Wound is the term which means the damage or tearing of cells and its anatomy and cell function. Wound are classified as surgical, traumatic, diabetic, venous, arterial wound and etc. The wound healing is a process which involves coagulation, Ephilization, granulation, and remodelling of tissue.
The proposed study was done and performed to evaluate the wound healing capacity of the herbs like ocimum sanctum (tulsi) and aloe vera when formulated in form of transdermal patches.
In this study Natural wound healing was enhanced by the various phytochemicals present in tulsi and aloe vera. The present study includes the drug delivery through transdermal patches for treating, curing, preventing various skin allergy, infection or wound healing.
The main aim of this study was to formulate the herbal transdermal patches in which tulsi plant extract is loaded in aloe vera patches which help to treat the skin infection like rashes, redness, and in wound healing.
Herbal formulation is still the mainstay about 75-80 % of world’s population in various country for health care because it has fewer side effects. And they also have better compatibility as compare to synthetic drugs.
Herbal formulation consists of the extract of herbs, plants and its part like root system and shoot system which are rich in various phytochemicals which helps to treat various injuries, disease or infection. In various study it has been seen and observed that the plants like tulsi and aloe have the wound healing activities.
Various Research Study and Surveys States that there are Topical and Transdermal Medicated Formulation for Dealing with Treatment of Skin Infections but this Study States the Transdermal Drug Delivery System has wide range of Advantages over Topical Formulation.
In Present Study the Advantage of Transdermal Formulation over Topical Formulation is briefly Discussed. And from various aspects its observed that the transdermal formulation has wide range of advantages over topical formulation. This TDDS has wide scope in future so it involves various New Approaches like Iontophoresis, Photomechanical waves etc.
The Transdermal Drug Delivery System Aims in Drug Targeting and Controlled Release of Drug.
Transdermal Drug Delivery system of Novel Drug Delivery System which also involves various drug delivery systems like Sustain Release system , Delayed release System, Targeted release system, Modified release system, Extended release system and many more.
The Transdermal drug delivery system is used to produce clinical effects like local anesthesia and anti-inflammatory activities.
TDDS has a very wide scope now-a-days because it has many advantages over old and traditional drug delivery systems.
There are wide scope for new innovations in TDDS as is its developing in medical field
TDDS tends to enhance the Bioavailability of and drug and also Bypass the First Pass Metabolism.
TDDS helps to maintain the drug concentration in given therapeutic
Formulation and evaluation of transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS)SanketPawar47
This is slide about formulation and evaluations of transdermal drugs delivery system . Introduction , general structure of TDDS , basic components of TDDS , approch for formulation of TDDS , manufacturing processes for TDDS ,and evaluations of TDDS
Formulation and evaluation of transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS)SanketPawar47
This is slide about formulation and evaluations of transdermal drugs delivery system . Introduction , general structure of TDDS , basic components of TDDS , approch for formulation of TDDS , manufacturing processes for TDDS ,and evaluations of TDDS
Transdermal Drug Delivery System [TDDS]Sagar Savale
Management of illness through medication has entered an era of rapid growth. A variety of means by which drugs are delivered to the human body for the therapy such as tablets, capsules, injections, aerosols, creams, ointments, suppositories, liquids etc. are referred as a conventional drug formulations. Among many pharmaceutical dosage forms, continuous intravenous infusion at preprogrammed rate has been recognized as a superior mode of drug delivery. At present, the most common form of delivery of drugs is the oral route. It has the notable advantage of easy administration.
Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS)Shweta Nehate
Oral route is the most acceptable route for drug administration. Apart from conventional dosage forms several other forms were developed in order to enhance the drug delivery for prolonged time period and for delivering drug to a particular target site. Gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) has gainned immense popularity in the field of oral drug delivery recently. it is a widely employed approach to retain the dosage form in the stomach for an extended period of time and release the drug slowly that can address many challenges associated with conventional oral delivery, including poor bioavailability. different innovative approaches are being applied to fabricate GRDDS. Gastroretentive drug delivery is an approach to prolong gastric residence time, there by targeting site-specific drugs release in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for local or systemic effects. It is obtained by retaining dosage form into stomach and by releasing the in controlled manner.
