This document discusses the design and construction of a 4-lane highway. It covers several key aspects of highway design including determining the appropriate location and alignment of the highway, considering human, vehicle and roadway factors, specifying the design speed and traffic volume, and selecting the number of lanes and their width. It also discusses materials used in highway construction like cement, sand, boulders and aggregates for the base and surface layers. Flexible and rigid pavement designs are described. The document emphasizes the importance of drainage systems alongside roads. It presents some innovative concepts like generating electricity from speed breakers and using an automatic street light control system.

1. Design and Construction of
4 – Line highway

2. A highway is any public road or other public way on land.
Development of a country depends on the connectivity of
various places with adequate road network. Roads are the
major channel of transportation for carrying goods and
passengers. They play a significant role in improving the
socio-economic standards of a region. Highways constitute
the most important mode of communication in areas where
railways have not developed much and form the basic infra
structure for the development and economic growth of the
country.

3.  Modern highway systems developed in the 20th
century as the automobile gained popularity. The
world's first limited access road was constructed
in Italy in 1922 (see autos trade). Construction of the
Bonn–Cologne autobahn began in 1929 and was
opened in 1932 by the mayor of Cologne, Konrad
Adenauer.

4. In transport, demand can be measured in numbers of journeys made or
in total distance travelled across all journeys (e.g. passenger-kilo
metres for public transport or vehicle-kilo metres of travel (VKT)
for private transport). Supply is considered to be a measure of
capacity. The price of the good (travel) is measured using
the generalized cost of travel, which includes both money and
time expenditure. The effect of increases in supply (capacity) is of
particular interest in transport economics (see induced demand), as
the potential environmental consequences are significant.

5. Highways are extended linear sources of pollution. Roadway
noise increases with operating speed so major highways
generate more noise than arterial streets. Therefore,
considerable noise health effects are expected from highway
systems. Noise mitigation strategies exist to reduce sound
levels at nearby sensitive receptors. The idea that highway
design could be influenced by acoustical
engineering considerations first arose about 1973.

6. Road traffic safety aims to reduce the harm (deaths, injuries,
and property damage) on the highway system from traffic
collisions and includes the design, construction and regulation
of the roads, the vehicles that use them and also the training of
drivers and other road-users. Improvement of road safety
needs to be balanced with the provision of an effective efficient
transport system.

7. The most appropriate location, alignment, and shape of a
highway are selected during the design stage. Highway
design involves the consideration of three major factors
(human, vehicular, and roadway) and how these factors
interact to provide a safe highway. Human factors include
reaction time for braking and steering, visual acuity for
traffic signs and signals, and car-following behavior. Vehicle
considerations include vehicle size and dynamics that are
essential for determining lane width and maximum slopes,
and for the selection of design vehicles.

8. •Design speed
•Design traffic volume
•Number of lanes
•Level of Service (LOS)
•Sight Distance
•Alignment, super-elevation, and grades
•Cross section
•Lane width
•Horizontal and vertical clearance

9. CEMENT
•SAND
•BOULDER
•AGGREGATES (different sizes)
•STEEL
•MESH
•BITUMEN
•GEO-TEXTITLE
•RCC HUME PIPES

10. Flexible Pavement Design
A flexible pavement's surface layer is constructed of hot-mix
asphalt (HMA). Un-stabilized aggregates are typically used for
the base course; however, the base course could also be
stabilized with asphalt, Portland cement, or another stabilizing
agent. The sub base is generally constructed from local
aggregate material, while the top of the sub grade is often
stabilized with cement or lime.

11. Rigid pavements are generally used in constructing
airports and major highways, such as those in
the interstate highway system. In addition, they commonly
serve as heavy-duty industrial floor slabs, port and harbor
yard pavements, and heavy-vehicle park or terminal
pavements. Like flexible pavements, rigid highway
pavements are designed as all-weather, long-lasting
structures to serve modern day high-speed traffic.

12. Over the service life of a flexible pavement, accumulated
traffic loads may cause excessive rutting or cracking,
inadequate ride quality, or an inadequate skid resistance.
These problems can be avoided by adequately maintaining
the pavement, but the solution usually has excessive
maintenance costs, or the pavement may have an
inadequate structural capacity for the projected traffic
loads.

13. There are three subcategories of rigid pavement overlays that are
organized depending on the bonding condition at the pavement
overlay and existing slab interface.
•Bonded overlays
•Un-bonded overlays
•Partially bonded overlays

14. Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface
and sub-surface water from an area. Roadside drainage
system holds immense significance for roads to stay
intact for a long time. Along with road construction, the
task of drainage system side of roads is carried out with
the help of RCC box drain. High quality concrete pipes,
widely known as HUME PIPE are exploited in roadside
drainage system.

15. Producing electricity from a speed breaker is a new concept that is
undergoing research. The number of vehicles on road is increasing
rapidly and if we convert some of the kinetic energy of these vehicle into
the rotational motion of roller then we can produce considerable amount
of electricity, this is the main concept of this project. In this project, a
roller is fitted in between a speed breaker and some kind of a grip is
provided on the speed breaker so that when a vehicle passes over speed
breaker it rotates the roller. This movement of roller is used to rotate the
shaft of D.C. generator by the help of chain drive which is there to
provide 1:5 speed ratio . As the shaft of D.C. generator rotates, it
produces electricity.

16. In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that
converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. A generator
forces electric current to flow through an external circuit. This
is connected to the speed breaker through a conveyer.

17. Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple and
powerful concept, which uses transistor as a switch to switch
ON and OFF the street light automatically. By using this
system manual works are removed. It automatically switches
ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of
our eyes. It automatically switches OFF lights under
illumination by sunlight. This is done by a sensor called Light
Dependant Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like
our eyes. By using this system energy consumption is also
reduced because now-a-days the manually operated street
lights are not switched off properly even the sunlight comes
and also not switched on earlier before sunset.

18. This is a model on ply- board. Practically the road will be made by using
concrete. And in this world where there is shortage of electrical power
supply, this project will be helpful to solve some of the problems. This
project has some advantages which are:-
- The project is economical and easy to install.
- This project is none polluting.
- Maintenance cost is low.
- Installation cost is low.
- Will solve some of the electricity problems of the world.
- The electricity produced by this system can be used to drive an electric
motor or for any other purpose.
This project can be implemented on road and can be used to lighten the
street lamps.