Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are produced by a single clone of cells and have identical binding sites. This document discusses the production of monoclonal antibodies through hybridoma technology, where antibody-producing B cells are fused with myeloma cells. It also summarizes the various applications of monoclonal antibodies in diagnostics, imaging, therapy, and purification. Monoclonal antibodies can be specifically targeted to antigens on cancer cells, delivering toxic drugs directly to tumors while sparing normal cells. Their high specificity makes them useful research and medical tools.
This document discusses monoclonal antibody production and applications. It begins by defining monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, noting that monoclonal antibodies are identical because they are derived from a single parent cell. It then covers the history of monoclonal antibody development, the monoclonal antibody production method involving mouse immunization and cell fusion, and the types and uses of monoclonal antibodies including diagnostic and cancer treatment applications. Potential side effects of monoclonal antibody therapy are also mentioned.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by identical immune cells that are clones of a single parent cell. They are produced by fusing antibody-producing cells with tumor cells to create a hybridoma cell line that continuously produces the same antibody. Monoclonal antibodies have important medical uses such as diagnosing pregnancy or HIV infection through detection of specific antigens, and treating cancer by targeting tumor-associated antigens on cancer cells. However, monoclonal antibodies produced in mice can trigger an immune response in humans, so genetically engineered antibodies are being developed to avoid this.
1. The production of monoclonal antibodies involves immunizing an animal like mice with an antigen, fusing their spleen cells that produce antibodies with myeloma tumor cells, and selecting the resulting hybridoma cells that continuously produce the desired antibodies.
2. The fused hybridoma cells are selected using HAT medium, which allows their growth while killing off unfused spleen and myeloma cells.
3. Individual hybridoma cells are further isolated by limiting dilution to produce monoclonal antibody-secreting clones from which a specific monoclonal antibody can be produced at large scale for commercial purposes.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are identical antibodies produced by a single clone of B cells or hybridoma cell line. They are highly specific to a single epitope. mAbs are produced by fusing myeloma cells with spleen cells from mice immunized with an antigen. This creates a hybridoma that synthesizes the desired mAb. mAbs have important applications in biochemical analysis through techniques like ELISA and RIA. They are also used in diagnostic imaging and targeted cancer therapy when conjugated to radioactive isotopes or toxins. However, mouse mAbs used in medical applications can be rejected by the human immune system.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical immunoglobulins generated from a single B-cell clone that recognize a unique epitope on a single antigen. They have various applications including diagnostic applications using biochemical analysis and diagnostic imaging, therapeutic applications as direct treatment agents and targeting agents, and protein purification. Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing B cells from an immunized animal with myeloma cells to generate hybridomas that can produce the monoclonal antibody indefinitely.
Monoclonal antibody, history, development and progressRadhika Hegde
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are artificially produced antibodies that are all identical and recognize the same epitope. This document summarizes the history and production of mAbs, from early discoveries in the late 19th century to modern techniques. It describes the key breakthrough of hybridoma technology by Köhler and Milstein in 1975 that allowed mass production of mAbs by fusing antibody-producing cells with myeloma cells. Various approaches to mAb production are also summarized, including recombinant techniques, phage display, plantibodies, bacterial display, and yeast display. The document concludes with discussion of applications, clinical trials, and future innovations using mAb technology.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are identical antibodies produced by a single clone of immune cells that are all clones of the same parent cell. mAbs can be produced against almost any substance and are important tools in biochemistry and medicine. They are produced through the fusion of antibody-producing cells with myeloma cells to form hybridomas that produce identical antibodies. mAbs have applications in research, diagnostics, and therapy due to their specificity and ability to detect or purify target substances.
Monoclonal antibodies are produced through hybridoma technology which involves fusing antibody-producing B lymphocytes with myeloma cells to create immortal hybridoma cells. These hybridoma cells can be selected in HAT medium and screened to identify those producing antibodies targeted against a specific antigen. The monoclonal antibodies produced through this process have high specificity and purity, making them useful for diagnostic tests, therapeutic applications like cancer treatment, and protein purification.
This document discusses monoclonal antibody production and applications. It begins by defining monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, noting that monoclonal antibodies are identical because they are derived from a single parent cell. It then covers the history of monoclonal antibody development, the monoclonal antibody production method involving mouse immunization and cell fusion, and the types and uses of monoclonal antibodies including diagnostic and cancer treatment applications. Potential side effects of monoclonal antibody therapy are also mentioned.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by identical immune cells that are clones of a single parent cell. They are produced by fusing antibody-producing cells with tumor cells to create a hybridoma cell line that continuously produces the same antibody. Monoclonal antibodies have important medical uses such as diagnosing pregnancy or HIV infection through detection of specific antigens, and treating cancer by targeting tumor-associated antigens on cancer cells. However, monoclonal antibodies produced in mice can trigger an immune response in humans, so genetically engineered antibodies are being developed to avoid this.
1. The production of monoclonal antibodies involves immunizing an animal like mice with an antigen, fusing their spleen cells that produce antibodies with myeloma tumor cells, and selecting the resulting hybridoma cells that continuously produce the desired antibodies.
2. The fused hybridoma cells are selected using HAT medium, which allows their growth while killing off unfused spleen and myeloma cells.
3. Individual hybridoma cells are further isolated by limiting dilution to produce monoclonal antibody-secreting clones from which a specific monoclonal antibody can be produced at large scale for commercial purposes.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are identical antibodies produced by a single clone of B cells or hybridoma cell line. They are highly specific to a single epitope. mAbs are produced by fusing myeloma cells with spleen cells from mice immunized with an antigen. This creates a hybridoma that synthesizes the desired mAb. mAbs have important applications in biochemical analysis through techniques like ELISA and RIA. They are also used in diagnostic imaging and targeted cancer therapy when conjugated to radioactive isotopes or toxins. However, mouse mAbs used in medical applications can be rejected by the human immune system.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical immunoglobulins generated from a single B-cell clone that recognize a unique epitope on a single antigen. They have various applications including diagnostic applications using biochemical analysis and diagnostic imaging, therapeutic applications as direct treatment agents and targeting agents, and protein purification. Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing B cells from an immunized animal with myeloma cells to generate hybridomas that can produce the monoclonal antibody indefinitely.