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
Deodorants and antiperspirants Cosmetic SciencePranjal Saxena
This presentation contains about description of Deodorants and antiperspirants with their Action, Evaluation, Difference between Deodorants and antiperspirants.
formulation development of Transdermal drug delivery systems i.e. transdermal patches, compostion of transdermal patch, physical methods used to prepare tansdermal patch
Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) is the one of the novel technology to deliver the molecules through the skin for long period of time.
Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) are defined as self contained, discrete dosage forms which are also known as “patches” 2, 3 when patches are applied to the intact skin, deliver the drug through the skin at a controlled rate to the systemic circulation
Transdermal Drug Delivery System [TDDS]Sagar Savale
Management of illness through medication has entered an era of rapid growth. A variety of means by which drugs are delivered to the human body for the therapy such as tablets, capsules, injections, aerosols, creams, ointments, suppositories, liquids etc. are referred as a conventional drug formulations. Among many pharmaceutical dosage forms, continuous intravenous infusion at preprogrammed rate has been recognized as a superior mode of drug delivery. At present, the most common form of delivery of drugs is the oral route. It has the notable advantage of easy administration.
Gastro retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS)Shweta Nehate
Oral route is the most acceptable route for drug administration. Apart from conventional dosage forms several other forms were developed in order to enhance the drug delivery for prolonged time period and for delivering drug to a particular target site. Gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) has gainned immense popularity in the field of oral drug delivery recently. it is a widely employed approach to retain the dosage form in the stomach for an extended period of time and release the drug slowly that can address many challenges associated with conventional oral delivery, including poor bioavailability. different innovative approaches are being applied to fabricate GRDDS. Gastroretentive drug delivery is an approach to prolong gastric residence time, there by targeting site-specific drugs release in the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for local or systemic effects. It is obtained by retaining dosage form into stomach and by releasing the in controlled manner.
‘Targeted drug delivery system is a special form of drug delivery system where the medicament is selectively targeted or delivered only to its site of action or absorption and not to the non-target organs or tissues or cells.’
Deodorants and antiperspirants Cosmetic SciencePranjal Saxena
This presentation contains about description of Deodorants and antiperspirants with their Action, Evaluation, Difference between Deodorants and antiperspirants.
formulation development of Transdermal drug delivery systems i.e. transdermal patches, compostion of transdermal patch, physical methods used to prepare tansdermal patch
Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) is the one of the novel technology to deliver the molecules through the skin for long period of time.
Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) are defined as self contained, discrete dosage forms which are also known as “patches” 2, 3 when patches are applied to the intact skin, deliver the drug through the skin at a controlled rate to the systemic circulation
Transdermal drug delivery has made an important contribution to medical practice, but has yet to fully achieve its potential as an alternative to oral delivery and hypodermic injections. First-generation transdermal delivery systems have continued their steady increase in clinical use for delivery of small, lipophilic, low-dose drugs. Second-generation delivery systems using chemical enhancers, non-cavitational ultrasound and iontophoresis have also resulted in clinical products; the ability of iontophoresis to control delivery rates in real time provides added functionality. Third-generation delivery systems target their effects to skin’s barrier layer of stratum corneum using microneedles, thermal ablation, microdermabrasion, electroporation and cavitational ultrasound. Microneedles and thermal ablation are currently progressing through clinical trials for delivery of macromolecules and vaccines, such as insulin, parathyroid hormone and influenza vaccine. Using these novel second- and third-generation enhancement strategies, transdermal delivery is poised to significantly increase impact on medicine.
A transdermal patch or skin patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. It enables a steady blood level profile, resulting in reduced systemic side effects and, sometimes, improved efficacy over other dosage forms. The administration of drugs by transdermal route offers the advantage of being relatively painless. The appeal of using the skin as a portal of drug entry lies in case of access, its huge surface area, and systemic access through underlying circulatory and lymphatic networks and the noninvasive nature of drug delivery. The main objective of transdermal patches system is to deliver drugs into systemic circulation through skin at predetermined rate with minimal inter and intrapatient variation.
The first adhesive transdermal delivery system (TDDS) patch was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1979 (scopolamine patch for motion sickness). Nitroglycerine patches were approved in 1981. This method of delivery became widely recognized when nicotine patches for smoking cessation were introduced in 1991.
