This document provides an overview of hematology and blood components. It discusses that hematology is the study of blood and its components. The document outlines the course contents for a hematology course including theory on blood cells, hemoglobin, anemias, blood grouping systems, and coagulation. It also covers practical components like blood typing and determining hematological parameters. Additionally, it summarizes the composition and functions of blood, the different blood cell types including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, and characteristics of lymphocytes.
Hematology is the study of blood and blood-forming organs. Key topics covered include hematopoiesis, the production of blood cells; normal blood volume and components; red blood cell production and function; white blood cell types and roles; platelet function; and common blood disorders such as anemias, leukemias, and bleeding/clotting disorders. Diseases are discussed in relation to abnormal cell counts or functions that can cause symptoms like fatigue, bleeding, or infection.
Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, waste and other substances throughout the body. It is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. There are four main blood types (A, B, AB, O) which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. The Rh factor is also important, as a negative mother can produce antibodies if exposed to a positive baby's blood. Diseases of the blood include leukemia, where abnormal white blood cells are overproduced, and anemia, where red blood cells cannot carry enough oxygen.
This document provides an overview of hematology, including the functions and components of blood, blood forming organs, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, blood disorders, and common blood tests. Key points include that blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste; is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets; and common disorders include anemia, leukemia, hemophilia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Laboratory tests discussed include complete blood count, coagulation studies, and differential white blood cell count.
This document provides an introduction to hematology and summarizes key topics including:
1. The components of blood and cellular elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Principles of hematologic diagnosis including medical history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluations like complete blood count and peripheral blood smear.
3. Causes of anemia including hypoproliferative anemias like anemia of chronic disease and anemia of renal disease.
4. Aplastic anemia, its definition, epidemiology, etiology including acquired, inherited, and secondary causes.
Blood contains nutrients, wastes, gases, cells and heat that it transports around the body. Red blood cells are produced in bone marrow and contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen. Different blood types are classified by antigens on red blood cells, and compatibility must be considered for transfusions to avoid agglutination reactions.
Hematology is the study of blood and blood forming organs. It involves the formation and development of blood cells through hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis begins in the yolk sac and later the liver, spleen, and bone marrow take over production of blood cells. The bone marrow contains stem cells that can differentiate into various blood cell types through committed progenitor cells. It maintains homeostasis by replacing blood cells that have a limited lifespan.
Introduction to veterinary hematology / Assist.Prof.Sr. Salah Al - KubaisiSalah Mahmoud
- Hematology is the study of blood cells, which include red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, and white blood cells (WBCs). RBCs are responsible for oxygen transport.
- RBCs are produced through erythropoiesis in the red bone marrow. This process takes 4-7 days to complete. When demand for RBCs increases, the bone marrow increases production by allowing younger cells to enter circulation or by speeding up maturation.
- RBCs survive for 2-5 months before being broken down. Their hemoglobin is broken into parts, with iron recycled and other parts excreted, giving feces their color.
- Erythro
The document provides an overview of hematology and the components of blood. It describes how blood circulates from the heart through arteries and veins, and how gases are exchanged in capillaries. The main components of blood are plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It details the formation of blood cells through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow, and the different types of white blood cells. Common blood tests like complete blood count and disorders of the blood components are also summarized.
Hematology is the study of blood and blood-forming organs. Key topics covered include hematopoiesis, the production of blood cells; normal blood volume and components; red blood cell production and function; white blood cell types and roles; platelet function; and common blood disorders such as anemias, leukemias, and bleeding/clotting disorders. Diseases are discussed in relation to abnormal cell counts or functions that can cause symptoms like fatigue, bleeding, or infection.
Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, waste and other substances throughout the body. It is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. There are four main blood types (A, B, AB, O) which are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. The Rh factor is also important, as a negative mother can produce antibodies if exposed to a positive baby's blood. Diseases of the blood include leukemia, where abnormal white blood cells are overproduced, and anemia, where red blood cells cannot carry enough oxygen.
This document provides an overview of hematology, including the functions and components of blood, blood forming organs, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, blood disorders, and common blood tests. Key points include that blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste; is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets; and common disorders include anemia, leukemia, hemophilia, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Laboratory tests discussed include complete blood count, coagulation studies, and differential white blood cell count.
This document provides an introduction to hematology and summarizes key topics including:
1. The components of blood and cellular elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Principles of hematologic diagnosis including medical history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluations like complete blood count and peripheral blood smear.
3. Causes of anemia including hypoproliferative anemias like anemia of chronic disease and anemia of renal disease.
4. Aplastic anemia, its definition, epidemiology, etiology including acquired, inherited, and secondary causes.
Blood contains nutrients, wastes, gases, cells and heat that it transports around the body. Red blood cells are produced in bone marrow and contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen. Different blood types are classified by antigens on red blood cells, and compatibility must be considered for transfusions to avoid agglutination reactions.
Hematology is the study of blood and blood forming organs. It involves the formation and development of blood cells through hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis begins in the yolk sac and later the liver, spleen, and bone marrow take over production of blood cells. The bone marrow contains stem cells that can differentiate into various blood cell types through committed progenitor cells. It maintains homeostasis by replacing blood cells that have a limited lifespan.
Introduction to veterinary hematology / Assist.Prof.Sr. Salah Al - KubaisiSalah Mahmoud
- Hematology is the study of blood cells, which include red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, and white blood cells (WBCs). RBCs are responsible for oxygen transport.
- RBCs are produced through erythropoiesis in the red bone marrow. This process takes 4-7 days to complete. When demand for RBCs increases, the bone marrow increases production by allowing younger cells to enter circulation or by speeding up maturation.
