea,
Japan and extending too
Africa.
G. herbaceum Levant Cotton Old World
(tropical Africa &
Egypt)
13 China, Indonesia, India,
Pakistan, Iran, Iraq,
Turkey, Greece, Africa.
G. barbadense Sea-Island Cotton New World
(South America)
26 West Indies, Fiji, North
Florida, Georgia and
southern California.
G. hirsutum Upland Cotton New World
(Mexico &Central
America)
26 Turkestan, South Brazil,
Uganda, Africa, Iraq ,
parts of China, Turkey,
Greece, Manchuria, India,
Australia.
11.
12. Harvesting begins about six months after sowing and it the most
expensive operation of cotton cultivation .
Cotton is picked as soon as the ball opens.
Handpicking is done in many parts of the world where cheap
labor is easily available.
In western sub-humid parts of the world where labor is very
scarce, mechanical harvesters which work on the principle of
suction as used.
For successful harvesting, it is necessary to defoliate plants by
spraying chemicals such as calcium cynamide, which also forces
all capsules to ripens simultaneously.
13. Before raw cotton is spun into yarn and woven into cloth, it
must pass through a number of processes.
Ginning
After the removal of dirt, boll and leaf fragments, and other
foreign matter, the raw cotton is conveyed to the hopper of a
gin of either roller or saw type.
Roller type gin is employed to Sea-Island and Egyptian cottons,
whereas Saw type gin is used for American upland and Asiatic
cottons.
Baling: fiber that comes after ginning is pressed hydraulically
into bales of 500 pounds (226kg).
14. Picking
• Baled cotton is at first broken and the fibers are then passed through a
‘scutcher’ where they are beaten, shaken and rolled to remove all foreign
matter and the strands are separated and delivered in a uniform layer.
• At the last picking machine, the cotton is condensed into a sheet form
called ‘lap’.
Carding
• It helps to place the fibers parallel and also helps in removal of immature
fibers and impurities.
Combing and drawing or drafting
• Short fibers are removed during combing, and during drawing process
fibers are straightened and aligned.
• It is customary to apply two drawing operations after carding and two
after combing.
• The fleecy lap is condensed through a funnel into a soft twisted rope or
‘silver’. It is further drawn out, slightly twisted and wound on spools.
15. Family: Tiliaceae
Jute is the least expensive, but most important of all bast fibers.
It comes second in production among all the natural fibers.
The fiber is obtained from the stems of the two cultivated species of
Corchorus , namely C. capsularis L. (White Jute) and C. oliotorius ( Tossa
Jute).
The early history of jute is not definitely known .
The genus Corchorus consists of about 40 species, of which 36 have been
recorded in Africa.
According to Kundu (1959) , the primary center of origin of C. oliorius is
Africa with a secondary center in India or Indo-Burma.
At one time in it was monopoly crop of India which produced 99 percent
of the world’s production.
17. Plants are harvested when nearly 50 percent of them are
fruiting.
At this stage both the yield and quality are good.
Early harvesting is likely to give a poor and return and the
fiber lacks strength, although it has a good white color.
Late harvesting on the other hand increases yield but
produces coarse fibers.
Plants are close to the ground with a sickle or pulled out by
hand when growing under water.
In flooded areas particularly in many parts of Assam and
Bangladesh where the flood water rises very high, the cutters
often have to dive under water to cut the stem.
18. Location of fibers
The fibers occur in long wedge-shaped bundles
outside the xylem.
They are grouped in concentric rings alternating
with the thin walled tissue of the phloem which
disintegrates during retting.
Each of the fiber bundles represents one strand
(reed).
The individual fiber cells are seldom longer than 2
or 3 mm.
19. Processing
The bundles of stems are taken to the nearest stagnant pool
or ditch and laid flat in waters arranged side by side so as to
make a regular platform.
Another layer of bundles is placed on top at right angles to
the first.
A third or fourth layer of bundles may sometimes be added if
the water is deep.
The surface of the bundles is covered with weeds and then
heavily loaded with stones, bricks, logs of wood etc. to keep
them submerged.
The retting process usually takes 10-30 days.
20. At first the root ends are beaten with wooden mallet to loosen
the fibers.
Retting is considered complete when the bark can be easily
peeled off.
Then the free ends are wrapped firmly around the fingers and
stems are jerked backward and forward in water thereby
separating the fibers from the stick.
They are spread out in the sun on bamboo racks for two to
three days and rolled into bundles.
21. Family: Linaceae
Flax is one of the oldest cultivated plants known to mankind.
The place of origin of Flax is not known, but it has been
cultivated since prehistoric times in two main geographical
areas- The coastal land of the Mediterranean & Southwest Asia.
The best quality Flax comes from Belgium and other adjoining
countries with a damp sea climate such as Netherlands and
France.
Flax is an annual plant with a slender stem, greyish green in
color, bearing alternatively placed small ovate or lanceolate
leaves.
23. Harvesting
The harvesting operation is done when the lower two-thirds
of the stem have turned yellow and the leaves have fallen off.
Unlike other fiber crops, flax plants are pulled from the field
instead of being cut.
The fibers occur in discreate groups or aggregates of many
cell in the pericycle, each pericycle consisting of ten to forty
individual fibers.
The number of such fibrous bundles is about 30, arranged in
a circular ring around the vascular zone.
24. Processing
The harvested plants are generally left in the field to dry for 2-3 days.
The process of extracting the fibers involves four steps: rippling, steeping
or ‘retting’, scutching and hackling.
Rippling- dried Flax is stripped of all leaves and capsules with least
possible damage to the stem and fiber.
Retting-denuded stems are immersed in a water tank for several days. The
retted stems are then dried either by artificial means or by spreading it in
the field to prevent further fermentation.
Scutching-Fibers are removed from the internal woody core.
Hackling-the short and tangled fibers constituting the ‘tow’ are separated
from the long fibers with the help of hackling machines. The long
unbroken fibers are called line fibers.