Penetration Enhancers in Transdermal Drug Delivery SystemSimranDhiman12
Penetration Enhancers in Transdermal Drug Delivery System
Permeation enhancers are substances that reduce the skin barrier's ability to make skin more permeable and allow drug molecules to cross the skin at a faster rate
advantages and disadvantages
types of penetration enhancers
techniques
physical and chemical enhancers
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS), also known as "patches," are dosage forms designed to deliver a therapeutically effective amount of drug across a patient's skin. The adhesive of the transdermal drug delivery system is critical to the safety, efficacy and quality of the product. In the Drug Quality Reporting System (DQRS), the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has received numerous reports of "adhesion lacking" for transdermal drug delivery systems. This article provides an overview of types of transdermals, their anatomy, the role of adhesion, the possible adhesion failure modes and how adhesion can be measured. Excerpts from FDA reports on the lack of adhesion of transdermal system products are presented. Pros and cons of in vitro techniques, such as peel adhesion, tack and shear strength, in vivo techniques used to evaluate adhesive properties are discussed. To see a decrease in "adhesion lacking" reports, adhesion needs to become an important design parameter and suitable methods need to be available to assess quality and in vivo performance. This article provides a framework for further discussion and scientific work to improve transdermal adhesive performance.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. Formulation and Evaluation of
Herbal Transdermal Patches
By:-SAILI .P. RAJPUT
Guided By:-RUPESH .B. KHALSE
2. CONTENT
1. Introduction and History of Transdermal
Drug Delivery System
2. Introduction to Anatomy of Skin
3. Transdermal Patches
4. Components of Transdermal Patches
5. Types of Transdermal Patches
6. Factors Affecting the T D Patches
7. Mechanism of Drug Release From
Transdermal Patches
8. Advantages and Disadvantages of TD
Patches
9. New Approaches in Transdermal Drug
Delivery System
10. Introduction to Wound Healing
11. Role of Herbal Plants in Wound Healing
12. Formulation Of Herbal Transdermal
Patches
13. Evaluation Test For Formulated Patches
14. Results
15. Conclusion
3. Introduction and History of Transdermal Drug
Delivery System
• The Transdermal Drug Delivery System Aims in Drug Targeting and Controlled Release of Drug.
• Transdermal Drug Delivery system of Novel Drug Delivery System which also involves various drug
delivery systems like Sustain Release system , Delayed release System, Targeted release system,
Modified release system, Extended release system and many more.
• The Transdermal drug delivery system is used to produce clinical effects like local anesthesia and anti-
inflammatory activities.
• TDDS has a very wide scope now-a-days because it has many advantages over old and traditional drug
delivery systems.
• There are wide scope for new innovations in TDDS as is its developing in medical field
• TDDS tends to enhance the Bioavailability of and drug and also Bypass the First Pass Metabolism.
• TDDS helps to maintain the drug concentration in given therapeutic window for the Prolonged effect of
desired drug.
4. Continued…
• GALEN a Greek physician introduced the compounding of herbal drugs and other excipients in
dosage form.
• He is widely considered to be “FATHER OF PHARMACY”. And his work and practices are
called as “GALEN PHARMACY”.
• The concept that certain drugs cross the skin appears to have been applied by Ibn Sina (AD 980-
1037) a Persian physician.
• In 1904, Schwenkenbecker generalized that skin was relatively permeable to lipid soluble
substance but not to water and electrolytes.
• Dale Wruster and his student Sherman Kramer stated that the absorption can be enhanced or
modified by varying the diffusion area of cell by changing the level of skin hydration.
• Scopolamine (Hyoscine) patch for treatment of motion sickness was the First Transdermal Patch to
reach the market.
• Then after scopolamine Nitro-glycerine patches for Angina pectoris were evolved.
• Before marketing the transdermal scopolamine patches the nitro-glycerine ointments was the only
transdermal product of nitro-glycerine.
5. INTRODUCTION TO SKIN ANATOMY
• EPIDERMIS:- It is a keratinized stratified
squamous epithelial layer which is derived from
ectoderm and forms outermost layer of skin.
Epidermis is composed of various layers like
stratum corneum, stratum lucidium, stratum
granulosum, stratum spinosum.
1. STRATUM CORNEUM: - It is the outermost layer
of epidermis. The stratum corneum layer
prevents both penetration of substance from
environment and insensible loss of body water
from surface to the environment.
2. STRATUM LUCIDIUM: -This layer contains of
translucent thin zone between stratum
granulosum and corneum layer.