Monoclonal antibody, history, development and progressRadhika Hegde
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are artificially produced antibodies that are all identical and recognize the same epitope. This document summarizes the history and production of mAbs, from early discoveries in the late 19th century to modern techniques. It describes the key breakthrough of hybridoma technology by Köhler and Milstein in 1975 that allowed mass production of mAbs by fusing antibody-producing cells with myeloma cells. Various approaches to mAb production are also summarized, including recombinant techniques, phage display, plantibodies, bacterial display, and yeast display. The document concludes with discussion of applications, clinical trials, and future innovations using mAb technology.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are identical antibodies produced by a single clone of immune cells that are all clones of the same parent cell. mAbs can be produced against almost any substance and are important tools in biochemistry and medicine. They are produced through the fusion of antibody-producing cells with myeloma cells to form hybridomas that produce identical antibodies. mAbs have applications in research, diagnostics, and therapy due to their specificity and ability to detect or purify target substances.
Monoclonal antibodies are produced through hybridoma technology which involves fusing antibody-producing B lymphocytes with myeloma cells to create immortal hybridoma cells. These hybridoma cells can be selected in HAT medium and screened to identify those producing antibodies targeted against a specific antigen. The monoclonal antibodies produced through this process have high specificity and purity, making them useful for diagnostic tests, therapeutic applications like cancer treatment, and protein purification.
Monoclonal antibodies are produced through the hybridoma technology developed by Kohler and Milstein in 1975. This involves fusing B cells from an immunized animal with myeloma cells to produce hybridomas that secrete a single antibody specific to the target antigen. The antibodies can be screened and a clone selected to mass produce monoclonal antibodies that recognize a single epitope. Monoclonal antibodies have various applications including disease diagnosis, immunotherapy, and immunosuppression for organ transplants. While powerful tools, limitations include potential immunogenicity and high production costs.
The document describes a proprietary method from Bioworld Consulting Laboratories for generating human antibodies. It captures and immortalizes natural human antibody producing cells to produce antigen-specific human antibodies in vitro. This avoids losing antigen-specific B-cells associated with other methods. It produces natural human antibodies characterized without recombinant technology. Within 6-8 weeks it can obtain monoclonal antibody producing clones, compared to years for traditional methods.
This document discusses monoclonal antibodies and their uses. Monoclonal antibodies are homogeneous antibody preparations produced from a single B cell clone in the laboratory, allowing for highly specific and uniform antibodies that can be produced in large quantities. Some key uses of monoclonal antibodies mentioned include pregnancy tests, diagnosis of HIV infection, and cancer treatment. Pregnancy tests use monoclonal antibodies that detect the hormone HCG. HIV diagnosis tests detect HIV antibodies in blood serum using monoclonal antibodies. Cancer treatment uses monoclonal antibodies attached to drugs to specifically target and kill cancer cells.
This document provides guidelines for the development, production, characterization, and specifications of monoclonal antibodies and related products intended for human use. It covers quality requirements for monoclonal antibodies to be used as medicinal products, including guidelines for development of the monoclonal antibody, production considerations regarding platform manufacturing and viral safety, characterization of physicochemical, immunological and biological properties, and specifications. The document replaces previous guidelines on monoclonal antibodies and sets quality standards for marketing authorization of these products in Europe.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies that are produced by one type of immune cell and are directed against a specific epitope or antigen. They are typically created by fusing myeloma cells with spleen cells from a mouse that has been immunized with the desired antigen. This fusion forms a hybridoma cell line that can produce monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies have important diagnostic uses in detecting conditions like pregnancy and infections. They are also used therapeutically for cancer treatment.
Monoclonal Antibody Production via Hybridoma TechnologyKathryn Howard
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies that bind to a single antigen or epitope. They are produced through hybridoma technology which involves fusing antibody-producing spleen cells with myeloma tumor cells to create immortalized cell lines that secrete the desired antibody. The hybridoma cells are screened using techniques like ELISA or FACS to identify clones that secrete antibodies targeting the antigen of interest. Selected clones are grown in culture medium or injected into mice to produce antibody-rich ascites fluid for harvesting large amounts of monoclonal antibodies.
- Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by a single clone of B cells or hybridoma. They are produced by fusing B cells from an immunized animal with myeloma cells.
- The hybridoma technique involves immunizing an animal, isolating spleen B cells, fusing them with myeloma cells using polyethylene glycol, and screening clones to identify those that produce the desired antibody.
- Hybridomas are immortal cell lines that can produce large quantities of identical monoclonal antibodies directed against a specific antigen or epitope. This technique allows mass production of antibodies for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic uses.
Monoclonal antibodies are man-made versions of immune system proteins that are designed to attach to specific parts of cancer cells. They work in several ways: by making cancer cells more visible to the immune system (Rituxan), blocking growth signals (Erbutux), stopping new blood vessels from forming to limit nutrient supply to tumors (Avastin), and delivering radiation and chemotherapy directly to cancer cells (Zevalin and Kadcyla). This focused approach can help treat cancers like lymphomas, breast cancer, and cancers in the colon, kidneys, cervix, and lungs.
monoclonal antibodies are prepared in laboratories through hybridoma technique, which have their own significance in treating and diagnosing diseases like cancer detection and treatment, pregnancy test, locating blood clots, screening blood for HIU and diagnosing of various other diseases.
Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are identical because they come from identical immune cells that are clones of a unique parent cell. They are produced through hybridoma technology which involves fusing myeloma cells with antibody producing immune cells to produce immortal hybridoma cell lines. Monoclonal antibodies have various applications including diagnostic tests, purification of proteins, cancer therapy, and treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Common types of monoclonal antibodies include murine, chimeric, humanized, and fully human antibodies.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by a single clone of B cells or hybridomas. They can be used for diagnostic tests and therapy. In 1975, Köhler and Milstein developed the technique of fusing myeloma cells with spleen cells from immunized mice to generate hybridomas that produce monoclonal antibodies. This provided an unlimited supply of identical antibodies against specific antigens. Monoclonal antibodies have various applications such as diagnostic tests, purification of substances, and cancer treatment when conjugated to toxins or radioisotopes. However, they can cause side effects like allergic reactions, vomiting, and diarrhea when used intravenously.
Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies produced by a single clone of cells that make one specific antibody. They are homogeneous, specific, and do not vary between batches as they bind to a single antigen. Monoclonal antibodies have applications in diagnostics, such as pregnancy tests, and therapeutics, such as treatments for cancer and organ transplantation. They are produced through cell fusion methods like roller bottle culture or bioreactor culture.
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are antibodies that are identical and bind to the same epitope. The document discusses the history and development of MAb technology, including the hybridoma technique developed by Kohler and Milstein. It describes how MAbs are produced through cell fusion, screening, and cloning. The document outlines applications of MAbs in diagnostics, such as cancer detection and imaging, and therapeutics, including cancer treatment. MAbs provide advantages over polyclonal antibodies in being highly specific and reproducible.
This document discusses monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). It provides a 3 sentence summary:
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by identical immune cells that are clones of a single parent cell. They are produced through the fusion of antibody-producing B cells with myeloma cells to form a hybridoma that replicates indefinitely. This process allows for the mass production of antibodies that are specific to a single antigen or epitope.
Production of monoclonal antibody.in this slide you can easily understand the production in short an its easy to understand as well learn the processes
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). In contrast, polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different plasma cell (antibody secreting immune cell) lineages. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered, by increasing the therapeutic targets of one single monoclonal antibody to two epitopes. Given almost any substance, it is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to that substance; they can then serve to detect or purify that substance. This has become an important tool in biochemistry, molecular biology, and medicine. When used as medications, non-proprietary drug names end in -mab and many immunotherapy specialists use the word mab anacronymically.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical immunoglobulins generated from a single B-cell clone that recognize a unique epitope on a single antigen. They are produced through the fusion of B-cells from an immunized animal with myeloma cells. This process generates hybridoma cells that can produce monoclonal antibodies indefinitely in culture. Monoclonal antibodies have various applications, including use in diagnostic tests, as therapeutic agents, and for protein purification due to their high specificity.
Monoclonal antibodies are produced through hybridoma technology, which involves fusing antibody-producing B-lymphocytes with myeloma cells to create a hybrid cell that can produce antibodies indefinitely. This produces a single type of antibody directed against a specific antigen. While monoclonal antibodies produced in mice can be used for in vitro applications, human monoclonal antibodies are preferred for human therapies due to reduced immunological complications. Methods to produce human monoclonal antibodies include viral transformation of human B-lymphocytes and using SCID mice or transgenic mice to generate human antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies have diagnostic, therapeutic, research, and industrial applications.
Hybridoma Technology & its application in fisheriesUday Das
The document discusses the process of producing monoclonal antibodies through hybridoma technology. It involves fusing antibody-producing B-lymphocytes with myeloma tumor cells to create a hybrid cell that can divide indefinitely and produce antibodies of a single specificity. The process includes immunizing mice, fusing their spleen cells with tumor cells, selecting antibody-producing hybridomas through HAT medium, and harvesting monoclonal antibodies through in vitro or in vivo methods for various medical applications. While this technology has improved disease diagnosis and treatment, it remains inefficient and labor-intensive.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by one type of immune cell that are clones of a single parent cell. They are produced using hybridoma technology which involves fusing antibody producing B cells from an immunized animal with myeloma tumor cells to create a hybridoma cell line. This hybridoma cell line is capable of indefinite division in culture while producing the same monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibodies are then purified from the culture supernatant and have various diagnostic and therapeutic applications such as cancer treatment.
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS
CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ......
ITS A VERY INTERESTING TO LEARN ABOUT HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY .. THEIR PRODUCTION AND
APPLICATION ALSO ....
Monoclonal antibodies are produced through the hybridoma technology developed by Kohler and Milstein in 1975. This involves fusing B cells from an immunized animal with myeloma cells to produce hybridomas that secrete a single antibody specific to the target antigen. The antibodies can be screened and a clone selected to mass produce monoclonal antibodies that recognize a single epitope. Monoclonal antibodies have various applications including disease diagnosis, immunotherapy, and immunosuppression for organ transplants. While powerful tools, limitations include potential immunogenicity and high production costs.
The document describes a proprietary method from Bioworld Consulting Laboratories for generating human antibodies. It captures and immortalizes natural human antibody producing cells to produce antigen-specific human antibodies in vitro. This avoids losing antigen-specific B-cells associated with other methods. It produces natural human antibodies characterized without recombinant technology. Within 6-8 weeks it can obtain monoclonal antibody producing clones, compared to years for traditional methods.
This document discusses monoclonal antibodies and their uses. Monoclonal antibodies are homogeneous antibody preparations produced from a single B cell clone in the laboratory, allowing for highly specific and uniform antibodies that can be produced in large quantities. Some key uses of monoclonal antibodies mentioned include pregnancy tests, diagnosis of HIV infection, and cancer treatment. Pregnancy tests use monoclonal antibodies that detect the hormone HCG. HIV diagnosis tests detect HIV antibodies in blood serum using monoclonal antibodies. Cancer treatment uses monoclonal antibodies attached to drugs to specifically target and kill cancer cells.
This document provides guidelines for the development, production, characterization, and specifications of monoclonal antibodies and related products intended for human use. It covers quality requirements for monoclonal antibodies to be used as medicinal products, including guidelines for development of the monoclonal antibody, production considerations regarding platform manufacturing and viral safety, characterization of physicochemical, immunological and biological properties, and specifications. The document replaces previous guidelines on monoclonal antibodies and sets quality standards for marketing authorization of these products in Europe.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies that are produced by one type of immune cell and are directed against a specific epitope or antigen. They are typically created by fusing myeloma cells with spleen cells from a mouse that has been immunized with the desired antigen. This fusion forms a hybridoma cell line that can produce monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies have important diagnostic uses in detecting conditions like pregnancy and infections. They are also used therapeutically for cancer treatment.
