This document discusses hypertensive retinopathy and central retinal artery and vein occlusions. It defines hypertensive retinopathy as fundus changes occurring in patients with systemic hypertension, including retinopathy, choroidopathy, and optic neuropathy. It describes the fundus changes seen in chronic and malignant hypertensive retinopathy. It then discusses central retinal artery occlusion and central retinal vein occlusion, their etiologies, symptoms, signs, and treatments.
Each eyelid contains a fibrous plate, called a tarsus, that gives it structure and shape; muscles, which move the eyelids; and meibomian (or tarsal) glands, which secrete lubricating fluids. The lids are covered with skin, lined with mucous membrane, and bordered with a fringe of hairs, the eyelashes.
Ischemic condition affecting the eye.
The ischemia can occur secondary to systemically problem [or] particulary the eye.
Many retinal vascular disorders {like CRAO,CRVO,Diabetic retinopathy,Hypertensive Retinopathy} shows ischemic signs.
Each eyelid contains a fibrous plate, called a tarsus, that gives it structure and shape; muscles, which move the eyelids; and meibomian (or tarsal) glands, which secrete lubricating fluids. The lids are covered with skin, lined with mucous membrane, and bordered with a fringe of hairs, the eyelashes.
Ischemic condition affecting the eye.
The ischemia can occur secondary to systemically problem [or] particulary the eye.
Many retinal vascular disorders {like CRAO,CRVO,Diabetic retinopathy,Hypertensive Retinopathy} shows ischemic signs.
Hypertensive Retinopathy (HTN-R) for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Covers the basics of Aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, Classification and management of HTN-R.
Also encompasses salient points for PGMEE
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
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Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
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O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
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2. HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY
It refers to fundus changes
occurring in patients
suffering from systemic
hypertension.
It includes :
Retinopathy
Choroidopathy
Optic neuropathy
10. Arteriolar reflex changes
Bright and thin ,linear blood reflex is
seen normally over the surface of the
arteriole.
More diffuse & less bright reflex is seen
due to thickening of vessel wall
19. Acute hypertensive optic neuropathy
Disc edema &
hemorrhages on the
disc and
peripapillary retina
Disc pallor
20.
21. MANAGEMENT
Blood Pressure control
Risk reduction therapy e.g. cholesterol
lowering drugs
Anti hypertensive drugs
22. CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY
OCCLUSION
It is an ocular emergency
It occurs due to obstruction at the level of
lamina cribosa
Usually unilateral
Male >Female
24. Sudden painless of vision
There may be history of
transient visual loss
(amaurosis fugax)
SYMPTOMS
Visual acuity reduced
Direct pupillary light
absent
Relative afferent pupillary
defect present
SIGNS
25. Narrowing of retinal vessels
Retina becomes milky white : in eyes with cilioretinal
artery part of macula remains normal
Cherry red spot in the centre of macula (in absence of
cilioretinal artery)
Cattle tracking
Atrophic changes :
• Grossly attenuated thread like arteries
• Atrophic appearing retina
• Consecutive optic atrophy
FUNDUS CHANGES OF CRAO
26.
27.
28. TREATMENT OF CRAO
Aggressive treatment of acute episodes
should be done.
Lower the IOP
Vasodilators and inhalation of mixture of
5% co2 & 95% O2 or patient is asked to
breathe in a polythene bag
Fibrinolytic therapy
IV steroids in case of arteritis
Laser photodisruption of embolus
30. ETIOLOGY OF CRVO
Pressure on vein by atherosclerotic retinal
artery
HTN,DM
Hyperviscosity of blood
Periphlebitis retinae
Raised IOP
Local causes:
o Orbital cellulitis
o Orbital tumors
o Facial erysipelas
o Cavernous sinus
thrombosis
37. TREATMENT
Treatment of systemic & ocular associations
such as HTN,DM,hypelipidemias,POAG
Observation and monitoring : more than 50%
cases of CRVO resolves with almost normal
vision
Medical therapy:
Intravitreal anti-VEGF (bevacizumab,
ranibizumab)
Intravitreal triamcinolone
Laser therapy
Pars Plana Vitrectomy