3. STRATUM GRANULOSUM: - This layer contains
3-5 layers of flat cells and also has irregular
shaped, non-membrane bound granules
4. STRATUM SPINOSUM: - This has several layers
of irregular polyhedral shaped cells
• DERMIS:- Dermis is composed of network of
collagen and elastin fibres embedded in
mucopolysaccharides matrix which contains
blood vessels, lymphatic nerve endings, etc.
Dermis is a mesodermal in origin which support
to epidermis. Dermis is approx. 3-5 mm thick
layer.
6. TRANSDERMAL PATCHES
• Transdermal patches are a mediated adhesive patch which have coating of drug and is then placed on skin to
deliver the drug in the blood stream through the skin.
• The delivery technology like TDDS helps to enhance the convenience for patients and also increases their
effectiveness and protection of drug.
• Transdermal patches are formulated mainly to deliver drug through skin which diffuse through various skin
layer and reach systemic circulation i.e., blood.
• To resolve and address the various problems generated by use of old conventional methods the controlled
release of drug delivery and novel drug delivery systems are evolved.
• TDDS patches are defined as self-contained dosage form which when applied to the skin and deliver the
drug through the skin and drug reach the systemic circulation at the controlled rate for prolonged period.
7. COMPONENTS OF
TRANSDERMAL PATCHES
Sr
No.
Components Role Example
1. Polymer
Matrix
To release drug from
patches
PVP,PVC,Star
ch
2. Active agent Therapeutic Effect Any desired
drug
3. Penetration
Enhancer
Enhance permeation
enhancing skin
function
SLS, Ethanol
etc.
4. Plasticizer Reduce Brittleness of
Patches
Propylene
Glycol
5. Drug
Reservoir
Its combination of
polymers
1-2 polymers
6. Backing
Membrane
Gives strength and
support
Aluminum
Foil
7. Adhesive layer Helps adhere to skin -
8. Release Liner Act as Protective
Layer
Teflon, silicon
etc.
8. TYPES OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES
1. SINGLE LAYER PATCHES :- Here the adhesive layer not only serves to adhere the various
layers together along entire system to skin but also helps and is responsible for drug release from the
patch. This adhesive is also surrounded by the backing laminate and release liner.
2. MULTI LAYER PATCHES:- These patches are similar to single layer patches. It consists more
than one layer. One of the layers is for immediate release of the drug and other one is for control
release of the drug
3. RESERVOIR:- In this patch there is a separated drug layer. The drug layer is a liquid compartment
containing a drug solution or suspensions. Here the drug compartment is totally encapsulated in
shallow compartment
4. MATRIX:- The Matrix system has a drug layer of semisolid matrix which contains drug in solution
or suspension form. This is also called as monolithic device.
5. VAPOUR PATCH:- In this patch the adhesive layer carries out two roles one to adhere the various
layers and other one to release the vapours. This vapour patches are mainly and widely used for
decongestion. Other vapour patches are formulated to enhance the quality of sleep and as an aid for
smoking cessation.
9. FACTORS AFFECTING TD PATCHES
A. Physiochemical
properties of
penetrant
• Partition Coefficient
• Ph condition
• Composition of
Drug
A.B. Physiochemical
properties of delivery
system
• Affinity of vehicle
and drug molecule
• Composition of drug
delivery system
• Enhancement of TD
Permeation
A.C. Physiological
and pathological Skin
conditions
• Skin Age
• Lipid Film
• Skin Hydration
• Skin Temperature
• Species Difference
11. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF TD
PATCHES
ADVANTAGES
1. Maintain Steady Infusion of Drug for prolonged time.
2. Alternate dosage form for patient who cant tolerate oral
dosage from.
3. Increase Therapeutic Value of Drug.
4. Helps to Increase Patient Compliance.
5. Bypass the First Pass Metabolism.
6. Helps to minimize the Fluctuation in Physiological and
pharmacological response.
7. Helps in Easy termination of drug Therapy.
8. Provide Extended Therapy with Single Application.
9. Helps to reduce Side Effects associated with Parenteral
Dosage Form.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Drug with High Molecular weight is difficult to
penetrate stratum corneum.
2. In TDDS the Drug Dose is a Limitation Factor.
3. If Drug which metabolize in liver and if given
through Transdermal route then results in Low
Bioavailability.
4. Drug which cause Local or Systemic Irritations
are not suitable for Transdermal drug delivery
system.