- RBCs survive for 2-5 months before being broken down. Their hemoglobin is broken into parts, with iron recycled and other parts excreted, giving feces their color.
- Erythro
The document provides an overview of hematology and the components of blood. It describes how blood circulates from the heart through arteries and veins, and how gases are exchanged in capillaries. The main components of blood are plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It details the formation of blood cells through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow, and the different types of white blood cells. Common blood tests like complete blood count and disorders of the blood components are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of basics of haematology. It discusses the properties, functions and components of blood including erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. It also describes haemopoiesis, blood grouping systems, blood indices, anaemia, blood coagulation factors, and common blood disorders. Key topics covered include the ABO and Rh blood grouping systems, haemostasis, coagulation testing, and haematopoiesis in the bone marrow and fetal liver.
Hematology is the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and their disorders. Blood functions include transportation of gases, nutrients, wastes, and heat; regulation of pH, temperature, and osmotic pressure; and protection through clotting and immune functions. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. Common blood disorders include anemias, hemolytic diseases, hemophilia, leukemia, infectious mononucleosis, and polycythemia. Precise blood typing and cross-matching is essential for safe blood transfusions.
Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. White blood cells help protect the body from infection and disease. Platelets are cell fragments that help form blood clots to stop bleeding. Careful matching of blood types is important for safe transfusions, as incompatible blood can cause a dangerous immune response.
physiology of Blood for nursery students dina merzeban
1. Red blood cells are biconcave disks that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide via hemoglobin. They require iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid for synthesis and maturation.
2. White blood cells include granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, and agranulocytes like lymphocytes and monocytes. They protect the body from pathogens and destroy abnormal cells.
3. Blood typing involves the presence or absence of antigens A, B, and Rh factor. Type O blood is the universal donor while type AB is the universal recipient. Sensitization can occur in Rh-negative mothers carrying Rh-positive fetuses.
Platelets are cell fragments produced by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow that help the body form blood clots to stop bleeding. They have no nucleus and an average lifespan of 8-9 days. Platelets attach to damaged blood vessel walls and release chemicals that attract more platelets to form a hemostatic plug to stop bleeding. Low platelet counts can cause excessive bleeding while high counts have few symptoms. Platelet counts are regulated by thrombopoietin and can be affected by disease, medications, and lifestyle factors.
The document provides an overview of tests used to assess the hematology system. It discusses the composition of blood including erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and hematopoiesis. Diagnostic tests are outlined including complete blood count, coagulation tests, platelet aggregation test, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase test, serum iron tests, bone marrow examination, lymph node biopsy, and radiological studies. The goal of these tests is to evaluate blood cellular components, clotting ability, and detect any abnormalities in the hematology system.
The document summarizes key information about blood and its components. It discusses that blood is composed of plasma and blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes their functions in oxygen transport, immunity, and hemostasis. The document also covers hematopoiesis, blood groups, coagulation, and normal blood values.
Blood transports vital substances like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. It is composed of plasma and three main cell types - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and carry oxygen to tissues via hemoglobin. They circulate for about 120 days before being broken down. White blood cells help protect the body from disease. Platelets help the blood clot and stop bleeding from broken blood vessels. The blood also contains proteins, gases, and other nutrients.
This document discusses blood formation and types of anemia. It explains that blood is composed of red cells, white cells, platelets, and plasma. Blood formation begins in the yolk sac in the 2nd week and later occurs chiefly in the liver and spleen, then the bone marrow. The bone marrow contains stem cells that can differentiate into mature blood cells. Various growth factors are involved in blood formation. The document also classifies and describes different types of anemia, including iron deficiency anemia, and lists causes and treatment for anemia.
The document discusses features of blood in children, including plasma, blood cells, and hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell production, which occurs in the mesoblast, liver, spleen, and bone marrow during fetal development and shifts to primarily the bone marrow after birth. The document provides details on red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and blood volume in children at different ages. It also discusses anemia and the classification of anemia severity based on hemoglobin and red blood cell counts.
2008 my lecture introduction to hematologyBruno Mmassy
Manage all clotting disorders by providing supportive care, controlling bleeding if present, and transporting promptly for definitive care. Monitor closely for signs of worsening condition.
This document provides an introduction to the topic of hematology. It discusses that hematology is the study of blood and blood diseases, including their diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It also covers some key areas in hematology, such as clotting time (how blood clots), bleeding time (how long it takes for bleeding to stop), total red blood cell count and white blood cell count procedures. The document also briefly discusses blood types and the basic procedure for making a blood smear.
This document provides an overview of hematology, including the components of blood, routine hematology tests, automated counting principles, sources of error, red blood cell morphology and classifications of anemias, white blood cell evaluation and classifications, hematological disorders, and examination of body fluids. Key topics covered include normal ranges for blood components, principles of complete blood count and differentials, red blood cell maturation series, identifying abnormal red blood cells, and distinguishing features of transudates versus exudates in body fluids.
Deliver O2Remove metabolic wastesMaintain temperature, pH, and fluid volumeProtection from blood loss- plateletsPrevent infection- antibodies and WBCTransport hormonesErythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Erythrocyte7.5m in dia · Anucleate· Hematopoiesis- production of RBC· Function- transport respiratory gases· Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2 chains and 2 chains· Lack mitochondria. Why? · 1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules· Men- 5 million cells/mm3· Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3· Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)
This document summarizes information on haemostasis and bleeding disorders. It discusses the mechanisms of haemostasis, screening tests for bleeding disorders, platelet disorders like ITP and TTP, coagulation factor deficiencies like hemophilia A and B, and vessel wall abnormalities. Key points covered are the stages of haemostasis, common causes of thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis, management of ITP, and clinical features and treatment of disorders like hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, and Henoch-Schonlein purpura.
