Water harvesting involves collecting and storing rainfall runoff for agricultural or domestic purposes. It has three key components: the catchment area where runoff is collected, the storage area where water is kept, and the command area where stored water is used. Common techniques include constructing tanks, ponds, and other structures to capture runoff from higher elevations and direct it to agricultural lands. These techniques help increase water availability in dry regions with minimal annual rainfall.
QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION
GOVARDHAN LODHA
Enroll. No. (160111017)
Department of Agronomy
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy 2nd semester
Gully Erosion Control Measures
Temporary check dam
Brushwood dams
One row or single post brush wood dam
Double row post brush wood dams.
Semi permanent dams
Loose rock dam
Netting dam
Log check dam
Permanent check dam
Drop Spillway
Drop inlet spillway
Chute spillway
Biodrainage may be defined as “pumping of excess soil water using bio-energy through deep-rooted vegetation with high rate of transpiration.”The biodrainage system consists of fast growing tree species, which absorb water from the capillary fringe located above the ground water table. The absorbed water is translocated to different parts of plants and finally more than 98% of the absorbed water is transpired into the atmosphere mainly through the stomata. This combined process of absorption, translocation and transpiration of excess ground water into the atmosphere by the deep rooted vegetation conceptualizes bio-drainage. Fast growing Eucalyptus species like known for luxurious water consumption under excess soil moisture condition are suitable for biodrainage. These species can be planted in blocks in the form of farm forestry or along the field boundary in the form of agroforestry. Other suitable species for block plantations are Casuarina glauca, Terminalia arjuna, Pongamia pinnata and Syzygium cuminii etc.
Experiments were conducted in Haryana state. Plantations were raised in water logged areas of Haryana state. To measure the ground water table observation wells were installed in between the tree plantations. Corbon content of oven dried timber, fuel wood, twings/leaves and roots samples were determined by dichromate oxidation method. The transpiration rate was measured using dissipation probes. The basic dissipation probe has two thermocouple needles inserted in the sapwood, the upper one containing an electric heater. The probe needles measure the temperature difference (dT) between the heated needle and the sapwood ambient temperature below. The dT variable and the maximum dTm at zero flow provide a direct conversion to sap velocity. Girth of all trees was measured at the breast height with the help of a measuring tape.
Four parallel strip plantations worked as bio-pumps and lowered the water table by 0.85 m in 3 years in canal-irrigated, agricultural, waterlogged fields located in a semi-arid region with alluvial sandy-loam soil. The annual rate of transpiration by these plantations was 268 mm against the mean annual rainfall of 212 mm. Lowering of water table and associated improvement by Eucalyptus plantations increased by 3.4 times than the adjacent fields. There was no net increase in ground water table salinity underneath the plantation. The fluctuations in g.w.t. caused fluctuations in g.w.t. salinity underneath the plantation as well as in the adjacent fields. Tree species vary in their “biodrainage potential” as evidenced by the extent of lowering of water table immediately beneath the plantations. Eucalyptus species has a higher biodrainage potential as compared to relatively slow biodariners like T. Aphylla and P.pinnata.
This Presentation covers the topic of surface and subsurface tile drainage which is the part of canal irrigation. The content covered in this has been explained thoroughly with theory and Diagrams related to the topics and consists of various pictures to explain the content completely .Thank you.
Soil water conservation methods in agricultureVaishali Sharma
This presentation includes introduction as well as all the methods in agriculture either engineering or agronomic measures used in conservation of soil and water against erosion or other deteriorative factors.
Rain Water Harvesting is a way to capture the rain water when it rains, store that water above ground or charge the underground and use it later. This happens naturally in open rural areas. But in congested, over-paved metropolitan cities, we need to create methods to capture the rain water.
QUALITY OF IRRIGATION WATER AND MANAGEMENT OF SALINE WATER FOR IRRIGATION
GOVARDHAN LODHA
Enroll. No. (160111017)
Department of Agronomy
M.Sc. (Ag) Agronomy 2nd semester
Gully Erosion Control Measures
Temporary check dam
Brushwood dams
One row or single post brush wood dam
Double row post brush wood dams.