Monoclonal Antibody Production via Hybridoma TechnologyKathryn Howard
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies that bind to a single antigen or epitope. They are produced through hybridoma technology which involves fusing antibody-producing spleen cells with myeloma tumor cells to create immortalized cell lines that secrete the desired antibody. The hybridoma cells are screened using techniques like ELISA or FACS to identify clones that secrete antibodies targeting the antigen of interest. Selected clones are grown in culture medium or injected into mice to produce antibody-rich ascites fluid for harvesting large amounts of monoclonal antibodies.
- Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by a single clone of B cells or hybridoma. They are produced by fusing B cells from an immunized animal with myeloma cells.
- The hybridoma technique involves immunizing an animal, isolating spleen B cells, fusing them with myeloma cells using polyethylene glycol, and screening clones to identify those that produce the desired antibody.
- Hybridomas are immortal cell lines that can produce large quantities of identical monoclonal antibodies directed against a specific antigen or epitope. This technique allows mass production of antibodies for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic uses.
Monoclonal antibodies are man-made versions of immune system proteins that are designed to attach to specific parts of cancer cells. They work in several ways: by making cancer cells more visible to the immune system (Rituxan), blocking growth signals (Erbutux), stopping new blood vessels from forming to limit nutrient supply to tumors (Avastin), and delivering radiation and chemotherapy directly to cancer cells (Zevalin and Kadcyla). This focused approach can help treat cancers like lymphomas, breast cancer, and cancers in the colon, kidneys, cervix, and lungs.
monoclonal antibodies are prepared in laboratories through hybridoma technique, which have their own significance in treating and diagnosing diseases like cancer detection and treatment, pregnancy test, locating blood clots, screening blood for HIU and diagnosing of various other diseases.
Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies that are identical because they come from identical immune cells that are clones of a unique parent cell. They are produced through hybridoma technology which involves fusing myeloma cells with antibody producing immune cells to produce immortal hybridoma cell lines. Monoclonal antibodies have various applications including diagnostic tests, purification of proteins, cancer therapy, and treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Common types of monoclonal antibodies include murine, chimeric, humanized, and fully human antibodies.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by a single clone of B cells or hybridomas. They can be used for diagnostic tests and therapy. In 1975, Köhler and Milstein developed the technique of fusing myeloma cells with spleen cells from immunized mice to generate hybridomas that produce monoclonal antibodies. This provided an unlimited supply of identical antibodies against specific antigens. Monoclonal antibodies have various applications such as diagnostic tests, purification of substances, and cancer treatment when conjugated to toxins or radioisotopes. However, they can cause side effects like allergic reactions, vomiting, and diarrhea when used intravenously.
Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies produced by a single clone of cells that make one specific antibody. They are homogeneous, specific, and do not vary between batches as they bind to a single antigen. Monoclonal antibodies have applications in diagnostics, such as pregnancy tests, and therapeutics, such as treatments for cancer and organ transplantation. They are produced through cell fusion methods like roller bottle culture or bioreactor culture.
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are antibodies that are identical and bind to the same epitope. The document discusses the history and development of MAb technology, including the hybridoma technique developed by Kohler and Milstein. It describes how MAbs are produced through cell fusion, screening, and cloning. The document outlines applications of MAbs in diagnostics, such as cancer detection and imaging, and therapeutics, including cancer treatment. MAbs provide advantages over polyclonal antibodies in being highly specific and reproducible.
This document discusses monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). It provides a 3 sentence summary:
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by identical immune cells that are clones of a single parent cell. They are produced through the fusion of antibody-producing B cells with myeloma cells to form a hybridoma that replicates indefinitely. This process allows for the mass production of antibodies that are specific to a single antigen or epitope.
Production of monoclonal antibody.in this slide you can easily understand the production in short an its easy to understand as well learn the processes
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). In contrast, polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different plasma cell (antibody secreting immune cell) lineages. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered, by increasing the therapeutic targets of one single monoclonal antibody to two epitopes. Given almost any substance, it is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to that substance; they can then serve to detect or purify that substance. This has become an important tool in biochemistry, molecular biology, and medicine. When used as medications, non-proprietary drug names end in -mab and many immunotherapy specialists use the word mab anacronymically.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical immunoglobulins generated from a single B-cell clone that recognize a unique epitope on a single antigen. They are produced through the fusion of B-cells from an immunized animal with myeloma cells. This process generates hybridoma cells that can produce monoclonal antibodies indefinitely in culture. Monoclonal antibodies have various applications, including use in diagnostic tests, as therapeutic agents, and for protein purification due to their high specificity.
Monoclonal antibodies are produced through hybridoma technology, which involves fusing antibody-producing B-lymphocytes with myeloma cells to create a hybrid cell that can produce antibodies indefinitely. This produces a single type of antibody directed against a specific antigen. While monoclonal antibodies produced in mice can be used for in vitro applications, human monoclonal antibodies are preferred for human therapies due to reduced immunological complications. Methods to produce human monoclonal antibodies include viral transformation of human B-lymphocytes and using SCID mice or transgenic mice to generate human antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies have diagnostic, therapeutic, research, and industrial applications.
Hybridoma Technology & its application in fisheriesUday Das
The document discusses the process of producing monoclonal antibodies through hybridoma technology. It involves fusing antibody-producing B-lymphocytes with myeloma tumor cells to create a hybrid cell that can divide indefinitely and produce antibodies of a single specificity. The process includes immunizing mice, fusing their spleen cells with tumor cells, selecting antibody-producing hybridomas through HAT medium, and harvesting monoclonal antibodies through in vitro or in vivo methods for various medical applications. While this technology has improved disease diagnosis and treatment, it remains inefficient and labor-intensive.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by one type of immune cell that are clones of a single parent cell. They are produced using hybridoma technology which involves fusing antibody producing B cells from an immunized animal with myeloma tumor cells to create a hybridoma cell line. This hybridoma cell line is capable of indefinite division in culture while producing the same monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibodies are then purified from the culture supernatant and have various diagnostic and therapeutic applications such as cancer treatment.