Lecture 1: Hematology introducion For TID and HIV Medicine MSc studentsMulugeta Gobezie
This document provides an overview of basic hematology and hematopoiesis. It defines hematology as the study of blood and discusses the organization of blood and blood forming organs. Key points include: hematopoiesis occurs primarily in the bone marrow and involves the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from stem cells; the spleen, liver, lymph nodes and thymus also play roles in blood cell production and filtration; and abnormalities in hematopoiesis can provide early signs of disease.
Target cells, Howell-Jolly bodies, and Heinz bodies seen on blood films can indicate various underlying conditions. A leucoerythroblastic picture seen on blood film is due to bone marrow infiltration and can be seen in malignancies, infections, and vitamin deficiencies. Sickle cell disease is caused by a genetic mutation and results in clinical features like aseptic necrosis. Thalassemia results from globin gene mutations and beta thalassemia major causes severe anemia if untreated. Hereditary spherocytosis is an autosomal dominant condition common in Northern Europeans that causes jaundice and splenomegaly in childhood.
1. Plasma is the liquid portion of blood and makes up 55% of the blood volume. It contains proteins, dissolved gases, wastes, electrolytes, nutrients, and hormones.
2. The major plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumin helps maintain blood pressure while globulins transport lipids and act as antibodies. Fibrinogen functions in blood coagulation.
3. Hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding and occurs through vasospasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation. A blood clot forms that traps blood cells and platelets.
This document provides an overview of hematopathology, focusing on red blood cell disorders including anemia and polycythemia. It defines anemia and classifies it based on underlying mechanisms such as blood loss, diminished erythropoiesis, and hemolytic anemias. Megaloblastic anemias caused by vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies are described in detail. Pernicious anemia, a specific form of vitamin B12 deficiency, is also summarized, covering its pathogenesis, morphology, clinical features and diagnosis.
This document provides an introduction to hematology and performing a complete blood count. It defines hematology as the study of blood and its components. The objectives include being able to define hematology, list the components and functions of blood, describe blood values, and perform tests to determine packed cell volume and plasma protein values. The document describes the cellular components of blood, functions of blood, normal blood values, organs of the circulatory system, and procedures for a complete blood count including packed cell volume and plasma protein determination.
This document provides an overview of hematology and blood components. It defines hematology as the study of blood and describes the main components of blood including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It then discusses key hematological parameters and how blood analysis can be used for disease diagnosis by identifying deviations from normal physiological values.
The document provides an overview of haematology and the components of blood. It discusses the three main types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes their functions and characteristics in detail. Key points covered include haematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells in the bone marrow, and the roles of different white blood cell types in immunity.
This document provides an overview of basics of haematology. It discusses the properties, functions and components of blood including erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. It also describes haemopoiesis, blood grouping systems, blood indices, anaemia, blood coagulation factors, and common blood disorders. Key topics covered include the ABO and Rh blood grouping systems, haemostasis, coagulation testing, and haematopoiesis in the bone marrow and fetal liver.
Hematology is the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and their disorders. Blood functions include transportation of gases, nutrients, wastes, and heat; regulation of pH, temperature, and osmotic pressure; and protection through clotting and immune functions. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. Common blood disorders include anemias, hemolytic diseases, hemophilia, leukemia, infectious mononucleosis, and polycythemia. Precise blood typing and cross-matching is essential for safe blood transfusions.
Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body. White blood cells help protect the body from infection and disease. Platelets are cell fragments that help form blood clots to stop bleeding. Careful matching of blood types is important for safe transfusions, as incompatible blood can cause a dangerous immune response.
physiology of Blood for nursery students dina merzeban
1. Red blood cells are biconcave disks that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide via hemoglobin. They require iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid for synthesis and maturation.
2. White blood cells include granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, and agranulocytes like lymphocytes and monocytes. They protect the body from pathogens and destroy abnormal cells.
3. Blood typing involves the presence or absence of antigens A, B, and Rh factor. Type O blood is the universal donor while type AB is the universal recipient. Sensitization can occur in Rh-negative mothers carrying Rh-positive fetuses.
Platelets are cell fragments produced by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow that help the body form blood clots to stop bleeding. They have no nucleus and an average lifespan of 8-9 days. Platelets attach to damaged blood vessel walls and release chemicals that attract more platelets to form a hemostatic plug to stop bleeding. Low platelet counts can cause excessive bleeding while high counts have few symptoms. Platelet counts are regulated by thrombopoietin and can be affected by disease, medications, and lifestyle factors.
The document provides an overview of tests used to assess the hematology system. It discusses the composition of blood including erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and hematopoiesis. Diagnostic tests are outlined including complete blood count, coagulation tests, platelet aggregation test, leukocyte alkaline phosphatase test, serum iron tests, bone marrow examination, lymph node biopsy, and radiological studies. The goal of these tests is to evaluate blood cellular components, clotting ability, and detect any abnormalities in the hematology system.
The document summarizes key information about blood and its components. It discusses that blood is composed of plasma and blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes their functions in oxygen transport, immunity, and hemostasis. The document also covers hematopoiesis, blood groups, coagulation, and normal blood values.