Semi permanent dams
Loose rock dam
Netting dam
Log check dam
Permanent check dam
Drop Spillway
Drop inlet spillway
Chute spillway
Biodrainage may be defined as “pumping of excess soil water using bio-energy through deep-rooted vegetation with high rate of transpiration.”The biodrainage system consists of fast growing tree species, which absorb water from the capillary fringe located above the ground water table. The absorbed water is translocated to different parts of plants and finally more than 98% of the absorbed water is transpired into the atmosphere mainly through the stomata. This combined process of absorption, translocation and transpiration of excess ground water into the atmosphere by the deep rooted vegetation conceptualizes bio-drainage. Fast growing Eucalyptus species like known for luxurious water consumption under excess soil moisture condition are suitable for biodrainage. These species can be planted in blocks in the form of farm forestry or along the field boundary in the form of agroforestry. Other suitable species for block plantations are Casuarina glauca, Terminalia arjuna, Pongamia pinnata and Syzygium cuminii etc.
Experiments were conducted in Haryana state. Plantations were raised in water logged areas of Haryana state. To measure the ground water table observation wells were installed in between the tree plantations. Corbon content of oven dried timber, fuel wood, twings/leaves and roots samples were determined by dichromate oxidation method. The transpiration rate was measured using dissipation probes. The basic dissipation probe has two thermocouple needles inserted in the sapwood, the upper one containing an electric heater. The probe needles measure the temperature difference (dT) between the heated needle and the sapwood ambient temperature below. The dT variable and the maximum dTm at zero flow provide a direct conversion to sap velocity. Girth of all trees was measured at the breast height with the help of a measuring tape.
Four parallel strip plantations worked as bio-pumps and lowered the water table by 0.85 m in 3 years in canal-irrigated, agricultural, waterlogged fields located in a semi-arid region with alluvial sandy-loam soil. The annual rate of transpiration by these plantations was 268 mm against the mean annual rainfall of 212 mm. Lowering of water table and associated improvement by Eucalyptus plantations increased by 3.4 times than the adjacent fields. There was no net increase in ground water table salinity underneath the plantation. The fluctuations in g.w.t. caused fluctuations in g.w.t. salinity underneath the plantation as well as in the adjacent fields. Tree species vary in their “biodrainage potential” as evidenced by the extent of lowering of water table immediately beneath the plantations. Eucalyptus species has a higher biodrainage potential as compared to relatively slow biodariners like T. Aphylla and P.pinnata.
This Presentation covers the topic of surface and subsurface tile drainage which is the part of canal irrigation. The content covered in this has been explained thoroughly with theory and Diagrams related to the topics and consists of various pictures to explain the content completely .Thank you.
Soil water conservation methods in agricultureVaishali Sharma
This presentation includes introduction as well as all the methods in agriculture either engineering or agronomic measures used in conservation of soil and water against erosion or other deteriorative factors.
Rain Water Harvesting is a way to capture the rain water when it rains, store that water above ground or charge the underground and use it later. This happens naturally in open rural areas. But in congested, over-paved metropolitan cities, we need to create methods to capture the rain water.
This is the first of 4 parts of presentation showing Traditional water harvesting system prevailing in North and North-Eastern parts of India.Over a period of time these have become defunct in general.However the same needs to be revived to create local sources.
Water harvesting techniques for arid and semi arid regionsUbaidAbdulKhaliq
Arid regions are known for prolong drought periods, leading to water scarcity. Some water harvesting techniques can be applied to ensure water availability during drought periods.
Rainwater harvesting - A new hope for lifecybershubham
A presentation on rainwater harvesting.
Presentation has brief intro about Water source and water cycle.
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The presentation talks about the solution to the problem of water shortage in the end..
Herbicide resistance is the inherited ability of an individual plant to survive a herbicide application that would kill a normal population of the same species.
Due to more use of chemical herbicide , weed become resistant to particular herbicide then a normal recommend dose can not kill that weed.
Conservation Tillage. Conservation tillage consists of a variety of practices used in agriculture to reduce wind and water erosion. ...