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS
CHALLENGING SUBJECT TO TEACH AND UNDERSTAND ......
ITS A VERY INTERESTING TO LEARN ABOUT HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY .. THEIR PRODUCTION AND
APPLICATION ALSO ....
What are Antibody
Monoclonal Antibody (mAb)
Structure of mAb
Types of Monoclonal Antibody (mAb)
Preparation of Monoclonal Antibody
Hybridoma Technique, Phage display Technique
Application of Monoclonal Antibody
Advantage and Disadvantage of Monoclonal Antibody
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by a single clone of B cells that recognize a specific epitope on an antigen. They are produced through the fusion of B cells from an immunized animal with myeloma cells to form a hybridoma. This hybridoma will continuously secrete the same monoclonal antibody. Monoclonal antibodies have various diagnostic and therapeutic applications including use in biochemical assays, diagnostic imaging, cancer treatment, and protein purification due to their high specificity for targets.
Students of medical and allied subjects must be exposed to the concept of monoclonal antibodies for the efficient practice of clinical and laboratory medicine.
Production of monoclonal antibodies and applications in therapy and diagnosisAhmed Madni
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by a single clone of cells that bind to a specific epitope. They are produced through the fusion of antibody-producing B cells with myeloma cells, generating hybridoma cells that can produce antibodies indefinitely. Monoclonal antibodies have applications in therapy and diagnosis, including detecting antigens through techniques like ELISA, purifying proteins, and treating cancers by delivering toxins or radioisotopes to tumor cells. Advances in engineering have reduced issues like human anti-mouse antibody responses by creating chimeric or humanized antibodies.
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from single clones of B cells and recognize a specific antigen. They have advantages over polyclonal antibodies like homogeneity, specificity, and unlimited production. Monoclonal antibodies are created through cell fusion between B cells and myeloma cells to form immortal hybridoma cells that produce the same antibody. They have various medical uses including cancer therapy, diagnostics, and treatment of autoimmune disorders.
Monoclonal antibody production by hybridoma technologyHasnat Tariq
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by a single clone of B cells that recognize a specific epitope. They are produced through the hybridoma technology which involves fusing antibody producing B cells with myeloma cells to form a hybridoma cell line. This allows for the mass production of antibodies that recognize a single epitope. Monoclonal antibodies have various applications including use in biochemical analysis through techniques like ELISA and RIA. They can also be used for diagnostic imaging by labeling them with radioisotopes.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by a single clone of cells that recognize a specific antigen. They are produced through the fusion of antibody-producing B cells with myeloma cells to form a hybridoma that can produce the antibody indefinitely. Monoclonal antibodies have advantages like homogeneity and specificity since each recognizes the same epitope. They have various applications like cancer treatment and treating rheumatoid arthritis. Some common monoclonal antibodies are Bevacizumab, Rituximab, Abciximab, and Palivizumab which are used to treat conditions like cancer, arthritis, and respiratory infections.
This document summarizes monoclonal antibodies and gene therapy. It discusses the discovery of monoclonal antibodies by Kohler and Milstein in 1975. It describes the production process of monoclonal antibodies which involves immunizing mice, fusing spleen cells with myeloma cells to form hybridomas, and cloning cell lines. The document also discusses types of monoclonal antibodies including murine, chimeric, and humanized, as well as applications in cancer therapy, diagnostics, and immunosuppression. Gene therapy techniques like ex vivo and in vivo delivery are summarized along with strategies for cancer like suicide gene therapy using thymidine kinase.
This is a presentation I prepared to demonstrate my mastery of the basics of Immunohistochemistry during my first two months of employment as a Biologist at the Cell Marque Corporation. Please note, there are a few slides that appear to be dysfunctional and overlapping; this is due to the fact that these particular slides included complex animations that I designed to illustrate various scientific concepts related to the practice of Immunohistochemistry. If you wish to view this presentation in its entirety (animations included), feel free to contact me via LinkedIn and I will gladly provide you with a fully-functional version.
This document provides an overview of monoclonal antibodies and gene therapy. It discusses the discovery of monoclonal antibodies by Kohler and Milstein in 1975. It also describes the multi-step process of producing monoclonal antibodies through cell fusion and hybridoma technology. Several types of monoclonal antibodies are outlined, along with their purification techniques and therapeutic applications in cancer treatment and other diseases. Gene therapy approaches including ex vivo and in vivo methods are briefly introduced.
Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by a single clone of B cells that are specific to a single epitope. They offer reproducible and predictable immune responses. Polyclonal antibodies are produced by multiple B cell clones and bind to multiple epitopes. Monoclonal antibodies are produced using hybridoma technology which fuses myeloma cells with antibody producing spleen cells to generate immortal hybridoma cell lines. They have various applications in diagnostics and therapeutics including cancer treatment by mechanisms like blocking receptor signaling, immunomodulation and antibody-dependent cytotoxicity.
1. Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies that are produced by a single clone of B-cells and recognize a single epitope.
2. The document discusses the history, development, production and applications of monoclonal antibodies including their use in diagnostics, therapeutics, and protein purification.
3. Key applications include use in assays like ELISA and RIA, diagnostic imaging, treatment of cancer, AIDS, and immunosuppression for organ transplants.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have various applications including diagnostic, therapeutic, and catalytic uses. Diagnostically, mAbs are used in pregnancy tests, disease diagnostics, and immunohistochemistry. Therapeutically, mAbs treat cancer, transplant rejection, and autoimmune diseases by mechanisms like enhancing immune response, blocking growth signals, inhibiting angiogenesis or cytokines. Some FDA-approved mAbs for cancer include rituximab, trastuzumab, and bevacizumab. Conjugated mAbs can deliver toxins or radiation directly to tumors. mAbs also have applications in areas like organ transplantation, autoimmune diseases, and drug targeting.