Blood transports vital substances like oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. It is composed of plasma and three main cell types - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and carry oxygen to tissues via hemoglobin. They circulate for about 120 days before being broken down. White blood cells help protect the body from disease. Platelets help the blood clot and stop bleeding from broken blood vessels. The blood also contains proteins, gases, and other nutrients.
This document discusses blood formation and types of anemia. It explains that blood is composed of red cells, white cells, platelets, and plasma. Blood formation begins in the yolk sac in the 2nd week and later occurs chiefly in the liver and spleen, then the bone marrow. The bone marrow contains stem cells that can differentiate into mature blood cells. Various growth factors are involved in blood formation. The document also classifies and describes different types of anemia, including iron deficiency anemia, and lists causes and treatment for anemia.
The document discusses features of blood in children, including plasma, blood cells, and hematopoiesis. Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell production, which occurs in the mesoblast, liver, spleen, and bone marrow during fetal development and shifts to primarily the bone marrow after birth. The document provides details on red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and blood volume in children at different ages. It also discusses anemia and the classification of anemia severity based on hemoglobin and red blood cell counts.
2008 my lecture introduction to hematologyBruno Mmassy
Manage all clotting disorders by providing supportive care, controlling bleeding if present, and transporting promptly for definitive care. Monitor closely for signs of worsening condition.
This document provides an introduction to the topic of hematology. It discusses that hematology is the study of blood and blood diseases, including their diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It also covers some key areas in hematology, such as clotting time (how blood clots), bleeding time (how long it takes for bleeding to stop), total red blood cell count and white blood cell count procedures. The document also briefly discusses blood types and the basic procedure for making a blood smear.
This document provides an overview of hematology, including the components of blood, routine hematology tests, automated counting principles, sources of error, red blood cell morphology and classifications of anemias, white blood cell evaluation and classifications, hematological disorders, and examination of body fluids. Key topics covered include normal ranges for blood components, principles of complete blood count and differentials, red blood cell maturation series, identifying abnormal red blood cells, and distinguishing features of transudates versus exudates in body fluids.
Deliver O2Remove metabolic wastesMaintain temperature, pH, and fluid volumeProtection from blood loss- plateletsPrevent infection- antibodies and WBCTransport hormonesErythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Erythrocyte7.5m in dia · Anucleate· Hematopoiesis- production of RBC· Function- transport respiratory gases· Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2 chains and 2 chains· Lack mitochondria. Why? · 1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules· Men- 5 million cells/mm3· Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3· Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)
This document summarizes information on haemostasis and bleeding disorders. It discusses the mechanisms of haemostasis, screening tests for bleeding disorders, platelet disorders like ITP and TTP, coagulation factor deficiencies like hemophilia A and B, and vessel wall abnormalities. Key points covered are the stages of haemostasis, common causes of thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis, management of ITP, and clinical features and treatment of disorders like hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, and Henoch-Schonlein purpura.
Lecture 1: Hematology introducion For TID and HIV Medicine MSc studentsMulugeta Gobezie
This document provides an overview of basic hematology and hematopoiesis. It defines hematology as the study of blood and discusses the organization of blood and blood forming organs. Key points include: hematopoiesis occurs primarily in the bone marrow and involves the production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from stem cells; the spleen, liver, lymph nodes and thymus also play roles in blood cell production and filtration; and abnormalities in hematopoiesis can provide early signs of disease.
Target cells, Howell-Jolly bodies, and Heinz bodies seen on blood films can indicate various underlying conditions. A leucoerythroblastic picture seen on blood film is due to bone marrow infiltration and can be seen in malignancies, infections, and vitamin deficiencies. Sickle cell disease is caused by a genetic mutation and results in clinical features like aseptic necrosis. Thalassemia results from globin gene mutations and beta thalassemia major causes severe anemia if untreated. Hereditary spherocytosis is an autosomal dominant condition common in Northern Europeans that causes jaundice and splenomegaly in childhood.
1. Plasma is the liquid portion of blood and makes up 55% of the blood volume. It contains proteins, dissolved gases, wastes, electrolytes, nutrients, and hormones.
2. The major plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumin helps maintain blood pressure while globulins transport lipids and act as antibodies. Fibrinogen functions in blood coagulation.
3. Hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding and occurs through vasospasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation. A blood clot forms that traps blood cells and platelets.
This document provides an overview of hematopathology, focusing on red blood cell disorders including anemia and polycythemia. It defines anemia and classifies it based on underlying mechanisms such as blood loss, diminished erythropoiesis, and hemolytic anemias. Megaloblastic anemias caused by vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies are described in detail. Pernicious anemia, a specific form of vitamin B12 deficiency, is also summarized, covering its pathogenesis, morphology, clinical features and diagnosis.
This document provides an introduction to hematology and performing a complete blood count. It defines hematology as the study of blood and its components. The objectives include being able to define hematology, list the components and functions of blood, describe blood values, and perform tests to determine packed cell volume and plasma protein values. The document describes the cellular components of blood, functions of blood, normal blood values, organs of the circulatory system, and procedures for a complete blood count including packed cell volume and plasma protein determination.
This document provides an overview of hematology and blood components. It defines hematology as the study of blood and describes the main components of blood including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It then discusses key hematological parameters and how blood analysis can be used for disease diagnosis by identifying deviations from normal physiological values.
The document provides an overview of haematology and the components of blood. It discusses the three main types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes their functions and characteristics in detail. Key points covered include haematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells in the bone marrow, and the roles of different white blood cell types in immunity.
This document provides an overview of hematology and the components of blood. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Hematology is the study of blood and its components. Blood is composed of plasma and three main types of cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. White blood cells include granulocytes like neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils, as well as lymphocytes, monocytes, and their roles in immunity and disease diagnosis.