5. Only Potent drugs can be Incorporated through
Transdermal Drug Delivery System.
12. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRANSDERMALAND
TOPICAL FORMULATIONS
Topical Formulation
1. This works on Surface of Skin and do not reach
Blood Stream or Systemic Circulation.
2. For Example:- Hydrocortisone Ointment For Skin
Rashes.
3. Topical Formulation Are Creams, Ointments,
Lotions, Sprays, Foam, Powder etc.
4. These Formulation Cant Avoid First Pass
Metabolism.
5. There are some chances for Occurrence of Skin
Irritations and Rashes.
6. Drug Given through Topical route Show
Superficial Action.
7. This Drug Absorbed do not reach systemic
circulation so do not show a prolonged action.
Transdermal Formulation
1. Transdermal Medication Penetrates The Skin and
Enters Blood and also Distribute Through Whole
Bloodstream.
2. For Example:- Nitro-Glycerin Patches to treat Chest
Pain.
3. Transdermal Formulation are Patches, Nanogels,
Pastes.
4. Transdermal Formulation Bypass and Avoid First Pass
Metabolism.
5. It Helps to maintain Adverse drug reaction due to Low
Drug Concentration.
6. Here Drug Penetrates Deep Inside The Layers of
Tissues.
7. Patches do not Enhance Drug Molecule But Increase
Drug Absorption by Prolong Application of patches.
13. New Approaches in Transdermal Drug Delivery System
1. IONTOPHORESIS: - Iontophoresis is defined as facilitation of drug
permeation across skin by applying electrode.
2. ELECTROPORATION: - There is formation of small pores with the help
of electric pulses in stratum corneum through which drug is transported.
3. PHOTOMECHANICAL WAVE: - This wave makes stratum corneum
permeable to drug by developing transient channel.
4. MEDICATED TATTOOS: - This are also called as Med-Tats. Med-Tats
contains active drug substance. So, manufacturer gives colour chart which is
then compared with patients tattoo to analyse when tattoo is to be removed.
5. MICRONEEDLE: -This was seen or observed first in 1976. Microneedle
which are 50-100mm long are used.
6. SKIN ABRASSION: - Here there is removal and destruction of upper layer
of skin to enhance the permeation of medicament.
7. LASER RADIATION: - In this there is a direct use and exposure of laser to
skin which results in ablation of stratum corneum without any damage
caused to epidermis this is beneficial for lipophilic or hydrophilic drugs
delivery.
8. ULTRASOUND: - Here there is use of low frequency ultrasound for
average 15 seconds to enhance the permeation of skin.
14. INTRODUCTION TO WOUND HEALING
1. Wound is Defined as Lesions on skin or Rupture of Skin Surface which
is caused by Various Physical and Thermal Trauma.
2. Skin Wounds are typically of 2 types and they are Acute Wounds and
Chronic Wounds .
3. Acute wounds are traumatic or surgical wounds which normally heal due
to normal healing procedure.
4. Wound Healing involves 4 main steps i.e. HAEMOSTASIS,
INFAMATION, PROLIFERATION and REMODELLING.
5. Skin serves as protective barrier against Physical and chemical threats.
The Wound site is under pressure and thus superficial skin wound is
practically never sterile.
6. The paramount cellular signaling in wound healing are controlled by
different types of growth factors.
7. There are many factors which affects the quality of wound healing and
they are Blood flow in that particular area, Wound size, Microbial attack,
Age and nutrition related patient.
15. Steps of Wound Healing
1. Haemostasis: - Haemostasis is process of the wound healing closed by clotting. Haemostasis
starts when blood leaks out of the body. The first step of haemostasis is when blood vessels
constrict to restrict the blood flow. Next, platelets stick together in order to seal the break in the
wall of blood vessels. The haemostasis stage of wound healing happens very quickly.
2. Inflammation: - Inflammation controls both bleeding and prevents infection. The fluid
engorgement allows healing and repairs cells to move to site of wound. During this phase
damaged cells, pathogens and bacteria are removed from wound area. Prolonged inflammation
retards healing due to excessive level of protease and reactive oxygen that destroy essential
factors.
3. Proliferation: - Proliferative phase of wound healing is when the wound is rebuilt with new
tissues made up of collagen and matrix. A new network of blood vessels must be constructed.
Fibroblasts supported by new capillaries, proliferate and synthesize disorganized ECM.
