Herbicide resis-WPS Office.pptx
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Herbicide resistance is the inherited ability of an individual plant to survive a herbicide application that would kill a normal population of the same species. Due to more use of chemical herbicide , weed become resistant to particular herbicide then a normal recommend dose can not kill that weed.
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Insect resistance occurs when an insect population develops tolerance to a specific pesticide or group of pesticides with the same mode of action. There are several types of resistance including single, multiple, and cross resistance. Resistance can be monogenic, involving a single gene, or polygenic, involving multiple genes. The mechanisms of resistance include genetic factors, biological factors, physiological resistance, and behavioral resistance. Management of resistance involves integrated pest management strategies like crop rotation, use of biological controls, judicious use of pesticides, and insecticide rotation.
Biological control-o31 f627 (2)
Biological control of plant pathogens using beneficial microorganisms like Trichoderma spp. fungi is an alternative to chemical pesticides. Trichoderma controls pathogens through antibiosis, nutrient competition, and mycoparasitism. Successful biocontrol requires a highly effective strain that can compete, persist, and colonize plants without being pathogenic. The strain must also be producible at large scale and remain viable after formulation. Trichoderma is commonly used as a biocontrol as it is present in soil and able to colonize plant roots, protecting against diseases through mycoparasitism and inducing host resistance.
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Weeds are plants that are unwanted in a particular situation or place. They compete with crops for water, nutrients, sunlight and space, reducing crop yields by 30-90%. The top three causes of agricultural losses are weeds (45%), insects (30%) and diseases (25%). Weeds can be classified in various ways, including by morphology, physiology, habitat, origin and lifecycle. Integrated weed management aims to control weeds through prevention, eradication, and the combined use of mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical methods. While weeds are generally seen as harmful, they can also provide some benefits such as adding organic matter and nutrients to soil.
Advancements in Non-Chemical Weed Management.pptx
Weeds compete with crops for essential resources such as nutrients, water, and sunlight.
Uncontrolled weed growth can significantly reduce crop yields, leading to economic losses for farmers.
Weeds serve as hosts for pests and diseases, increasing the risk of crop damage and yield loss.
Effective weed management is essential for maintaining soil health and promoting optimal crop growth.
Sustainable weed control practices contribute to environmental conservation and long-term agricultural sustainability.
Lec. 3 pidm rkp
This document discusses the principles of integrated pest and disease management. It covers 7 key principles: 1) understanding agroecosystems, 2) planning agroecosystems, 3) considering cost/benefit and benefit/risk analyses, 4) tolerating some pest damage, 5) leaving a pest residue below economic thresholds, 6) properly timing treatments, and 7) gaining public understanding and acceptance. It also lists 9 tools that are components of integrated pest management, including cultural, mechanical, physical, host plant resistance, biological, botanical, behavioral, and legal methods.
Weeding Methods in Agriculture and Crop.pptx
This document discusses different methods for controlling weeds in home gardens and farms. It notes that while herbicides seem effective, they can contaminate foods and groundwater. Alternative methods are recommended, including prevention by using weed-free seeds and compost/mulch, and mechanical/physical controls like hand-pulling and hoeing. The document also categorizes common types of weeds and explains the benefits of cultivation such as aerating soil and conserving moisture and nutrients. It provides guidance on the ideal frequency, depth, and timing of cultivation for different crops.
Zehnder ssawg january 2016
Pest Management Planning for Organic Vegetable Production. Presentation for the SSAWG Conference, January 29, 2016
Pesticides
Pesticides are substances used to control pests and are defined as anything intended to prevent, destroy, or mitigate a pest. Pesticides are commonly classified by their chemical class, target organism, mode of action, and application timing. Common pesticides target various organisms like insects, weeds, fungi, and include herbicides, insecticides, fungicides. Pesticides can be applied through different methods at various stages of a crop's development cycle or a perennial crop's dormancy cycle. While pesticides are effective for pest control, overreliance can increase health and environmental risks as well as pest resistance. Integrated Pest Management strategies seek to minimize pesticide use through alternative controls.
pesticides
Pesticides are substances used to control pests and are classified in several ways, including by chemical class, target organism, and mode of action. Common pesticides target weeds, insects, fungi, or other pests. They work through various modes of action such as inhibiting amino acid biosynthesis, lipid biosynthesis, or photosynthesis. Proper application timing and techniques are important to maximize effectiveness while minimizing harm to non-target species. Pesticide resistance can develop if pest populations are not properly managed.