This document discusses the components and functions of blood. It begins by describing blood as a fundamental component of life that circulates nutrients and waste throughout the body. It then explains that blood is both a tissue and fluid, containing suspended cells in a liquid matrix. The document goes on to describe the various cells that make up blood - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - as well as the liquid component called plasma and its components like proteins, lipids, and inorganic materials. Finally, it discusses the production of blood cells through hematopoiesis and the specialized functions of different white blood cell types.
This presentation gives you the knowledge about the body fluids, blood components, the process of blood clotting, blood grouping. It is helpful to determine the knowledge of human blood.
Blood is composed of plasma and various cells and cell fragments. It functions to transport gases, nutrients, waste, and regulatory molecules throughout the body, and to protect against pathogens. Blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. The different blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. A person's blood type must be matched to the donor's type before transfusion to avoid an immune response.
Blood its functions composition and Haemopoiesis.pptxBYeshwantRao
Blood is a vital fluid connective tissue in the body.
It delivers oxygen and nutrients to the organs and tissues while removing waste products.
Study of blood is called HAEMATOLOGY.
Blood makes up about 7% of the total body weight of an adult, with an average volume of about 5 liters in males and 4.5 liters in females.
Blood is constantly replenished through a process called Haematopoiesis, which occurs in the bone marrow.
Blood is made up of plasma and formed elements. Plasma is 90-91.5% water and contains proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, waste products and gases. Formed elements include red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen. WBCs help fight infection and are divided into granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes). Platelets help with clotting. The main functions of blood are transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, hormones and defense against infection.
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes waste. Blood forms about 30-35% of extracellular fluid and is slightly alkaline. Hematopoiesis is the process where blood cells are produced from hematopoietic stem cells in the red bone marrow through cell division. The main cell types are red blood cells, which contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, white blood cells which help fight infection, and platelets which help with clotting to stop bleeding. Lymph is fluid that has drained from blood and carries waste for reabsorption, and also contains immune cells.
1. Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, heat, waste and plays a role in regulation. It protects the body through hemostasis, immunity and defense against infection.
2. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide via hemoglobin. White blood cells protect against pathogens and foreign substances. Platelets promote clotting.
3. Hemopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow and produces blood cells through stem cells and progenitor cells regulated by hormones like erythropoietin and thrombopoietin. This replenishes and regulates blood cells.
This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of blood. It describes how blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It explains the functions of blood in transportation of gases, nutrients and waste, regulation of homeostasis, and protection from infection. The production of blood cells through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow is outlined, along with the roles of stem cells, growth factors and hormones in this process. Key details about red blood cells and hemoglobin are provided.
Blood is composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It transports oxygen, nutrients, waste, and helps remove toxins. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and give blood its red color. White blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help with clotting to stop bleeding. The document provides detailed information on the composition and functions of these blood components.
Blood is a fluid composed of plasma and cells that circulates through the body. Plasma is 55% of blood volume and contains water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. The three main types of cells suspended in plasma are red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and give blood its red color. WBCs help defend the body against infection. Platelets help blood clot. Blood performs functions like transport, defense, regulation, and protection. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, and waste. Blood also helps maintain pH, temperature, coagulation, and immunity.
Blood is a fluid composed of plasma and cells that circulates through the body. Plasma is 55% of blood volume and contains water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, and waste products. The three main types of cells suspended in plasma are red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and give blood its red color. WBCs help defend the body against infection. Platelets help blood clot. Blood performs functions like transport, defense, regulation, and protection. It transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, and waste. Blood also helps maintain pH, temperature, coagulation, and immunity.
BLOOD & ITS COMPOSITION. DMLT MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY pptxPunamSahoo3
Blood is composed of plasma and blood cells. Plasma is 55% of blood and contains water, salts, proteins and other nutrients. Blood cells include red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. WBCs help fight infection and are classified as granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) or agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes). Platelets help the blood clot. Together, blood components provide nutrients, remove waste, transport hormones and antibodies, regulate pH and temperature, and defend against infection.
Blood is a connective tissue that distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while also protecting against infection. It is composed of plasma and formed elements, which include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and distribute oxygen, while white blood cells protect the body against infection and disease. Platelets help the blood clot to prevent blood loss from injuries. The document provides detailed information on the composition and functions of blood and its components.
Blood contains plasma and cellular components. Plasma is 55% water and contains nutrients, waste, hormones, and proteins. Cells include red blood cells carrying oxygen, various white blood cells that fight infection, and platelets that promote clotting. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it in tissues. White blood cells include granulocytes and agranulocytes that destroy pathogens. Platelets form plugs to stop bleeding through clotting factors and fibrin formation. Together these components transport substances, regulate pH and temperature, and protect the body.
Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements. It transports oxygen, nutrients, wastes, and more throughout the body. Blood also helps regulate pH, temperature, water content, and protects against disease. Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Hematopoiesis is the process where blood cells are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow through the influence of growth factors like erythropoietin and thrombopoietin.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
3. COURSE DESCRIPTION
• BLS 110 Hematology: 1 credit
(20 Lect., 20 Pract.)
• Pre-requisite: None
• Objective: To impart on
students the basic knowledge
on haematology
4. Course contents:
• Theory; Introduction to haematology.
Haematopoiesis.
• Blood cells. Haemoglobin and
haemoglobinopathies, anaemias,
• Blood grouping systems, blood
coagulation, blood transfusion
practices and blood transfusion
reactions.