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3. Water harvesting
Water harvesting is a process of collection of peak rainfall
runoff water from treated or untreated land surfaces /
catchments / roof tops and storing it in an open farm pond
or closed water tanks / reservoirs or in the soil itself ( insitu
moisture storage) for agriculture or domestic purposes.
Simply it can be also define as "Collecting and storing water
for subsequent use is known as water harvesting
5. 5
Principles of water harvesting
The basic principle of water harvesting is to capture precipitation
falling in one area and transfer it to another, thereby increasing the
amount of water available in the latter.
• Studying of Rainfall and suitable Locations
• Construct small structures which can be constructed by locally
available materials.
• Start constructing from high point and gradually come down
• Stream should be made of water rather than runoff and erode lot
of soils .
6. 6
1. Importance of water harvesting
2.Water harvesting structures
(Discuss)
Techniques for inducing Runoff
Rainwater harvesting is possible even in areas with as little as
50 to 80 mm average annual rainfall.
1. Land alterations
2. Surface chemical treatment
3. soil cover
8. Methods of water harvesting in Arid Regions
8
a) Runoff farming :-Negev desert
(Israel)
• 10 to 50 ha.
• The watersheds were
divided into small catchment
areas of 1 to 3 ha that
allowed runoff water to be
collected in easily catchment
channels on the hill sides
and were small enough to
prevent uncontrollable
amount of water.
9. 9
• Discuss "Haveli " method in Madhya Pradesh
B) Water spreading
• In arid areas, the limited rainfall is
received as short intense storms. Water
swiftly drains into gullies and then flows
towards the sea.
• Flood waters are deliberately diverted from
their natural courses and spread over
adjacent plains.
• The water is diverted or retarded by
ditches, dikes or small dams.
10.
11. 11
Micro catchment and Macro catchment
• A plant can grow in a region with too little
rainfall .
• At the lowest point within each micro-catchment, a
basin is dug about 40 cm deep and a tree is
planted in it. Africa these are used for
cultivation of sorghum, maize and millets.Widely
used micro-catchments are contour ridges, semi-
circular and trapezoid bunds and small runoff
basins.
• Negarim micro-catchment for trees It works great with
rainfall rates starting from 150 mm/year and they are
applied on slopes upto 15%.
13. 13
Macro catchment
Macro-catchments having
runoff water collected from
relatively large natural
catchments. Generally these
catchments are located
outside the farm boundaries
where individual farmers
have little or no control over
them.
Percolation tank is an
example of macro-
catchment WH system.
14. Traditional water harvesting systems
The GOI, reconstructed these traditional WH systems under MGNREGA a
over the country.
Tanka:- In Thar desert
capacity:- 1000 to 600000 lt
life span :- 3 to 4yry
It is an underground circular
tank or cistern constructed for
collection and storage of runoff
water from natural catchment
or artificially prepared clean
catchment or from a roof top.
CAZRI (Jodhpur) improved
tanka (life-span 25 years)
capacity 21,000 L
rainfall 125 mm.
catchment ar 700 m².
15. 15
Virdas are shallow holes which are
made in the sands of dry riverbeds
and lakes for collecting drinking
water.
virdas
Maldharis (local
nomadic people) first
developed this unique
structure in the Rann of
Kutch, which is
essentially like a well in
a tank.
16. 16
kund
Kund
western arid regions of Rajasthan,
An area receiving rainfall of 25
mm/annum, a kund with a catchment
of 100 m² could easily collect 10,000 L
of water. Even if we assume that only
40 - 50% of rain will turn into runoff, a
kund can still store 0.1 million litres of
water. The catchment size of kunds
varies from about 20 m² to 2 ha
depending on the runoff
17. 17
Nadi or dougiut village pond (pokhar)
Nadi or dugout village pond
(Pokhar) is constructed for storing
water from natural catchments. It
is more prevalent in western
Rajasthan. The depth and
capacity of the nadi may varies
from1.5 to 12 meters and 400 m3
to 70,000 m3, respectively.