4. Remodelling: - Also called as maturation phase. In this phase collagen is remodelled from
type 3 to type1 and wound fully closes. During maturation phase collagen is aligned along
tension lines and water is reabsorbed so that collagen fibres can lie and cross link.
16. ROLE OF HERBAL PLANTS IN WOUND
HEALING
TULSI[Ocimum Sanctum]
1. The chemical composition of tulsi is complex
due to Prescence of many nutrients.
2. The stem and leaves contains saponin,
Flavonoids, Tannins and Volatile oils.
3. The tulsi extract increase the wound healing
breaking strength and wound contraction is also
increased.
4. Tulsi also shows Anti-oxidant property which is
helpful in wound healing. Leaves of tulsi shows
Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Action.
5. Tulsi extract also shows Anti-Bacterial, Anti-
Fungal, Anti-Inflammatory Actions which is
Beneficial in wound healing.
6. Volatile oils like eugenol has enzyme inhibitory
action and strengthen the Immune System.
ALOEVERA[Aloe Barbadense]
1. Aloe vera is known for its Anti-Tumor , Anti-
inflammatory, Anti-Viral, Anti-Bacterial, Wound
healing actions.
2. Aloe vera is beneficial in treating wounds like
Psoriasis, Mouth sire, burn wounds.
3. Aloe vera is effective in inhibiting inflammatory
reaction by inhibiting the IL-6 and IL-8 and also
reduce the adhesion of WBC and Decrease the
TNF-α Levels.
4. The mucopolysaccharides along with amino acods
present in aloe results in Skin integrity, Moisture
retention, and helps to prevent skin ulcers.
5. The mucilage of aloe vera consist some
glycoproteins which stimulate skin growth and
also healing process of wounds.
17. FORMULATION OF HERBAL TRANSDERMAL
PATCHES
1. Initially weigh the required ingredients for the formulation.
2. Then add 8 ml chloroform and 4 ml methanol in the beaker and
mix them properly using the electric stirrer or Magnetic stirrer.
3. Then add 2.5 ml Propylene Glycol and 2.5 ml Polyethylene
Glycol and again stir it continuously using electric or magnetic
stirrer.
4. Each medicinal plant extract i.e., 5 ml Tulsi extract and 5 ml Aloe
vera extract were added with constant stirring for 10-15 minutes.
5. Now then add HPMC with constant stirring using electric stirrer.
But Add 1 gm HPMC at the Time Interval of 1 minute.
6. After time period of 10-15 minutes when the formulation becomes
viscous then was added to the glass petri plates which were coated
using the Aluminium Foil.
7. Then the petri plate was placed in the Hot Air Oven at 50 degrees
for certain time period for the Evaporation of solvent.
Sr
No.
NAME OF INGRIDIENTS QUANTITY REQUIRED
1. Aloe Vera Extract 5 ml
2. Tulsi Extract 5ml
3. Polyethylene Glycol-400 2.5 ml
4. Propylene Glycol 2.5 ml
5. HPMC 5 gm
6. Chloroform 8 ml
7. Methanol 4 ml
18. EVALUATION TEST FOR TRANSDERMAL
PATCHES
• The various evaluation test was being performed on laboratory level for
the evaluation of formulated transdermal patches. Following are the Test
performed: -
1. Organoleptic Characteristics
2. Surface Ph Determination
3. Phytochemical Screening of Tulsi
4. Phytochemical Screening of Aloe vera
5. Measurement Of Thickness of patches
6. UV Spectroscopy
7. % Moisture content
20. CONCLUSION
• The Transdermal patches with the incorporation of herbal extract of Ocimum Sanctum
and Aloe barbadense were Formulated.
• The Herbal transdermal Patches including aloe and tulsi were aimed to heal the wound or
any type of injury or the skin infection like eczema etc.
• The Evaluation studies states that the patches have the optimum thickness and is within
the suitable range of Ph.
• In the various research its seen that transdermal drug delivery system has great scope in
future for developing drug delivery system in NDDS.
• Transdermal drug delivery system is widely accepted now-a-days because it causes the
drug penetration through skin layers and reach systemic circulation without causing any
damage to skin or rupturing it. TDDS also benefits for controlled release of drug for
prolonged period of time.
• More research and innovation will bring the wide acceptance in the use of various other
transdermal drug delivery system like iontophoresis, Ultrasound technology, Med Tat etc.