5. • Practical: Blood group typing, Cell
counting, Determination of
Heamatological parameters
6. • Blood
• Specialized fluid tissue circulating
through vascular channels
• Carries compounds to all cells
• Receives waste products of
metabolism for transport to organs
of excretion
7. • Maintains haemostasis & defense
of body.
• Blood cells form in bone marrow
• Blood makes 7-8% of body weight
• Extracellular substances (plasma)
make 45-65% of blood
• Blood cells (called formed
elements) form 35-55%.
8. Haematology basis for
diagnosis
• Numerical values of all the
parameters in the blood are
kept within narrow
physiological limits in healthy
animals
9. • Blood parameter levels may are
altered in disease, increase above
or decrease below physiological
values
• Deviations from physiological
values of healthy animals allow
diagnosis of presence of disease
10. • Each disease changes blood values
in its own way, diagnosis is done by
blood analysis
• Common diseases detected by
blood analysis; blood parasites
(intracellular & extracellular),
helminthes, diseases affecting liver,
kidney, other organs, using
functional tests
11. Functions of blood
• Supply nutrients to cells & tissues
• Supply of oxygen to & removal of
CO2 from tissues & cells
• Remove breakdown products,
taking them to excretory organs
12. • Transport surplus metabolites to
storage organs
• Regulate water & electrolyte
metabolism
• Regulate body temperature
• Contain body's defenses against
foreign substances & pathogenic
organisms
13. • Blood is pumped from central
pumping organ Heart, in birds &
mammals divided into two halves
(double heart);
• Arterial part (left), carrying
oxygenated blood
• Venous (right) part with blood rich
in carbon dioxide
14. • Arterial & venous halves of
heart each consist of atrium &
ventricle, supplying separated
vascular systems;
• 1. Systemic (large) circulation
• 2. Pulmonary or small
circulation
16. Plasma; aqueous solution of
• Proteins (albumin, fibrinogen,
globulins) & blood sugar
• Inorganic substances, Na, K, Ca,
Mg ions, which maintain
chemico-physical properties of
blood. Bicarbonate & phosphate
ions buffer extreme high or low
pH (Co2, lactic acid).
17. • Final pH of blood is 7.4
• Lipids occur in fine suspension
• Plasma carries nutrients,
hormones, enzymes, antigens,
antibodies, & antitoxins for
neutralization of foreign
protein & bacterial toxins
18. • Blood clots as it leaves vessels, a
vital protective mechanism.
• Coagulation depends on ability of
fluid fibrinogen to interact with
thrombin & transform into a
delicate elastic network of fibrin
19. • Coagulation is initiated by
breakdown of thrombocytes,
involves 30 factors.
• Blood in container clots
unless anticoagulant is
added
20. • Coagulation; 1-2 min in birds,
10-15 pig, 10-20 in equine
• After clot cells are trapped
in fibrin, leave clear fluid
called serum, which contains
antibodies
21. • If blood is mixed with an
anticoagulant & left
undisturbed blood cells will
settle down
22. • The duration of the process is
called sedimentation rate (SR)
• Erythrocyte SR (ESR) is
diagnostic in equine, with large
red blood cells (RBC)
23. • That means mean corpuscular
volume (MCV) of > 30x1015
l (30
femtolitres or 30 fl)
• ESR not diagnostic in small
ruminants (MCV < 30)
• The clear fluid remaining is
plasma
24. 2. BLOOD CELLS
• Blood cells are also called formed
elements of blood.
• Blood is fluid connective tissue having
cells (35-55% of blood) and
extracellular fluid intravascular (blood
plasma) (45-65% of blood)
• Total amount of blood in man is 5 L
(7 8% bwt)‑
25. • Blood cells are;
• 1. Red blood cells or
erythrocytes
• 2. White blood cells or
leukocytes
• 3. Platelets or thrombocytes.
26. • Erythrocytes & platelets
functions in blood stream
• Leukocytes function temporarily in
blood & leave by walls of capillaries
& venules to settle in connective
tissues & lymphoid organs.
27. • Some leukocytes return to
the blood stream, but most
end their lives in tissues
28. • Platelets are not true cells in
higher vertebrates. They lack
nucleus as erythrocytes
• In fish, amphibians, reptiles &
birds platelets are nucleated
cells, called thrombocytes
29. • Leukocytes are eukaryotic cells
containing nucleus.
• Five types of leukocytes occur,
classified on basis of presence
or absence of intracytoplasmic
granules as granular & non-
granular (or agranular)
leukocytes
30. • Granular leukocytes further
subdivided according to
stainability of their cytoplasmic
granules into
• Neutrophilic
• Eosinophilic, &
• basophilic granulocytes
31. • Non-granular leukocytes comprise
monocytes and lymphocytes
• Leukocytes divided are also divided
on basis of shape of nucleus as
• 1. mononuclear (leukocyte with
non-lobed nucleus)
• 2. polymorphonuclear (leukocyte
with multi-lobed nucleus)
leukocytes
32. LYMPHOCYTES
• Lymphocytes play role in
reception of foreign molecules
processing & execution of
immune responses.
• Lymphocytes are heterogeneus
morphologically and functionally.
33. • Classified as small (6-9μm) medium
sized and large (9–15 μm)
• Cell size, cytoplasmic basophilia,
nuclear chromatin indicate age and
maturity
• Immature lymphocytes are large,
basophilic and have smooth chromatin
Morphological classification
34. • Mature lymphocytes have decreased
• 1) Nuclear size
• 2) Cytoplasmic basophilia
• 3) DNA content
• 4) Histone dye-binding capability
• Have increased
• 1) Chromatin clumping
• 2) Nucleus – to-cytoplasm ratio
35. • When small lymphocytes are
activated these properties
reverse and the cells undergo
multiplication
(lymphoblastogenesis) in vivo
and in vitro.