18. Khadins
• Khadin is unique land use system of Thar
desert where in runoff water from rocky
catchments are collected in valley plains
during rainy season.
first practised by the Paliwal
Brahmins of Jaisalmer, western
Rajasthan in the 15th century.
Features
• continuous ground water recharge
• very long (100–300 m) earthen embankment built across
the lower hill slopes lying below gravelly uplands.
• The soils in khadin are extremely fertile due to frequent
deposition of fine sediment.
20. 20
Johads
Unlike a normal dam, the rainwater is collected during
monsoon and allowed to percolate into the soil
Since 1984, a total of 8600
johads 1086 villages of Alwar
have been built in district in
Rajasthan, covering 6500 km²
area under the leadership of
Tarun Bharat Sangh and its
leader Rajendra Singh, the
Water Man of Rajasthan.
21. water harvesting in Semi-arid Regions
1. Dug wells
2. Tanks:-Runoff water from hill sides and forests is collected
on the plains in tanks.
3.Percolation Tanks:
An artificially created
surface water body,
submerging in its reservoir
a highly permeable land,
so that surface runoff is
made to percolate and
recharge the ground water
storage.
The primary purpose
of percolation tank is
to recharge
groundwater.
22. 4.Farm Ponds:
Farm ponds are small water bodies formed either by the construction of a small
dam or embankment across a waterway or by excavating or dug out. The water is
usually harvested from a small catchment area and then used for irrigation during
prolonged periods
In the selected farm land the farm pond dimension of 8m x 8m x
1.5m can be constructed for the every 1 or 2 ha of land area.
23. Benefits of farm ponds :
• It collects excess runoff during rainy period.
• Stored water can be used for supplemental irrigation to crops.
• It is useful as drinking water for cattles during drought situation.
• It can be used for spraying pesticides.
• It conserves soil and moisture
24. Inter-row water harvesting (IRWH)
Under this system, furrows of about 30-40 cm width (15 cm deep)
are alternated by ridges of 60-70 cm).The furrows and ridges are
formed with ridger at right angles to the slope. The water collected
from the ridge is stored in furrow and the crop is benefitted by
high moisture.
The ridge provides partial shading of the furrow for 6 to 7 hours a
day and reduces evaporation by 25-35% immediately after rain.
Generally it is practiced in areas having annual rainfall between
200-300 mm
26. Inter-plot water harvesting (IPWH):
It is suitable where rainfall is scanty (<500 mm) and even there is
difficulty of harvesting a single crop. Runoff water is made
available to cropped plots from adjacent bare plots either on one
side or both sides. Adjacent plots are given certain slope to
augment runoff towards cropped plot for improving profile moisture
storage. Catchments with strips of 0.75 m width on either side of
3.0 m wide levelled area are desirable. Catchment to cultivated
area ratio of 0.5 could be optimum for most crops.
28. Broad Bed & Furrows (BBF):
This practice has been recommended by ICRISAT for vertisols or
black soils in high rainfall areas (>750 mm).
width of bed :- 90 to
120
heigh of bed:- 15 to 20
cm with 0.3 to 0.5%
grades
The beds are separated by 50 cm wide
furrows that drain into grassed waterways.
The beds are stable for 2 to 4 years
and conveniently adapted to planting
of upland crops in rows spaced at 30,
45, 75 or 150 cm. The system tends
to conserve soil, rainwater in-situ and
improves crop yields and sustainability.
29. Advantages of Broad Bed & Furrow
• It helps in moisture storage.
• Safely dispose-off surplus surface runoff without causing
erosion.
• Provide better drainage facilities.
• Facilitate dry seeding.
• It can accommodate a wide range of crop geometry i.e.
close as well as wide row spacing.
• It is suitable for both sole cropping and intercropping
systems.
• Sowing can be done with seed drills.
30.
31.
32. Zabo Means " impounding
Runoff"
• It is also known as Ruza
system .
It combines water
conservation , with forestry
, agriculture and animal
The Zabo system consists of a
protected forestland towards the
top of the hill, water-harvesting
tanks in the middle and cattle
yard and paddy fields at the
lower side.