Cropping system interaction
The document discusses different types of interactions that can occur between crops grown in close proximity in cropping systems:
1. Competitive interactions occur when one crop uses limiting resources like water, nutrients, or light at the expense of the other crop.
2. Complementary interactions occur when one crop helps supply resources to the other crop, such as nitrogen fixation by legumes.
3. Allelopathic interactions can occur when one crop releases chemical toxins that inhibit the growth of the other crop. Successful intercropping requires minimizing competitive interactions and maximizing complementary effects between crop species.
Morphological characters providing host plant resistance
This document discusses the morphological and biochemical characteristics of plants that provide resistance against insect pests. It begins by introducing the topic and defining host plant resistance. It then describes the main mechanisms of resistance: antixenosis (nonpreference), antibiosis, and tolerance. The document proceeds to discuss various morphological traits that confer resistance, including trichomes, waxes, color, cell wall thickness, and pubescence. It also covers biochemical traits like secondary metabolites that can modify insect behavior or physiology. In closing, it emphasizes that plant resistance mechanisms help control pest populations through effects on orientation, feeding, and oviposition without environmental pollution.
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The document discusses the fates of herbicides and insecticides and the classification of insecticides. It outlines the various ways herbicides and insecticides can degrade or move in the environment, such as adsorption to soil, photo degradation, leaching, drift, and entering the food chain. Insecticides can be classified based on their chemical composition, mode of entry, mode of action, stage of insect affected, and toxicity level. The classifications include organic versus inorganic, contact versus stomach poison, nerve poison versus respiratory poison, ovicide versus adulticide, and extremely toxic versus less toxic.
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Herbicide resis-WPS Office.pptx
- 1. Herbicide resistance Submitted to:- (A. P) Mr . Bishal kr Mishra Submitted by :- Dharmendra kr. Bsc. Agri. 6th sem
- 2. Contents 1. What is herbicide resistance (definition) 2. Area of high risk 3. Favorable cconditions. 4. Resistance mechanism. 5. Types of resistance. 6. Management. 7. stress weed and Super weed.
- 3. what is herbicide resistance Herbicide resistance can be defined as the acquired ability of a weed population to survive a herbicide application that previously was known to control the population.
- 4. Area of high risk • No physical or mechanical methods use. • only depending on chemical method. • Repeated use of single type of herbicide. • Repeated use of same mode of action herbicide. • only one type of crop rotation. • Heavy infestation of weed • poor weed control. In indogangetic plan Phalaris minor found resistance to Isopruton
- 5. Favorable conditions 1. Weed factor • initial population of resistance weed. • Prolific seed production. • Quick germination. • Fast dispersion. • Hypersensitivity to herbicide 2. Herbicide factors • Repeated use of similar herbicide • Repeated use of similar mode of action. • More residual effect. • Specific mode of action
- 7. Resistance mechanism 1. Site of action resistance • Alter the the site of action. ie. change the enzyme binding site so herbicide become non effective. • it is due to change in gene. 2. Excess production of enzymes/ site of action 3.Exclusinory ie. no herbicide molecules reach to site ofaction
- 8. Types of resistance 1. Single resistance 2. cross resistance 3. multiple resistance 4. Negative cross or collateral resistance. 5. Reverse resisrance 6. Compound or co resisistance
- 9. Management • Check favorable and high risk conditions. • No totaly depend on chemicals. • Use of intigrated weed management.
- 10. Stress weed Definition Weed developed or grow in stress area or condition with development of special mechanism for that condition which support to grow and survive. Stress • abiotic (High temp. low moisture) • biotic ( pest and diseas) Char.. • special mechanism to survive. • Hardy nature. • No kill at normalrate of herbicide In stress weed absorption, translocation and mode of action islow.l
- 11. example of stress and character of weed for survival against herbicide 1. Low moisture condition weed. • slow absorption and low respiration somolecule of herbicide does notbreach to site of action . 2. Im dry conditions dust on leaf work as protection from spray and reduce penitration 3.High temp. condition weed chek transpiration with thickcuticle, waxy coating so no or less herbiside penetrate.
- 12. Super weed characters • Highly resistant • Difficult to manage It is developed due to more use of Herbicide tolrent crops such as Glyphosate tolrent or Roundup reafy crop. Here in fig. Roundup ready crop is growing and some weed also seen.we use only glyphosate in this crop because it is tolrent to glyphosate. But some weed does not kill and develop resistance
- 13. Pollen from resistance weed pollinate normal weed of same species and develop a new highly resitant weed × More resistance weed Normal weed Resistance weed
- 14. Thank you