HOMEOPATHY is a system of treating diseases with remedies prescribed in minute doses which are capable of producing, symptoms similar to the disease when taken by healthy person in large doses.”
Homeopathy is a "treatment" based on the use of highly diluted substances, which practitioners claim can cause the body to heal itself. A 2010 House of Commons Science and Technology Committee report on homeopathy said that homeopathic remedies perform no better than placebos (dummy treatments).Homeopathic medicines are prepared by taking a substance (generally a plant, animal material or a chemical) and diluting that substance in water or alcohol repeatedly, often so that none of the original substance remains in the solution. These highly diluted preparations can be found in several forms, including tablets, liquids and creams.Homeopathic medicines taste sweet in the form of pills and powder, but they taste bitter in a liquid form. You may take liquid medicines with water. Pills and powder may be placed below the tongue for faster action. You may or may not drink water after consuming homeopathic pills or powder.
unani or Unani medicine (Urdu: طب یونانی tibb yūnānī) is the term for Perso-Arabic traditional medicine, practiced in Mughal India and in Muslim culture in South Asia and modern day Central Asia. The term is derived from Arabic Yūnānī "Greek", as the Perso-Arabic system of medicine was in turn based on the teachings of the Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen.The medical tradition of medieval Islam was introduced to India by the 13th century with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and it took its own course of development during the Mughal Empire , influenced by Indian medical teachings of Sushruta and Charaka.
Homeopathy is a "treatment" based on the use of highly diluted substances, which practitioners claim can cause the body to heal itself. A 2010 House of Commons Science and Technology Committee report on homeopathy said that homeopathic remedies perform no better than placebos (dummy treatments).Homeopathic medicines are prepared by taking a substance (generally a plant, animal material or a chemical) and diluting that substance in water or alcohol repeatedly, often so that none of the original substance remains in the solution. These highly diluted preparations can be found in several forms, including tablets, liquids and creams.Homeopathic medicines taste sweet in the form of pills and powder, but they taste bitter in a liquid form. You may take liquid medicines with water. Pills and powder may be placed below the tongue for faster action. You may or may not drink water after consuming homeopathic pills or powder.
unani or Unani medicine (Urdu: طب یونانی tibb yūnānī) is the term for Perso-Arabic traditional medicine, practiced in Mughal India and in Muslim culture in South Asia and modern day Central Asia. The term is derived from Arabic Yūnānī "Greek", as the Perso-Arabic system of medicine was in turn based on the teachings of the Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen.The medical tradition of medieval Islam was introduced to India by the 13th century with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate and it took its own course of development during the Mughal Empire , influenced by Indian medical teachings of Sushruta and Charaka.
The Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical system known to mankind.Siddha means achivements.‘‘AGASTHYA’’ is the father of Siddha medicinal system.It is believed that more than 10,000 years ago the Siddha medicinal system originated in the south India in Tamil nadu
Challenges in herbal formulation
Steps in herbal drug formulation
Types of conventional herbal formulations
Liquid herbal dosage forms
Solid herbal dosage forms
Other herbal dosage forms
Novel dosage form
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
Hahnemann proposed the law of homeopathy in 1796: “Like Cures Like,” or in Latin, “Similia Similibus Curantur.” Homoeopathy is based on inductive method of reasoning.
The Siddha medicine is one of the oldest medical system known to mankind.Siddha means achivements.‘‘AGASTHYA’’ is the father of Siddha medicinal system.It is believed that more than 10,000 years ago the Siddha medicinal system originated in the south India in Tamil nadu
Challenges in herbal formulation
Steps in herbal drug formulation
Types of conventional herbal formulations
Liquid herbal dosage forms
Solid herbal dosage forms
Other herbal dosage forms
Novel dosage form
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
Hahnemann proposed the law of homeopathy in 1796: “Like Cures Like,” or in Latin, “Similia Similibus Curantur.” Homoeopathy is based on inductive method of reasoning.
In humans and other higher animals, the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) collectively form the whole nervous system. The CNS, which serves as the body's control center, includes the spinal cord and the brain. The PNS, a nerve network, links the CNS to various bodily systems.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. HOMEOPATHIC SYSTEM
The term 'homeopathy' comes from a combination of two Greek words:-
• 'homeo' (omio) meaning similar,
• 'pathos' meaning suffering
It is a specialized system of therapeutics, developed by Dr. Friedrich
Hahnemann(1755-1843), a German Physician ,Chemist and a pharmacist,
based on natural law of healing.
“HOMEOPATHY is a system of treating diseases with remedies prescribed in
minute doses which are capable of producing, symptoms similar to the
disease when taken by healthy person in large doses.”
3. PRINCIPLE:-
The principle of homeopathic system is :-
Similia Similibus Curantur which means “Likes are cured by likes”
It is a concept of proving & prover.