36. Functional classification
• Lymphocytes are grouped on basis of
immune responses.
• Lymphocytes involved in cell
mediated immunity and
immunoregulatory functions are
called thymus derived, thymus –
dependent, thymus processed or T-
lymphocytes (T-cells).
37. • Lymphocytes concerned with
formation of humoral
antibodies are thymus
independent, bursa – derived
(in birds), bone marrow
derived (mammals) or B-
lymphocytes (B cells).
38. • Peripheral blood lymphocytes are 80 –
95% T and B types
• Lymphocytes that make 5-20% of
peripheral blood lymphocytes are non-
T, non- B or null cells. These have
different markers and functions.
39. • Many subpopulations of lymphocytes
are found in peripheral blood because
of production, release and
recirculation of lymphocytes at
different stages of maturation &
immunocompetence.
• Different lymphoid organs have
different types of lymphocytes
40. • stained on blood smears by any
Romanowsky stains
• Lymphocytes are round to oval
• Cytoplasm is scanty to moderate
• Cytoplasm varies in basophilia
• Nucleus is spherical to ovoid
• Nuclear membrane distinct
41. • Chromatin is heavily clumped.
• Nucleus may be indented
• Lymphocytes show slow amoeboid
movements to being motile
• Nucleus presents patchy, dense
clumps of heterochromatin (small
lymphocytes).
• Moderate dispersed chromatin
(medium and large sized
lymphocytes).
42. • Fairly dispersed chromatin
(lymphoblasts)
• Distinct nuclear membrane,
and nuclear pores
• Not frequent nucleoli
• Some nuclear pockets occur in
leukemia
43. • Thoracic lymph duct show nuclear
body proximal to nucleolus
• Nucleolus has electron dense area
surrounded by fibrillar material
• Small lymphocytes have very scanty
cytoplasm
44. • Numerous free cytoplasmic
ribosomes
• Few mitochondria
• Small Golgi complex
• Little rough endoplasmic
reticulum
45. • Medium sized lymphocytes have some
extra cytoplasm (moderate to
abundant).
• Various organelles are prominent
• Centrioles are more conspicuous
• There are few pinocytotic vesicles
• Glycogen granules are seen in some
cells
46. • There are also microfilaments and
microtubules (uropod lymphocytes)
• Lysosomes are rare.
• Some granules of variable size appear
(5-15% of T-lymphocytes) called
azurophilic granules
47. • Azurophilic granules are peroxidese
negative. Some cells present large
spherical refractile structure, called
Gall body.
• Some cells show aggregates of
reddish – purple granules (Kurbff
body).
• Ribosome and polyribosome population
vary with stage of cellular maturity
and activity
48. • Free ribosomes are not
engage in protein synthesis.
• Polyribosomes are engaged in
protein synthesis antibody
formation in B-cells and
plasma cells.
• Lymphokine production in T
cells
49. • On scanning electron
microscopy
• Lymphocytes are globular
• Surfaces are smooth or have
some villi
• Surfaces may have fingerlike
projections
50. Biochemistry
• many hydrolytic and oxidative
enzyme in lymphocytes.
• Pre-B and Pre-T cells have terminal
deoxyribonucleotidase (Tdt)
• B-lymphocytes, plasmablasts and
plasma cells stain for 5’ nucleotidase.
51. • T cells and activated B cells
contain lysosomal enzymes;
acid phosphatase, β-
glucoronidase, and acid α-
naphythyl acetate esterase.
These enzymes core not
present in mature B cells
52. • Lymphocytes lack cytoplasmic alkaline
phosphatase, peroxidase, sudan black
reactivity and lysozyme.
• Lymphocytes derive energy by glucose
metabolism (glycolytic pathway)
53. • The pentose phosphate
pathway is not common, but
stimulated under aerobic
conditions.
• Lymphocytes synthesize
protein, glycogen, and fatty
acids.
54. Characterization of B and T
lymphocytes
• Detection of surface antigens by
monoclonal antibodies & flow cytometry.
• Demonstration of surface or cytoplasmic
immunoglobulins by fluorescence and
autoradiography
• Detection of immunologic and non
immunologic receptors by using
heterologous erythrocytes (E-rosettes)
55. • Detection of receptors for Fc of Ig or
complement components (C3b and C3d
receptors) by rosettle formation with
antibody coated eryrothcytes (EA-
rosetes) or antibody-complement –
coated erythrocytes (EAC-rosettles)
• Immunofluorescence & autoradiography
• Bacterial adherence to lymphocytes (in
conjuction with fluoresent antibody
technique).
• Helix prometia antigen chracterizes
bovine and equine T-lymphocytes
• Cytochemical reactions
56. • Usefulness of techniques
• Identify functional subpopulations of
peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues
in health and disease.
• Classification of immunodeficiency
disorders
• Detection and classification of
lymphoid malignancies
57. • Characterization of leukemic
lymphocytes.
• Immunologic classification of
leukemia
• Showing phenotypic characteristics
of lymphoblasts and immature
lymphocytes
58. Quantitative Evaluation of
lymphocyte Populations
• T-lymphocytes predominate in the
thymus gland and peripheral blood,
thoracic duct lymph.
• B-lymphocytes predominate in bone
marrow and spleen.