It includes general introduction to antibodies; Monoclonal antibodies; comparison between Polyclonal & Monoclonal antibodies; Hybridoma Technology & Hyridoma Selection; advantages & disadvantages of mABs; Applications of mABs; Recombinant Monoclonal antibodies production through Antibody Engineering.
1. Isolate B cells from recovered COVID-19 patients that produce antibodies against the virus.
2. Fuse the B cells with myeloma cells to generate immortalized hybridoma cell lines.
3. Select a hybridoma that produces the desired anti-COVID-19 antibody and sequence the antibody genes.
4. Insert the antibody genes into a mammalian expression vector and transfect CHO cells for recombinant antibody production.
The document discusses hybridoma technology which involves fusing antibody-producing B cells with myeloma cells to produce hybridoma cells that are immortal and secrete monoclonal antibodies. Key steps include immunizing mice, fusing spleen and myeloma cells, selecting hybrids in HAT medium, and cloning hybridomas through limiting dilution. Advanced techniques allow selective fusion through antigen preselection of B cells and attachment to myeloma cells via biotin-avidin binding for targeted monoclonal antibody production.
The document discusses the use of design of experiments (DoE) in pharmaceutical development. It begins with an introduction to DoE, covering its history, terminology, why and how it is used. The document then discusses the types of DoE including factorial designs and fractional factorial designs. Examples of DoE applications in areas like oral drug delivery and inhalation drug delivery are provided. The advantages of DoE include maximizing process knowledge with minimal resources and establishing cause-and-effect relationships. The document concludes that DoE is a useful statistical tool that can promote quality in pharmaceutical development.
The document describes an ACS chemistry festival quiz competition for school students organized by IMDAD H. MUKERI. It provides the rules and regulations of the quiz including that it is a team-based competition with 4 members per group, no negative marking, use of mobile devices is not allowed, questions will be in multiple choice format, and each group will get 8 questions to answer within 1 minute per question. It then provides 24 multiple choice questions as sample questions that may be asked in the quiz competition covering various topics in chemistry, general knowledge, and current affairs.
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are the most stable metal nanoparticles, also called Gold Colloidal nanomaterials that have quasi-dynamic nature.
Their properties include high stability, high surface area, good conductivity, and low toxicity and biocompatibility Useful in biological applications.
BCS Guideline for solubility and Dissolution.pptxImdad H. Mukeri
Briefly explanation of The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) of drug substance
and its solubility in the pH range of 1–7.5, absorption or intestinal membrane permeability
This document provides information about electrophoresis. It begins with an acknowledgment and table of contents. Then it provides definitions and explanations of electrophoresis, including that it involves the migration of charged particles under an electric field. It discusses factors that affect electrophoresis like electric field strength. It also describes the basic instrumentation, including apparatus, power supply, and reagents like agarose gel, buffer solutions and dyes. Finally, it explains different electrophoresis techniques like paper, capillary and gel electrophoresis, focusing on gel electrophoresis and its uses and procedures.
This document discusses biosensor technology. It defines biosensors as devices that sense and analyze biological information and convert it into an electrical signal. The document outlines various types of biosensors and their applications, including use in medical diagnosis, industrial monitoring, clinical analysis, pollution monitoring, and more. It concludes that biosensor technology is still emerging but has great potential to lower healthcare costs while maintaining quality of care.
This document discusses calibration of instruments. It defines calibration as comparing a test instrument to a more precise standard to determine any errors. Calibration is important for accurate measurements and maintaining traceability. There are three main types of calibration: electro-technical, non-electrical, and on-site calibration. Calibration management systems require unique identification of instruments, calibration procedures and schedules, standards traceable to national standards, and trained personnel. Calibration helps minimize errors and ensure accurate quality control and dispute resolution.
The document discusses Good Documentation Practices (GDP) and their importance for regulatory compliance, product quality standards, and certification. It outlines key components of GDP like quality management systems and risk management strategies. The aims of GDP are described as accurate, concise, legible, traceable, contemporaneous, enduring, and accessible documentation. Principles of GDP discussed include never falsifying, destroying, or altering records. Examples provided include documentation of equipment cleaning, raw materials, batch production, and a record keeping system.
This document discusses herbs and herbal medicine. It defines herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations, finished herbal products, herbal medicines, and herbal medicinal products. Herbal materials include fresh juices, gums, oils, essential oils, resins and dried powders from herbs. Herbal preparations are used to create finished herbal products and can include extracts, tinctures and oils from herbal materials. Finished herbal products contain one or more herbal preparations from single or multiple plants. The document also discusses herbal drug preparation and concludes that natural herbal products have played an important role in improving human health.
The document discusses cholera, which is an acute enteric infection caused by ingesting water or food contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It can lead to severe dehydration and death if left untreated. Prevention involves providing access to clean water and sanitation as well as promoting good hygiene practices. Symptoms of cholera include diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration therapy to replace fluids and electrolytes lost from diarrhea.
The document describes radioimmune assay (RIA), a technique developed in 1959 for measuring hormone levels in plasma. RIA uses radioactive tracers, antibodies, and analytes (the substance being measured) to detect very small quantities as low as trillionths of a gram. It works by having a labeled analyte compete with unlabeled analyte in a sample for binding to antibodies. The amount of labeled analyte bound can then indicate the concentration of unlabeled analyte present. RIA is useful for quantifying hormones, drugs, antigens, and other substances in biological fluids. It provides high sensitivity, specificity, and an indirect method of analysis.
This document provides information about herbal cosmetics. It discusses how herbal cosmetics are formulated using permissible cosmetic ingredients and herbal ingredients to provide defined cosmetic benefits. The document includes sections on the definition of herbal cosmetics, herbal extracts for cosmetics, sources and descriptions of common Indian herbal materials used in cosmetics like amla, brahmi, and neem. It also discusses the types of herbal cosmetics according to application site, advantages and disadvantages of herbal cosmetics, common antioxidants used like vitamin C and E, and examples of herbal ingredients used in skin and hair care like coconut oil, sunflower oil, and aloe vera
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
2. Title and Content
Introduction to monoclonal antibiotics
Types of monoclonal antibiotics with suitable example
application of monoclonal antibiotics
Conclusion and References
3. Introduction to monoclonal antibodies
In a broader perspective, an antigen (or immunogen) molecule predominantly
possesses antigenic determinants of more than one specificity. In other words,
different determinants shall undergo viable interaction with altogether different
antibodies.