“It is the system of the treated and aliment by the administration of drugs
which has the capacity to produce disease state in healthy person. This is
known as Proving of Medicine.”
4. • Dr. Hahnemann believed that symptoms are no more than an outward
reflection of the body’s inner fight to overcome illness: it is not a
manifestation of the illness itself.
• This law of similar for curing disease has being in use since the time of
Hippocrates, father of medicine.
• But it was Dr. Hahnemann who developed it in to a complete system of
therapeutic enunciating the law and its application in 1810.
5. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF HOMEOPATHY:-
• Every science has certain basic principles that guide the whole system.
• Homeopathy as a science of medical treatment has a philosophy of its
own , and its therapeutics is based on certain fundamental principles that
are quite distinct and different from those of other school of medical
science.
• These fundamental principles were discussed by Hahnemann in different
sections of his medicine and philosophy.
6. They are as follows:
1. Law of Similia
2. Law of Simplex
3. Law of minimum
4. Drug Proving
5. Drug Dynamization or potentization
6. Vital Force
7. Acute and Chronic Diseases
8. Individualization
9. Direction of cure
7. 1- Law of Similia:-
The therapeutic law on which homoeopathy is based is:-
Simillia Similibus Curentur, which means ‘Let likes be cured by likes’.
“In this art of healing, the medicine administered to a diseased individual is
such that if given to a healthy person it produces same sufferings (diseases)
as found in the diseases individual.”
Thus, the symptoms of the diseased individual are to be matched with the
pathogenesis of the medicine, and the medicines which are most similar,
viz. Simillimum is selected and administered with certainty to cure.
8. 2- Law of simplex:-
Simple and single drugs should be prescribed at a time.
Thus, medicines are proved on healthy human beings singly and in simple form without
admixture of any other substance.
3- Law of minimum:-
“Drugs are administered in a minimum quantity because of hypersensitivity in disease and
the action of drug is always directed towards normal by virtue of altered receptivity of
tissue to stimuli in disease.”
• The medicines are just required to arouse a reaction in the body.
If they are given in large doses, they cause physiological action producing unwanted side
effects and organic damage. The minutest quantity of medicine helps it to reach the
disease, which is of very subtle in nature. The curative action of drug can only be expected
without any unwanted aggravation by using minimum quantity of medicine
LARGE DOSE = unwanted side effects
MINUTE DOSE = to treat the disease
9. 4-Drug proving:-
To apply drugs for therapeutic purposes, their curative power should be
known.
• The curative power of a drug is its ability to produce disease symptoms when
employed on a healthy person.
• The curative power of a drug is known by its pathogenesis and is as certained
by proving the drug singly on healthy human being. This serves the only true
record of the curative properties of drug.
10.
11. 5-Drug dynamization or potentization:-
“Disease is a disturbance or deviation in the normal harmonious flow of life
force which is dynamic in nature.”
Now medicine used to encounter disease should also have dynamic action to
act on the dynamic disturbance of life force. Therefore, the drugs are
dynamized or potentized liberating their dynamic curative power which lies
dormant in them.
This dynamization is done by the process of Trituration (in case of insoluble
substances) or Succession (in case of soluble substances).
12. 6-Individualization:-
“No two individuals are alike in the world, so the diseases affecting individuals can
never be the same assuming the unique individual picture in each diseased
individual.”
Thus, medicines can never be prescribed on the basis of the name of the disease
without individualizing each case of disease.
7-Vital force:-
Disease is nothing but the disharmonious flow of the vital force giving rise to
abnormal sensation and functions (symptoms and signs).
In order to restore the health, the disordered vital force is to be brought back to
normal.
Disease and health are (2) different quantitative states of this vital force of living
being, and cure is to be affected here.
Vital force has the following characteristics:
spiritual, autocratic, automatic, dynamic, unintelligent and instinctive
13. 8-Acute and chronic diseases:-
The diseases are classified into these types depending upon their
Onset, Nature of progress & Termination of diseases.
9-Direction of cure:-
Dr. Herring states that ‘cure takes place within outward from above to
downward and the symptoms disappears in the reverse of their appearance’.
Reverse:- If the direction is reverse of that stated then it is not cure but
suppression which has occurred.
14. DIAGNOSIS:-
1- Detail History :-
• Case history
• Medical History
2-Current Symptoms:-
• Localization & Sensation
3-Mode of symptoms:-
(Mode of presenting symptoms i.e whether they are vary according to the change in
weather, time of the day.)
4-Physiological Behavior :-
• Mood
• Behavior
5-Personality:-
• Like & Dislike of Food
15. TREATMENT:-
• On symptoms and clinical conditions
• When symptoms picture matches with the drug picture physicians turns to
identify and give single medicines. They are also called Remedies.
• POWDERS
• MOTHER TINCTURES
• PILLS