59. • T-lymphocytes account for 70% of all
lymphocytes in peripheral blood
• B-lymphocytes constitute 20% of
peripheral blood lymphocytes.
60. • The remaining 10% are Null –
lymphocytes
• This distribution varies with species
and under various physiological
conditions and affected by techniques
of typing T or B-lymphocytes.
• The flow cytometer (fluorescent
activated cell sorter) is by far the
most accurate in computing lymphocyte
populations and sub-populations over
the rosetting methods.
61. • Flourescent antibody techniques using
antithymocyte antibody produce higher
results for T-lymphocytes that
rosetting methods.
• Peanut agglutinin (PNA) receptor is a
marker for cells in the thymic cortex
immature thymocytes – mice and man.
• It also marks bovine, ovine, caprine and
equine T-lymphocytes
62. • Surface Ig is a reliable marker for B
cells, but is labile and requires care
Ig marker is to be differentiated
from T-cells (few), macrophages,
suppressor macrophages, suppressor
cells (CD8+) and helper T-cells (CD8),
• CD8+ and CD4+ cells binds sIg via Fc
receptors.
• Rosetting B cells produces higher
values for B cells than B cells
identified by surface markers.
63. • T cell, and B cell populations in
peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues
vary with age and health.
• B cells are few in fetuses, steadily
increase postnatally to adult values.
• B cells, T cells and null cells decline
with age.
• Increased B cells and decreased T
cells indicate disease
64. • B cells increase in
• Bacterial diseases (eg mastitis).
• Leukemia
• Secretions from dry mammary glands
have increased T- lymphocytes.
• B cells are reduced in
• Acute lymphocytic leukemia (Also T
cells).
65. B Lymphocytes
• B lymphocytes constitute 20% of
circulating peripheral blood lymphocytes.
• B cells are identified by presence of
surface immunoglobulins and receptors for
complement C3b C3d.
• Complement receptors are absent in
plasma cells.
• Most human B lymphocytes have surface
IgM (monomeric) and IgD.
• Most canine lymphocytes have surface IgG
(70%).
• The rest have IgM.
66. • Human B cells exhibit B-cell specific
Ia like antigens on surface membrane.
Ia antigens are glycoproteins linked
genetically to major histocopatibility
complex with limited tissue
distribution.
• Ia-antigens occur also in
macrophages, early erythroid and
myeloid precursors.
67. • Human B cells rosette with mouse
erythrocytes.
• B-cells stain for 5’nucleotidase (only
in plasma membrane).
• B cells do not stain with acid
hydrolytic enzymes.
• Ia – like antigens are detected on
horse, cow, sheep, pig B-lymphocytes
by monoclonal antibodies.
68. T-Lymphocytes
• Peripheral blood lymphocytes have 21
– 85% T cells
• T cells are identified by E-rosetting
with heterologous erythrocytes
• T cells are also identified by
antithymocyte antibodies.
• Mature T cells form rosettes with
sheep erythrocytes (most species),
69. • T cells from canines form rosettes with
guinea pig and human type O erythrocytes
• Feline T-cells rosette with guinea pig, rat,
and mouse red cells.
• Porcine T cells rosette with rabbit
erythrocytes
• Equine T cells rosette with pig erythrocytes
• T-cells are also identified using specific
markers (surface markers).
• T-lymphocytes have receptors for Fc
portions of some immunoglobulins.
• Sub-sets of T lymphocytes with surface
receptors for IgG, IgM, and IgA are called
TG, Tm and TA cells.
70. • Tm cells reach up to 85% of all
lymphocytes, typically small to medium
sized, with smooth surface, poor
cytoplasmic organelles, no cytoplasmic
granules.
• These constitute helper T cells (CD4+)
• TG cells make 5-15% of T cells cells
• TG cells are large in size, contain
azurophilic granules, show villous surface,
abundant cytoplasm and well developed
organelles.
• TG cells constitute suppressor T cells
(commonly called CD8).
71. • T cells are also identified by mitogenic
responses to non specific stimulatory
agents such as plant lectins,
phytohemagluttinin (PHA) and
concanavalin (Con A).
• T cells are identified by cytochemical
markers acid hydrolytic enzymes, such
as acid phosphatase, β-glucuronidase,
acid α-naphthy acetate estarase – CD8
cells.
72. Pre-T, Pre-B and Null cells
• Pre-T and Pre-B cells have Tdt activity
• Pre-B cells show cytoplasmic IgM, without surface Ig
and complement receptors
• Mature B cells show cytoplasmic and surface Ig
including complement receptors.
• Null cells resemble morphologically and
cytochemically TG cells
• Null cell lack specific markers of T and B cells
• Null cells respond poorly to mitogens
• Null cells do not produce immunoglobulins in vitro
• Are non adherent and non phagocytic
• They are precursors of T and B cells
• Precursors of myeloid and erythroid cells
73. • Fig. 1: Human blood
• A two―lobed neutrophil (a) and a small
lymphocyte (b). There is slight variation
in size of the normal erythrocytes.
Wrights stain x 400
74. • Fig. 3: Human blood: Nucleus of the neutrophil (a) has not
constricted into distinct lobes. Neutrophils with more or less
band form of nucleus are called band neutrophils and are more‑
immature than the lobed or segmented neutrophils. Band
neutrophils comprise 3 to 5 % of leukocytes in normal blood.
Blood platelets (b) and a small lymphocyte (c). Wrights stain x
400
75.
76. • Human blood:
Blood smear
showing
erythrocytes,
platelets and
large
lymphocycte.
Wrights –
Giemsa x 400