In reality, each separate antigenic determinant of the antigen will have a tendency to
get bound to a fully mature B-cell whose surface immunoglobin (SIg) specifically
matches the characteristic features presented by the concerned determinant.
Contrary to this aforesaid phenomenon, a hybridoma* clone gives rise to the
antibodies of a single specificity as the particular clone is actually derived from the
fusion of a single well differentiated (antibody producing) B-lymphocyte having a
myeloma cell i.e., essentially being a clone of a single Bcell.
therefore, quite obvious and evident to term these antibodies as monoclonal antibodies
(MABs). Naturally, most of the molecules of an ensuing MAB shall essentially possess
the same specificity.
4. The astronomical growth in the field of pharmacobiotechnology in the last two decade
has broadened the scope of MABs to a great extent in the following two cardinal aspects
of immunodiagnostics, namely :
(a) MABs in diagnostics, and
(b) (b) MABs in imaging and therapy.
MABs in diagnostics: In the recent past, MABs have gained rapid and wide
recognition into the ever expanding field of heath-care diagnostics. In fact, there are
normally four vital and predominant methodologies that find their enormous
applications in ‘diagnostics'’, for example
5. Title and Content Layout with SmartArt
1 Immunoassay Most immunoassays are carried out by the application of radioactive antibodies [i.e.,
radio immunoassays (RIAs)] whereby the sample exhibiting radioactivity shall be
retained onto the sample. However, the underlined and prescribed stringency and
authencity of RIA tests largely restrict it to centralized specialist diagnostic facilities
exclusively
2 Enzyme immunoassay In this specific instance a particular color-producing enzyme is coupled to the antibody.
Thus, the outcome of the results may be read either directly by a naked eye or
spectrophotometrically.
3 Enzyme cascade
immunoassay
Here, a number of enzyme reactions are taking place are coupled strategically to
produce an appreciable amplification of the original binding signal that is either read by
a naked eye or spectrophotometrically, and
4 Fluorescence
Immunoassays
Precisely, these are more or less inter-related techniques wherein the ‘lable’ either
gives rise to fluorescence or light respectively.
Example 1. Pregnancy Dipstick Test. It is solely based on MABs ; the pregnancy dipstick test
determines the pregnancy either at home or in a clinical laboratory. 2. Ovulation
Dipstick Test. Another type of dipstick test based on MABs that essentially ascertains
the positive or negative ovulation on a subject, and 3. AIDS test. MABs based AIDS test
kit is abundantly available to identify its presence in donated blood samples.
6. MABs in Imaging and Therapy :
It is, however, quite pertinent to state here that the most acute and major observed
hindrances ever encountered in the management and subsequent treatment of cancer
virtually lies in the fact that the malignant cells have a very close resemblance to the normal
cells. Therefore, it is quite evident and possible that such ‘therapeutic agents’ which are
solely intended to cause complete destruction of the cancerous cells would also destroy
invariably the ‘normal cells’ as well perhaps by virtue of their close resemblance. However, it
has already been well established that the surfaces of the malignant cells do differ in certain
respects from those of the normal cells.
But we have seen earlier that MABs exclusively recognize
specific antigens on cells, they are being fully exploited to image cancerous tumors
particularly in an intense on-going clinical research undertaking, and also in therapy against
a variety of malignancies, namely : colon and breast cancer ; lymphomas ; and melanomas.
7. A few typical examples have been adequately detailed
below, namely
1. Gastrointestinal Cancer: MABs is used alone to combat gastrointestinal cancer. The
underlying principle being that when the antibodies opt to bind to the turnover, they
invariably exhibit a tendency to attract the cells of the immune system to act against
the prevailing cancerous tissue.
2. Lung, Breast, Prostate, and Pancreas Cancer: It is, however, pertinent to mention
here that enough research activities have triggered off in the recent past towards the
development of monoclonal conjugates of two important class of drugs, such as :
(i) Anthracycline Drugs. Such as antibodies having quinones and related
structures e.g., Adriamycin(R) (Adrio) ; Bufex(R) (Bristol).
(ii) Desacetyl Vinblastine. When desacetylvinblastine i.e., a chemical entity
obtained either from the plant source or produced by plant cell culture, is conjugated to
a monoclonal which consequently acts specifically on lung, prostrate, breast and
pancreas malignant cells.
8. Production of Monoclonal Antibodies (MABs)
It is well established at present that monoclonal antibodies are invariably produced
from hybridoma clones ; whereas each hybridoma clone is meticulously derived by the
actual fusion of a mycloma cell together with an antibody producing lymphocyte, and
ultimately the hybridoma clone producing the desired antibody is adequately isolated
and subsequently identified.’ In actual practice the ‘hybridoma cells’ are mass cultured
for the overall production of MABs with the help of one of the following two methods,
namely :
(a) Culture in Peritoneal Cavity i.e., in vivo peritoneal cavity of mice, and
(b) Mass in vitro culture i.e., in vitro large scale culture vessels.
The above two methodologies shall now be discussed individually in the sections that
follows :
9. Culture in Peritoneal Cavity
In this developed, tested and tried methodology the ‘hybridoma cells’ are strategically
transplanted into the peritoneal cavity of a suitable and highly purified strain of mice,
and subsequently the ascetic fluid derived from the animals is duly harvested and the
MABs are purified meticulously. Importantly, this particular technique positively yields
between 50-100 times higher quantum of the ‘desired antibody’ in comparison to the
usual traditional in vitro culture of the hybridomas
It is, however pertinent to state here that there are three important characteristic
features of this technique, namely :
(a) Generally, the ensuing ‘antibody preparations’ happen to be a lower purity than those
obtained from the corresponding cell cultures, particularly if, serum-free media are
employed,
(b) Methodology involved is predominantly a labour-intensive one, and
(c) Unconditionally and absolutely pathogen-free animals of particular genotypes are
essentially required.
10. Mass in vitro Culture
One may accomplish the commercial/large-scale culture of the ‘hybridoma cells’ by
adopting any one of the three methodologies, namely
(a) Bioreactors with frequent stirring device
(b) Aircraft fermentors and
(c) Specific vessels based on immobilized cells.
In actual practice, the culture systems making use of specifically immbolized cells are
responsible for the progressive cultivation of cells at very high densities that markedly
increases the production of ‘antibody’ in vivo. Examples : There are two typical examples to
expatiate the above process i.e. mass in vitro culture, namely :
(a) Hollow fibre cartridges (i.e., a culture system) — found to yield 40 g MABs per month ;
and
(b) (b) Special ceramic cartridges (i.e., an optical system) found to yield 50 g MABs per day.
Future Scope. An extensive and intensive research towards the futuristic developments
and progress in the area of immobilized culture systems may ultimately give rise to an
increased production of MABs in a significant manner, and therapy markedly and
pronouncedly minimize the cost of their mass production from the cell cultures.
11. The various steps that are involved sequentially in the
production of MABs and polyclonal antiserum
(1) A very specific ‘antigen’ (immunogen) comprising of four epitopes was injected into mice
where B cells have already commenced generating antibodies against that antigen.
(2) The same mice (pure strain of albino mice), received another ‘booster dose’ of the same
antigen so as to accomplish a much desired ‘secondary response.
(3) The ‘spleen’ of the treated mice was duly removed after a gap of 3-4 days that essentially
comprised of B cells active enough in the process of synthesizing ‘specific antibodies.
(4) The isolated spleen was adequately macerated and the resulting spleen cells thus
obtained in the form of a suspension consisting of B cells giving rise to four distinct cell
lines i.e., one cell line representing a specific antigenic determinant (epitope).
(5) The resulting spleen cells were meticulously mixed with the mycloma cells of the mice
derived from the bone marrow and incubated in a culture medium containing polyethylene
glycol (PEG).
(6) Quite a few of the ‘spleen cells’ were adequately fused with neoplasm (tumour) cells to
result into the formation of hybrid mycloma cells.
12. (7) The spleen cells thus obtained are hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT)
— positive and fuse with myeloma cells to give rise to hybridomas [see (6) above] ;
besides, utilize hypoxanthine categorically to generate purines and pyrimidines.
(8) The hybrid myeloma cells (hybridomas) do survive and continue to multiply
indefinitely thereby producing a good number of ‘specific antibodies’ against the
‘specific antigens’.
(9) Each hybridoma cell is isolated meticulously and duly cultured individually to allow
them to multiply in a clone of daughter cells.
(10) It has been observed that such ‘hybridomas’ are absolutely uniform and permanent
characteristically ; and, therefore, when cloned through several generations, invariably
give rise to only one type of antibody having specific feature of the parent B cell, hence
termed as monoclonal antibodies (MABs).
13. Application of Monoclonal Antibodies (MABs)
The most spectacular major advantage of the monoclonal antibodies (MABs) is that most
of the antibody molecules present in a single preparation strategically undergo reaction
with a single antigenic determinant or a single epitope.
These may be classified judiciously into the following four categories, namely :
a) Diagnostic Utilities,
b) Biological Reagents in Diversified Disciplines,
c) Therapeutic Usages,
d) Immunopurification, and
e) Miscellaneous Applications
14. Diagnostic Utilities
Diagnostic utilities are mainly focused when MABs are employed to detect and identify
the very presence of either a particular antigen (immunogen) or of antibodies specific
to an antigen in a sample or samples.
Biological Reagents in Diversified Disciplines
S.N DISCIPLNE APPLICATION
1 Bacteriology Identification of microorganism, and their respective pathogenicity (i.e.., disease
producing organisms)
2 Cytology Cell separation by employing fluorescent antibodies, carcinoma cells etc.,
3 Diagnostics Diagnosis of viral hepatitis, typhoid, filariasis, amoebiasis, breast cancer, HIV-infections,
pregnancy tests, haemolytic diseases, genetic disorders, Japanese encephalitis,
autoimmune and immunodeficiency disease.
4 Immunology Immunoassays, characterization antibody, molecules, antigenic determinants, neoplasm
antigens, analysis and identification of T-cell subsets, cytotoxic drug conjugated with
MABs against tumour antigens to act as ‘magic bullets’.
15. 5 Virology Detection and identification of viruses, expression of viral
antigens in infected cell-membranes etc.
Therapeutic Usages: The therapeutic usages essentially and prominently
make use of MABs to combat two vital aspects first, the management and treatment of
a disease condition and secondly, to afford a reasonable protection from a disease
profile.
Immunopurification: The highly specific and critical interaction of an ‘antibody’ to an
‘antigen’ is largely employed for the purification of antigens that are essentially present in small
quantum in the form of a mixture along with several kinds of other molecules
16. Miscellaneous Applications
There are quite a few miscellaneous applications of MABs which would be discussed in
the sections that follows :
(1) Drug Delivery and Targeting: The most vital and exemplary application of MABs
in therapeutic domain is to precisely direct and guide a drug adequately conjugated
with MABs against the neoplasm (tumour) antigens strategically positioned on the
target cells. In other words, a ‘toxic drug entity’ is very selectively and precisely
delivered to the target cell (i.e., neoplasm cells) without causing any affect on the
normal cells.
(2) Identification of Lymphocyte Subpopulations. A major break through and spectacular
advancement in the application of MABs has been critically focused towards the
identification for the sub-populations of lymphocytes by the help of Fluorescence-
Activated Cell Sorter (FACS).
17. CONCLUSION
ALL STREAM OF THE MONOCLONAL ANTIBIOTICS AND THEIR APPLICATION HAS
BEEN STUDIES IN ABOVES.
REFERENCES:
Text book of pharmaceutical biotechnology written by sambaburthy and ashutosh karn
page no.53-58